A bio-behavioral model of systemic inflammation at breast cancer diagnosis and fatigue of clinical importance 2 years later.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to generate a model of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) of clinical importance 2 years after diagnosis of breast cancer building on clinical and behavioral factors and integrating pre-treatment markers of systemic inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women with stage I-III hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer were included from the multimodal, prospective CANTO cohort (NCT01993498). The primary outcome was global CRF of clinical importance [European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 ≥40/100] 2 years after diagnosis (year 2). Secondary outcomes included physical, emotional, and cognitive CRF (EORTC QLQ-FA12). All pre-treatment candidate variables were assessed at diagnosis, including inflammatory markers [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon γ, IL-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein], and were tested in multivariable logistic regression models implementing multiple imputation and validation by 100-fold bootstrap resampling. RESULTS: Among 1208 patients, 415 (34.4%) reported global CRF of clinical importance at year 2. High pre-treatment levels of IL-6 (quartile 4 versus 1) were associated with global CRF at year 2 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-3.03); P = 0.0002; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.74]. Patients with high pre-treatment IL-6 had unhealthier behaviors, including being frequently either overweight or obese [62.4%; mean body mass index 28.0 (standard deviation 6.3 kg/m2)] and physically inactive (53.5% did not meet World Health Organization recommendations). Clinical and behavioral associations with CRF at year 2 included pre-treatment CRF [aOR versus no pre-treatment CRF: 3.99 (95% CI 2.81-5.66)], younger age [aOR per 1-year decrement: 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.03)], current tobacco smoking [aOR versus never: 1.81 (95% CI 1.26-2.58)], and worse insomnia or pain [aOR per 10-unit increment: 1.08 (95% CI 1.04-1.13), and 1.12 (95% CI 1.04-1.21), respectively]. Secondary analyses indicated additional associations of IL-2 [aOR per log-unit increment: 1.32 (95% CI 1.03-1.70)] and IL-10 [0.73 (95% CI 0.57-0.93)] with global CRF and of C-reactive protein [1.42 (95% CI 1.13-1.78)] with cognitive CRF at year 2. Emotional distress was consistently associated with physical, emotional, and cognitive CRF. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a bio-behavioral framework linking pre-treatment systemic inflammation with CRF of clinical importance 2 years later among a large prospective sample of survivors of breast cancer.

Investigating sexual health after breast cancer by longitudinal assessment of patient-reported outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Sexual concerns are a major unaddressed need among survivors of breast cancer (BC) with significant negative effects on quality of life. We longitudinally analyzed sexual health over time, using patient-reported outcomes. METHODS: Patients with stage I-III BC prospectively included from the CANcer TOxicity cohort (CANTO) provided data at diagnosis, then 1, 2, and 4 years afterward. Sexual concerns outcomes included poor body image (score ≤91/100), poor sexual functioning (≤16/100), poor sexual enjoyment (≤66/100), and sexual inactivity (EORTC QLQ-B23). Multivariate generalized estimating equation models assessed associations with sexual concerns after diagnosis, adjusting for age, sociodemographic, tumor, treatment, and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Nearly 78.1% among 7895 patients reported at least one sexual concern between diagnosis and 4 years' follow-up. Over time, the proportion of patients reporting sexual concerns either increased or remained constant with diagnosis. Less than half (46%, range 11.4-57) of the patients with sexual concerns reported the use of supportive care strategies, including gynecological or psychological consultations (range 11.4-57.4). Factors consistently associated with sexual concerns up to 4 years after diagnosis included already reporting the same concern at diagnosis [odds ratio (OR)poor body image 3.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.11-3.89]; ORsexual inactivity 9.94 (95% CI 8.84-11.18), ORpoor sexual function 9.75 (95% CI 8.67-10.95), ORpoorsexual enjoyment 3.96 (95% CI 3.34-4.69)], endocrine therapy use [ORpoor body image 1.15 (95% CI 1.01-1.31); ORsexual inactivity 1.19 (95% CI 1.02-1.39), ORpoor sexual function 1.17 (95% CI 1.01-1.37), ORpoor sexual enjoyment 1.23 (95% CI 1.00-1.53)], and depression [ORpoor body image 2.00 (95% CI 1.72-2.34); ORsexual inactivity 1.66 (95% CI 1.40-1.97), ORpoor sexual function 1.69 (95% CI 1.43-2.00), ORpoor sexual enjoyment 1.94 (95% CI 1.50-2.51)]. Outcome-specific associations were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual concerns seem frequent, persistent, and insufficiently addressed. Pretreatment concerns, endocrine therapy, and emotional distress are commonly associated factors. A proactive evaluation of sexual health across the care continuum is needed, to promptly identify patients suitable for multidisciplinary counseling, referral, and supportive interventions.

The Future of Breast Cancer Research in the Survivorship Field.

Prevalence of survivors of breast cancer has been steadily increasing in the last 20 years. Currently, more than 90% of women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer are expected to be alive at 5 years from diagnosis thanks to early detection and breakthrough innovations in multimodal treatment strategies. Alongside this advancement in clinical outcomes, survivors of breast cancer might experience several specific challenges and present with unique needs. Survivorship trajectories after diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer can be significantly impacted by long-lasting and severe treatment-related side effects, including physical problems, psychological distress, fertility issues in young women, and impaired social and work reintegration, which add up to patients' individual risk of cancer recurrence and second primary malignancies. Alongside cancer-specific sequelae, survivors still present with general health needs, including management of chronic preexisting or ensuing conditions. Survivorship care should implement high-quality, evidence-based strategies to promptly screen, identify, and address survivors' needs in a comprehensive way and minimize the impact of severe treatment sequelae, preexisting comorbidities, unhealthy lifestyles, and risk of recurrence on quality of life. This narrative review focuses on core areas of survivorship care and discuss the state of the art and future research perspectives in key domains including selected long-term side effects, surveillance for recurrences and second cancers, well-being promotion, and specific survivors' needs.

Factors associated with enrolment in clinical trials among women with early-stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials allow development of innovative treatments and ameliorate the quality of clinical care in oncology. Data show that only a minority of patients are enrolled in clinical trials. We assessed enrolment in clinical trials and its correlates among women with early breast cancer. METHODS: We included 9516 patients with stage I-III breast cancer from the multicenter, prospective CANTO study (NCT01993498), followed-up until year 4 (Y4) post-diagnosis. We assessed factors associated with enrolment using multivariable logistic regression. In exploratory, propensity score matched analyses, we used multiple linear regression to evaluate the relationship of enrolment in clinical trials with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality Of Life (QoL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) Summary Score and described clinical outcomes (distant disease event, invasive disease event, and death by any cause) according to enrolment. RESULTS: Overall, 1716 patients (18%) were enrolled in a clinical trial until Y4 post-diagnosis of breast cancer. Socioeconomic factors were not associated with enrolment. Centres of intermediate volume were most likely to enrol patients in clinical trials [versus low volume, odds ratio 1.45 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.95), P = 0.0124]. Among 2118 propensity score matched patients, enrolment was associated with better QoL at Y4 (adjusted mean difference versus not enrolled 1.37, 95% CI 0.03-2.71, P = 0.0458), and clinical outcomes (enrolled versus not enrolled, distant disease event 7.3% versus 10.1%, P = 0.0206; invasive disease event 8.2% versus 10.5%, P = 0.0732; death by any cause 2.8% versus 3.7%, P = 0.2707). CONCLUSIONS: In this large study, one in five patients enrolled on a clinical trial until Y4 after diagnosis of early breast cancer. Geographical and centre-related factors were significantly associated with enrolment in clinical trials. Inclusion in clinical trials seemed associated with improved QoL and clinical outcomes. Access to innovation for early-stage breast cancer patients should be encouraged and facilitated by overcoming organizational and geographical barriers to recruitment.