Dietary branched-chain amino acids intake and new-onset hypertension: a nationwide prospective cohort study in China.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risk of developing hypertension. METHODS: A cohort study of 14,883 Chinese adults without hypertension at baseline with were followed for an average of 8.9 years. Dietary intakes of BCAAs, including Ile, Leu, and Val, were collected using 3-day 24-h meal recall and household condiment weighing. Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic splines, interaction analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the relationship between dietary BCAAs and risk of developing self-reported hypertension, adjusting for age, gender, region, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking status, physical activity, energy intake, salt intake. RESULTS: Among 14,883 study subjects, 6386(42.9%) subjects aged ≥ 45 years at baseline, 2692 (18.1%) had new-onset hypertension during the study period, with a median age of 56 years. High levels of dietary BCAAs were associated with an increased risk of new-onset hypertension. Compared with the 41st-60th percentile, multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for new-onset hypertension was 1.16 (95% CI 1.01-1.32) for dietary BCAAs 61st-80th percentiles, 1.30 (1.13-1.50) for 81st-95th, 1.60 (1.32-1.95) for 96th-100th. The cut-off value of new-onset hypertension risk, total BCAAs, Ile, Leu, and Val were 15.7 g/day, 4.1 g/day, 6.9 g/day, 4.6 g/day, respectively, and the proportion of the population above these intake values were 13.9%, 13.1%, 15.4%, and 14.4%, respectively. Age, BMI, and salt intake had an interactive effect on this relationship (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a significant positive association between total dietary BCAAs, Ile, Leu, Val intake and the risk of developing hypertension, after adjustment for confounders. This relationship was influenced by age, BMI, and salt intake. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanism and potential role of BCAAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

[Relationship between dietary fiber intake and glucose metabolism in the elderly of China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dietary fiber intake status and analyze the relationship between dietary fiber and glucose metabolic disorder of the elderly in China. METHODS: Data were collected from the participants of Chinese adult chronic diseases and nutrition surveillance in 2015. General information were collected by standardized questionnaires, anthropometric index and blood pressure of respondents were measured according to standard method. Food intake was collected by three consecutive day 24 h dietary recalls, dietary fiber was calculated through China food composition. Fasting venous blood were collected to measure glucose, HbA1C, and other related biochemical index. Subjects were divided into three groups: normal glucose(NG, normal glucose), pre-diabetes(Pre-DM, pre-diabetes mellitus) and diabetes(T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus). Multiple logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary fiber intake and Pre-DM as well as T2DM. RESULTS: A total of 20 996 elderly people aged 60 years and above were included. There 10 773 cases were males(51.3%) and 10 223 cases were females(48.7%), the age of both gender were(68.21±6.26) years and(67.67±6.26) years. A total of 6526 cases of pre-diabetes were detected in 20 996 elderly participants with detection rate of 31.1%. There 3274 cases were male and 3252 cases were female, the detection rates of both genders were 30.4% and 31.8%, respectively. While 1572 participants were detected as T2DM(784 of males and 788 of females), the detection rate of T2DM was 7.5%, 7.3% for males and 7.7% for females. There were significant differences in mean age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, HbA1c level among different dietary intake groups(P<0.005). With the increase of dietary fiber intake, the proportion of overweight and obesity, central obesity and dyslipidemia showed an increasing trend(P<0.05), and the proportion of hypertension showed a decreasing trend(P<0.000 1). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared to participants with lowest fiber intake, participants in subgroups of lower, minor lower, and higher fiber intake were associated with decreased risk of pre-diabetes, the OR and 95%CI were(OR=0.911, 95%CI 0.835-0.993), (OR= 0.861, 95%CI 0.790-0.938) and(OR= 0.913, 95%CI 0.838-0.994), respectively. However, there was only a statistically significant negative association between the higher intake of dietary fiber and T2DM(OR = 0.848, 95%CI 0.726-0.991). CONCLUSION: Dietary fiber intake was negatively related with diabetes and pre-diabetes mellitus. The risk of glucose metabolic disorder was decreased with the increase of dietary fiber intake.

Dietary fructose and risk of metabolic syndrome in Chinese residents aged 45 and above: results from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: A growing number of researches supported that dietary fructose was associated with most of the key features of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, there was no related epidemiological studies among Chinese population, despite the sharp increase in MetS cases. This study explores the relationship between dietary fructose and MetS among Chinese residents aged 45 and above. METHODS: A total of 25,528 participants (11,574 males and 13,954 females) were included in this nationwide representative cross-sectional study of China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Dietary fructose intake was assessed by 3-day 24-h dietary records. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation and Chinese Diabetes Society criteria. RESULTS: The consumption of dietary fructose was 11.6 g/day for urban residents and 7.6 g/day for rural residents. Fruits and vegetables as well as their products were the main sources of fructose intake. There was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS in both urban (P = 0.315) and rural residents (P = 0.230) after adjustment for confounding factors. Moreover, for urban residents participating physical activities, the odds of having MetS in the fourth quartiles (OR: 0.67; 95%CI: 0.52-0.87) was lower than that in the first quartile. In the sensitivity analysis, a significant reduction in the odds of having MetS was also found in the fourth quartiles (OR, 95%CI: 0.68, 0.51-0.90; 0.67, 0.49-0.91; 0.74, 0.56-0.99) compared with the first quartile when excluding smokers, alcohol users, and underweight/obesity, respectively. And there was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS after multivariate adjustment stratified by gender, smoking and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Under the current dietary fructose intake status, there was no association between dietary fructose intake and the odds of having MetS among Chinese residents aged 45 and above. Physical activity and relatively low fructose intake may have a beneficial synergistic effect on MetS.

[Status of dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data was from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Dietary intake information was collected by three days food recall and weighed record of edible oil and condiments among 16 612 older adults. Daily energy and three macronutrients intake were calculated according to Chinese Food Composition 2004 and 2009 edition, and then evaluated by 2013 Chinese dietary reference intake. RESULTS: The daily average energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of Chinese older adults was(1840. 9 ± 636. 7) kcal/d, (255. 9 ± 106. 8) g/d, (55. 6±22. 7) g/d and(66. 8±35. 0) g/d, respectively. The mean proportion of energy supplied from carbohydrate, protein and fat was(55. 7% ± 12. 1%), (12. 3% ± 3. 4%)and(32. 5% ± 11. 7%), respectively. Total energy intake, carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate among urban elderly were lower than that in rural, whereas protein and fat intake as well as their contribute rate for energy were higher in urban than those in rural. Regardless of urban and rural areas, four regions and genders, there was a decreasing trend of energy and macronutrient intake with the increase of age(P<0. 01). There 57. 0% of male and 53. 8% of female had lower protein intake than the recommended value, while 56. 7% of male and 56. 8% of female had higher fat contribution for energy upper than 30%. The rate of protein intake deficiency among participants aged 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, 80 years old and above was 51. 0%, 61. 2% and 68. 6% respectively, and the proportion of energy from fat that exceeded 30%was 56. 9%, 56. 3% and 57. 1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The daily average macronutrients intake model was unreasonable with higher fat but lower protein among Chinese older adults.

[Serum total cholesterol status among urban residents aged 18 and above in China from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the serum total cholesterol level and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia among urban-resident adults in China from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data were from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 54 042 adult residents in 34 big cities and 41 small and medium-sized cities. Serum total cholesterol was measured by cholesterol oxidase method. Hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were evaluated by Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Blood Lipid Abnormality in Chinese Adults 2007 edition. Standardized cholesterol level (x ± Sx) and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. RESULTS: The mean level of urban-resident adults's erum total cholesterol was (4.58 ± 0.05)mmol/L, (4.58 ± 0.05)mmol/L for both male and female. The cholesterol concentration level in big cities and small and medium-sized cities were (4.66 ± 0.04)mmol/L and (4.57 ± 0.06) mmol/L, respectively. It increased with age gradually from the minimum level, which was (4.18 ± 0.05)mmol/L in aged 18 to 29 group, till reached the maximum, which was (4.94 ± 0.05)mmol/L in aged 60 to 69 group, and then it declined to (4.92 ± 0.06)mmol/L in aged 70 group. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were 5.6%(95%CI:4.5%-6.6%) and 24.7%(95%CI:21.6%-27.9%) totally; 5.1% (95%CI:4.1%-6.1%) and 24.4% (95%CI:21.0%-27.6%) for male, 6.0% (95%CI:4.7%-7.3%) and 25.1%(95%CI:21.8%-28.4%) for female; 6.0%(95%CI: 5.0%-7.0%) and 27.7%(95%CI:24.9%-30.6%) in big cities, while 5.5%(95%CI: 4.2%-6.7%) and 24.2%(95%CI:20.5%-27.9%) in small and medium-sized cities. The minimum prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was in aged 18 to 29 group and maximum in aged 70 group, which were 2.2%(95%CI: 1.4%-3.0%) and 10.3%(95%CI: 7.1%-13.4%), respectively; while the lowest borderline high cholesterolemia prevalence was in aged 18 to 29 group and the highest in aged 60 to 69 year group, which were 12.9%(95%CI: 10.4%-15.4%) and 37.6% (95%CI: 33.6%-41.6%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The serum total cholesterol level and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterolemia were high among urban adults in China from 2010 to 2012, and more attention should be paid for high serum total cholesterol level among older adults.

[Consumption of aquatic foods of Chinese aged 60 and above in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the consumption of aquatic foods of old people in China. METHODS: The elderly( 60 years or older) were from the 2010- 2012 Chinese Residents Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Their basic information were surveyed, and their consumption of aquatic foods were recorded by food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The median of consumption of aquatic foods of the elderly in China was 12. 1 g / d. The60- 70 years old male subjects from metropolis had the highest consumption of aquatic foods( median: 31. 5 g / d), and the 70- 80 years old female subjects from poor rural area had the lowest consumption( median: 0. 0 g / d). The elderly whose consumption of aquatic foods were lower than recommended consumption provided over 50% of total elderly subjects in all areas and in all age groups. The factors which influenced the consumption of aquatic foods of the elderly included but not limited to education, income and concern for own health( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION: There was significant difference among consumption of aquatic foods of different old people groups, but the consumption were generally low in all old people groups. It is necessary to take measures to encourage the old people to appropriately increase the consumption of aquatic foods.

[Status of salt intake among Chinese aged 60 and above in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze salt intake among Chinese aged 60 and above in2010- 2012. METHODS: Data was from 2010- 2012 Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance. Salt and condiment intake information of Chinese elderly was collected by the 3-condecutive days-24-hour dietary recall and food weighting method, the average salt intake was calculated based on energy percentage of family members. RESULTS: The daily average salt intake of Chinese elderly was( 8. 8 ± 6. 8) g / d, the level was( 9. 5 ± 7. 2) g / d for male and( 8. 2 ± 6. 3) g / d for female, ( 7. 9 ± 6. 2) g / d for urban areas and( 9. 9 ±7. 2) g / d for rural areas. Salt intake among the elderly in big cities, medium-sized and small cities, general rural and poor rural was( 7. 3 ± 5. 8) g / d, ( 8. 6 ± 6. 6) g / d, ( 9. 9 ±6. 9) g / d and( 10. 1 ± 7. 9) g / d, respectively. The average daily salt intake decreased with increasing age and also declined with the increase of per capita annual income, while the average daily intake of salt increased from illiteracy to primary school and thendecreased in junior middle-school or above. Compared with the salt recommendation( less than 6g / d) from Chinese residents dietary guidelines 2016 edition, there were only37. 7% of elderly meet with salt recommendation, 41. 0% of participants were in the level between 6 g to 11 g, and 21. 4% were higher than 12 g. Urban participants whose salt intake were less than 6 g, 6 g to 11 g and higher than 12 g accounted for 43. 4%, 40. 3%and 16. 3%, while in rural areas these percentage were 30. 7%, 41. 7% and 27. 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The daily average salt intake among Chinese elderly was still in high level, and the elderly should reduce salt consumption gradually.

[Analysis of the dietary factors on sarcopenia in elderly in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the dietary factors on sarcopenia in elderly in Beijing and provide nutritional recommendations for the sarcopenia. METHOD: A total of 830 participants aged 60 and above and without serious diseases were selected from two representative communities in Beijing. A cross-sectional research design was used, including inquiry investigation, dietary surveys (food frequency questionnaire) anthropometry, muscle mass and functional assessment. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.1% in this area, the men was 17.1%, while the women was 21.6% (P > 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the five age groups has significant statistically difference (chi2 = 19.03, P = 0.0008) and increased with age rising (Z = -4.18, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of sarcopenia would be downward if the time of exercise prolonged and body mass index (BMI) increased (P < 0.05). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of meat consumption <35, 35-70, > 70 g/d was 24.5%,19.9% and 15. 3% (chi2 = 6.02, P = 0.0492), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.45, P =0.0141). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of egg consumption <35, 35-60, >60 g/d was 25.8%, 18.7% and 11.3% (chi2 = 6.50, P = 0.0388), respectively ( trend test for groups comparison, Z =2. 55, P = 0.0109). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of energy consumption < 1612, 1612-2109, > 2109 kcal/d was 25.8%,19.5% and 15. 0% (x2 = 8. 19 , P = 0. 0158), respectively (trend test for groups comparison, Z = 2.87, P = 0.0042). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the group of protein consumption < 58.2, 58.2 - 78.4, > 78.4 g/d was 25.3%, 18.2% and 16.7% (chi2 = 5.97, P = 0. 0505 ) , respectively (Z = 2.28, P = 0.0227). After controlling the influence of age, BMI, exercise and education, meat consumption (beta = -0.1703, P = 0.0119), egg consumption (beta = -0.1545, P = 0.0302) and the high quality protein consumption (beta = -0.1805, P = 0.0302) were negatively related with sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: Animal food, such as meet and egg, is an important protective factor for sarcopenia. Therefore, it is the first important thing for the elderly to ensure adequate energy intake, then you should increase the animal food intake which contains high quality protein to prevent sarcopenia.

[Relationship between dietary pattern during late pregnancy and fatty acid composition of transitional milk in inland regions of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate dietary pattern during late pregnancy and fatty acid composition of transitional milk in inland regions of China. METHODS: Eighty Chinese women were recruited from two different geographical inland regions (Jurong, an inland region close to freshwater. Xushui, an inland region with limited access to freshwater, forty women from each region) during late pregnancy. Their dietary status during late pregnancy was recorded and fatty acid composition in transitional milk was quantified. RESULTS: Both marine fish consumption frequencies during late pregnancy were less than one time/week. The consumption of rapeseed oil in Jurong was significantly higher than in Xushui (P < 0.05). The total lipids contents of Jurong and Xushui were (4.39 ± 1.18) g/100g and (3.92 ± 1.47) g/100g, respectively (P = 0.11), and DHA composition were (0.46 ± 0.20 )% and (0.29 ± 0.09 )%, respectively (P < 0.05). There was positive relationship between rapeseed oil consumption and DHA in transitional milk (r = 0.362, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fatty acid composition in transitional milk differed between these two inland regions of China, which may be caused by difference of maternal dietary pattern during late pregnancy. The intake of precursor of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid could compensate its dietary deficiency to some extent.

TMPRSS6, but not TF, TFR2 or BMP2 variants are associated with increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia.

A variety of conditions lead to anemia, which affects one-quarter of the world's population. Previous genome-wide association studies revealed a number of genetic polymorphisms significantly associated with plasma iron status. To evaluate the association of genetic variants in genes involved in iron delivery and hepcidin regulation pathways with the risk of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), the following single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 2139 unrelated elderly Chinese women: rs3811647 (TF), rs7385804 (TFR2), rs235756 (BMP2), and rs855791(V736A) and rs4820268 (TMPRSS6, encoding matriptase-2). We identified common variants in TMPRSS6 as being genetic risk factors for both iron deficiency (OR(rs855791) = 1.55, P = 4.96 × 10(-8)) and IDA (OR(rs855791) = 1.78, P = 8.43 × 10(-9)). TMPRSS6 polymorphisms were also associated with lower serum iron (SI) and hemoglobin levels, consistent with their associations to increased iron deficiency and anemia risk. Variants rs3811647 in TF and rs7385804 in TFR2 were associated with reduced SI, serum transferrin and transferrin saturation levels; however, these variants were not associated with iron deficiency or anemia risk. Our findings suggest that TF, TFR2 and TMPRSS6 polymorphisms are significantly associated with decreased iron status, but only variants in TMPRSS6 are genetic risk factors for iron deficiency and IDA.

Functional and safety evaluation of transgenic pork rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

Genetically modified animals rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid offer a new strategy to improve the human health, but at the same time present a challenge in terms of food safety assessment. In this study, we evaluated the function and safety of sFat-1 transgenic pork rich in omega-3 fatty acids in mice by feeding basic diet and diets that contain wild type pork and sFat-1 transgenic pork. Blood biochemistry, haematology, peripheral T cell distributions, bacterial counts, gross necropsy, histopathology and organ weights were performed in mice fed with different doses of wild type and transgenic pork. Results indicated that both low and high dose of wild type and transgenic pork had no significant effect on blood biochemistry, T cell distribution, immunoglobulins and bacterial counts in intestine and feces. However, it was noted that both low and high dose of transgenic pork improved the liver immune system in mice, which is probably due to the beneficial contribution of high level of the "good" fatty acids in transgenic pork. There is no significant effect of transgenic pork on all other organs in mice. In summary, our study clearly demonstrated that feeding transgenic pork rich in omega-3 fatty acids did not cause any harm to mice, and in fact, improved the liver immune system.

[Comparison of HbA1c and oral glucose tolerance test for diagnosing diabetes].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in diagnosing diabetes and pre-diabetes in the general population. METHODS: A total of 1416 subjects from Nanchang, Jiangxi Province and Wuhan, Hubei Province who have participated the 2010 Chinese Nutrition and Health Survey were studied and their HbA1c were measured. The glycemic levels and distribution of the subjects diagnosed with diabetes and pre-diabetes by OGTT and HbA1c were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c in detecting diabetes as defined by OGTT. RESULTS: According to the 1999 WHO criteria, 86 subjects were diagnosed with diabetes and 262 were with pre-diabetes. Comparing with OGTT, the sensitivity and specificity of HbA1c > or = 6.5% was 41.9% and 98.9%. Subjects with diabetes diagnosed by HbA1c and OGTT were not consistent, and they have different HbA1c level. The HbA1c level of 5.7% - 6.4% was associated with a sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 55.1% in detecting impaired glucose regulation (IGR). Cases with pre-diabetes identified by HbA1c 5.7% - 6.4% were different from those with IGR. They had lower fasting glucose and 2-hour plasma glucose after glucose load than those with IGR. CONCLUSION: Among this studied population, HbA1c > or = 6.5% showed high specificity but low sensitivity for detecting glucose-defined diabetes. The performance of HbA1c of 5.7% -6.4% in screening pre-diabetes is poor.

Geographic disparities of dietary inflammatory index and its association with hypertension in middle-aged and elders in China: results from a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Background: Geographic distribution of dietary inflammatory index (DII) in China has not been thoroughly evaluated and evidence on the association between DII and hypertension among Chinese middle-aged and older population was inadequate. Objective: To investigate the geographic disparities of DII and its association with hypertension among Chinese middle-aged and elders. Methods: Data was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (CACDNS 2015) for middle-aged and older participants. The DII for each participant was determined through a combination of 3 days 24 h dietary recall interviews and a food frequency questionnaire. Spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of DII in China. Restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between DII and hypertension. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was applied for identifying key hypertension-related factors, which was then included in the establishment of a risk prediction nomogram model, with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) being built to evaluate its discriminatory power for hypertension. Results: A total of 52,087 middle-aged and older participants were included in the study, among whom 36.6% had hypertension. it revealed that a clear spatial correlation in the national distribution of DII scores (Moran I: 0.252, p = 0.001), with higher DII scores concentrated in the northwest region and lower DII scores concentrated in the southeast region. Hypertensive participants had higher DII scores compared to those without hypertension (OR: 1.507 vs. 1.447, p = 0.003). Restricted cubic spline models and binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated a positive association between DII and hypertension after adjusting for potential confounding factors. There was a significant increasing trend in the proportion of hypertensive individuals as DII scores increase (p for trend = 0.004). The nomogram model, constructed using key factors identified through LASSO regression, demonstrated a robust discriminative capacity, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 73.2% (95% CI, 72.4-74.0%). Decision curve analysis confirmed the reliability and effectiveness of the nomogram model. Sensitivity analysis conducted within the subpopulation aged under 45 years yielded results consistent with the primary analysis. Conclusion: In Chinese adults middle-aged and older, geographic disparities in dietary inflammatory potential are notable, with lower levels observed in the southeastern coastal regions of China and higher levels in the northwestern regions. Meanwhile, there is a positive association between the inflammatory potential of the diet and hypertension. Additional research is needed to investigate regional disparities in dietary inflammatory potential and pinpoint specific dietary patterns associated with lower inflammation.

Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China.

Breast milk fatty acid composition may be affected by the maternal diet during gestation and lactation. The influence of dietary and breastmilk fatty acids on breast milk immune factors is poorly defined. We determined the fatty acid composition and immune factor concentrations of breast milk from women residing in river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China, which differ in their consumption of lean fish and oily fish. Breast milk samples were collected on days 3­5 (colostrum), 14 and 28 post-partum (PP) and analysed for soluble CD14 (sCD14), transforming growth factor (TGF)-b1, TGF-b2, secretory IgA (sIgA) and fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of breast milk differed between the regions and with time PP. The concentrations of all four immune factors in breast milk decreased over time, with sCD14, sIgA and TGF-b1 being highest in the colostrum in the river and lake region. Breast milk DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) were positively associated, and g-linolenic acid and EPA negatively associated, with the concentrations of each of the four immune factors. In conclusion, breast milk fatty acids and immune factors differ between the regions in China characterised by different patterns of fish consumption and change during the course of lactation. A higher breast milk DHA and AA concentration is associated with higher concentrations of immune factors in breast milk, suggesting a role for these fatty acids in promoting gastrointestinal and immune maturation of the infant.

Geographical Distribution of Dietary Patterns and Their Association with T2DM in Chinese Adults Aged 45 y and Above: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the geographical distribution of dietary patterns and their association with T2DM among Chinese adults aged 45 years and above. METHODS: Data was from the China Adults Chronic Diseases and Nutrition Surveillance (2015). Dietary intake for each participant was determined through a combination of 3-day 24-h dietary recall interviews and food frequency questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to extract dietary patterns and spatial analysis was employed to investigate the geographic distribution of them. T2DM was diagnosed using criteria of ADA 2018, and binary logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and T2DM. RESULTS: A total of 36,648 participants were included in the study; 10.9% of them were diagnosed as T2DM. Three dietary patterns were identified with the name of plant-based pattern, animal-based pattern, and oriental traditional pattern, which were represented located in northern, northwest, and southern regions, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of the plant-based pattern were associated with lower T2DM odds (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.90) when comparing with the lowest quartile. However, participants inclined to higher quartiles of animal-based pattern had a higher risk of T2DM (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.27) compared with those in the lower quartiles. No significant association was found between the oriental traditional pattern and T2DM (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.14). CONCLUSION: Dietary patterns of Chinese population revealed geographical disparities, with plant-based dietary pattern showing protective effects and animal-based pattern carrying high risks for T2DM. Regional dietary variations and food environment are paramount in T2DM prevention and management.

Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women.

Dietary intervention studies to assess the cardioprotective effects of oily fish are scarce in China. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the oily fish, Norwegian salmon, herring and local farmed pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) on CVD risk markers when included in the Chinese diet. In this 8-week, parallel-arm, randomised intervention study, 126 Chinese women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia, aged 35-70 years, were assigned to four groups to consume an experimental lunch containing 80 g fillets of either one of three oily fish or a mix of commonly eaten meats (pork/chicken/beef/lean fish) for 5 d/week. The results showed that inclusion of the three oily fish significantly increased the intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) while decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Compared to the control group, significant increases of DHA, EPA+DHA and total n-3 PUFA in plasma choline phosphoglyceride were observed in the three oily fish groups. Plasma TAG levels were significantly reduced only in the salmon and herring groups. When compared to the baseline level, the three oily fish diets significantly decreased serum concentrations of TAG, apoB, apoCII and apoCIII, but only the salmon and herring diets significantly lowered TNF-α and raised adiponectin levels in serum. The salmon diet additionally decreased the serum concentration of IL-6. To conclude, dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish can effectively increase serum n-3 LC-PUFA content and are associated with favourable biochemical changes in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women, and these beneficial effects are mainly associated with n-3 LC-PUFA contents.

Randomized controlled trial of oatmeal consumption versus noodle consumption on blood lipids of urban Chinese adults with hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in China and worldwide. Whole grain oats can reduce risk of CVD by reducing total and LDL-cholesterol, major risk factors for CVD. While this association has been established in many populations, data from Asian populations is limited. Thus, this study investigated the impact of oat consumption on cholesterol levels in Chinese adults. Male and female data from this work were previously published separately in mandarin in two Chinese journals. The combined male and female data were reanalyzed and are presented here. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, parallel-arm study was conducted at Beijing Hospital, Beijing china. Subjects were adults (men and women) with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. The oat group (n=85) consumed 100 grams of instant oat cereal versus the control group (n=81) who consumed 100 grams of wheat flour-based noodles daily for 6 weeks. Laboratory and anthropometric measurements were conducted at baseline and at the end of the 6-week intervention. RESULTS: Dietary fiber intake increased significantly in the oat group compared to the control group at the end of the 6-week intervention. Total-, LDL-cholesterol and waist circumference decreased significantly in the oat group compared to the control. HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly in the control group versus the oat group. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, other anthropometric or laboratory measures between the two groups at the end of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Instant oatmeal consumed daily for 6 weeks significantly increased fiber intake and decreased major risk factors for CVD in Chinese adults with hypercholesterolemia. Increased consumption of whole grains, including oats, should continue to be encouraged.

Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and Risk of Dyslipidemia in a Chinese Population.

This study aimed to explore the association between dietary BCAAs, blood lipid levels and risk of dyslipidemia. In this case−control study, a total of 9541 subjects with normal blood lipids were included as a control group, and 9792 patients with dyslipidemia were included as a case group. Dietary BCAA intake data were measured using 3-day 24 h meal recalls and household condiment weighing. All samples were from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015). Generalized linear model, logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between dietary BCAAs, blood lipids and dyslipidemia. After adjusting for confounding factors, dietary BCAAs were positively correlated with TC and LDL-C (p < 0.05). Higher dietary BCAAs were associated with higher OR for Hypercholesteremia (Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05−1.58, p-trend = 0.034). The ORs of Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia showed inverted U-shaped with increasing dietary BCAAs (Q3 vs. Q1, OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03−1.39; Q2 vs. Q1, OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01−1.31). The relationship between dietary BCAAs and the risk of Hypercholesteremia and Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia were both nonlinear (p nonlinearity = 0.0059, 0.0198). Our study reveals that dietary BCAAs are associated with specific types of lipids and risk of dyslipidemia, some of which may be non-linear.

Association of Serum 25(OH)D with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Women of Childbearing Age.

Objective: To analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, and the related genetic and non-genetic factors in non-diabetic women of childbearing age in China. Methods: Subjects were randomly selected from the 2015 Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance. The data of sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors were obtained through questionnaire survey. Anthropometry was measured by trained interviewers, and fasting blood was collected to test 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and other related parameters. Generalized linear mode and multivariate logistic analysis were performed to analyze the associations between serum 25(OH)D and MetS and its components, adjusting for the possible confounders. Results: Body mass index (BMI), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 25(OH)D, phosphorus (P), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were associated with the number of MetS's components. G allele carriers of GC rs2282679 had higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and FBG levels compared with the TT genotypes, while higher genetic risk score (GRS) seemed to be associated with reduced HDL-C level. The odds ratio (OR) for MetS in lowest group of 25(OH)D was 1.533 (0.980−2.399) after adjusting for season, district, area type, latitude, age, BMI, PTH, P, ALT, CRE, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hs-CRP, compared with the median group, but the association was not significant. An insufficient 25(OH)D concentration (<14.22 ng/mL) was significantly related to the risk of elevated waist circumference (WC) (OR = 1.612 (1.014−2.561)) and TG (OR = 2.210 (1.318−3.706)), and reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.639 (1.206−2.229)) after adjusting for the confounders among these women. Moreover, these relationships were not affected by vitamin D metabolism-related gene polymorphisms. Conclusion: After comprehensively considering various influencing factors, significant associations between insufficient serum 25(OH)D and MetS's components, including elevated WC, TG, and reduced HDL-C, were observed. However, MetS, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were not found independently associated with 25(OH)D levels.

The Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids Transition and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Adults From 1997 to 2015: Based on Seven Cross-Sectional Studies and a Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: The situation is grim for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes in China. Serum and dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were risk factors for T2D. However, there is a lack of information on trends in consumption of BCAAs and the risk of T2D associated with BCAAs intake, based on nationally representative data in China. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively describe the dietary BCAAs transition and risk of T2D, at a national level among Chinese adults from 1997 to 2015. Methods: The data sources were the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and China Nutrition and Health Survey (CNHS). Cross-sectional data on intake were obtained from CHNS (1997, n = 9,404), CHNS (2000, n = 10,291), CHNS (2004, n = 9,682), CHNS (2006, n = 9,553), CHNS (2009, n = 9,811), CHNS (2011, n = 12,686) and CNHS (2015, n = 71,695). Prospective cohort data were obtained CHNS (1997-2015, n = 15,508). Results: From 1997 to 2015, there was a significant decreasing trend in the BCAAs intake of Chinese adults in all subgroups (P < 0.0001) except for Leu in 80 or older, and a decreasing trend in the consumption of BCAAs after 40 years old (P < 0.05). The mean intake of BCAAs in the population of cohort study was 11.83 ± 3.77g/day. The 95% CI was above the HR of 1.0, when the consumptions were higher than 14.01, 3.75, 6.07, 4.21 g/day in BCAAs, Ile, Leu and Val, based on RCS curves. According to the Cox proportional hazards models, Compared with individuals with BCAAs consumption of 10.65-12.37 g/day, the multivariable-adjusted HR for diabetes was 2.26 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.51) for individuals with consumption of BCAAs more than 18.52 g/day. A statistically significant positive association between BCAAs intake and risk of T2D was observed in males or participants aged 45 years and older, but not in females or participants younger than 45 years. Conclusion: Our results reveal a trend toward decreased BCAAs intake in Chinese from 1997 to 2015. After 40 years of age, consumption of BCAAs declined with increasing age. Higher BCAAs intake was associated with higher risk of T2D. This relationship is more stable among men and middle-aged and elderly people.