Surgical strategy for the treatment of thoracolumbar metastatic tumor and its clinical outcomes / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate surgical strategy and clinical outcomes for the treatment of thoracolumbar metastatic tumor.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2009 to December 2010,42 patients with thoracolumbar metastatic tumor were treated surgically. Among the patients, 30 patients were male, and 12 patients were female, ranging in age from 28 to 76 years old, with an average age of 56.8 years old. Twenty-five patients had metastatic tumor in thoracic vertebraes, and 17 patients had metastatic tumor in lumbar vertebraes. Thirty-four patients had metastatic tumor in 1 segment, 6 patients had metastatic tumor in 2 segments and 2 patients had metastatic tumor in 3 segments. Two patients had no symptoms and 40 patients had back or leg pain. Eighteen patients had neurologic deficits, and 5 patients had injuries of A degree, 3 patients had injuries of B degree, 4 patients had injuries of C degree, 6 patients had injuries of D degree according to ASIA grading system. The operation goal was made according to Tomita evaluation. The surgical procedures included pallative decompression, tumor curettage and total vertebrectomy, which were decided based on Tomita classification. The pain, spinal cord function,part control of tumor,survival rate and conditions of internal fixation were evaluated at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>One patient died in the operation. Pain relief was obtained in 38 patients after operation. Among 18 patients suffering from spinal cord compromise, 17 patients improved 1 to 4 grades after surgery according to the ASIA grading system. All the patients were followed up and the duration ranged from 24 to 48 months, with a mean time of 34.2 months. Five patients got recurrence. The postoperative survival rates at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years were 95.2%, 85.7%, 58.2%, 37.6% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>According to Tomita system, the different surgical treatments can be selected for patients with spinal metastatic tumors, which can relieve pain, improve the neurological status and spine stabilization, maintain local control, improve quality of life.</p>

A feasibility research of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) using hybrid internal fixation for recurrent lumbar disc herniation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the feasibility of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) using hybrid internal fixation of pedicle screws and a translaminar facet screw for recurrent lumbar disc herniation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2010 to December 2011, 16 recurrent lumbar disc herniation patients, 10 male and 6 female patients with an average age of 45 years (35-68 years) were treated with unilateral incision MIS-TLIF through working channel. After decompression, interbody fusion and fixation using unilateral pedicle screws, a translaminar facet screw was inserted from the same incision through spinous process and laminar to the other side facet joint. The results of perioperative parameters, radiographic images and clinical outcomes were assessed. The repeated measure analysis of variance was applied in the scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disablity index (ODI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients MIS-TLIF were accomplished under working channel including decompression, interbody fusion and hybrid fixation without any neural complication. The average operative time was (148 ± 75) minutes, the average operative blood loss was (186 ± 226) ml, the average postoperative ambulation time was (32 ± 15) hours, and the average hospitalization time was (6 ± 4) days. The average length of incision was (29 ± 4) mm, and the average length of translaminar facets screw was (52 ± 6) mm. The mean follow-up was 16.5 months with a range of 12-24 months. The postoperative X-ray and CT images showed good position of the hybrid internal fixation, and all facets screws penetrate through facets joint. The significant improvement could be found in back pain VAS, leg pain VAS and ODI scores between preoperative 1 day and postoperative follow-up at all time-points (back pain VAS:F = 52.845, P = 0.000;leg pain VAS:F = 113.480, P = 0.000;ODI:F = 36.665, P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Recurrent lumbar disc herniation could be treated with MIS-TLIF using hybrid fixation through unilateral incision, and the advantage including less invasion and quickly recovery.</p>

Complication and treatment of the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize and discuss the lapsus and the treatment of the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation using percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between July 2002 and October 2010, 689 patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation treated by PELD were analyzed, including 448 males, and 241 females. Single lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 669 cases. double lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 19; three lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were 1. Central type in 66, side central type in 365, lateral type in 242, extreme lateral type in 10, sequestered type in 6. These cases with complications in operation and postoperation were studied retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were nucleus pulposus omissions in 5 patients and 2 patients underwent open resection of nucleus pulposus during operation immediately and the second operation was needed in 3 cases, 1 case with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and the others with open resection of nucleus pulposus. Two patients had nerve root injury, but all completely recovered in 3 - 6 months after operation. Spinal dura mater disruption was in 2 patients, recovered after suturing of skin wound. All 689 patients were followed up for 6 - 96 months, mean follow-up time was 33 months. Postoperative spondylodiscitis was in 7 patients, recovery after expectant treatment in 1, percutaneous puncture irrigation and drainage for continued use of local antibiotics in 4, posterior infective lumbar discectomy in 2. Postoperative relapse was in 6 patients, operated secondly by PELD in 4 and by TLIF in 2, recovery after the second operation. Nerve root induced hyperalgesia and burning-like nerve root pain was seen in 19 patients, the symptom was improved by analgesic drug, neurotrophy drug and physiotherapy. The effect of single segment PELD was not good in 10 patients with spinal stenosis, who underwent multiple segment TLIF later.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The complications during operation usually are nucleus pulposus omissions, nerve root injury, spinal dura mater disruption. Accordingly the complications after operation include spondylodiscitis, recurrence, nerve root induced hyperalgesia or burning-like nerve root pain. Strict indication, aseptic technique, skilled operation and proper rehabilitation exercise are effective ways to reduce complications.</p>

A feasibility research of unilateral incision minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using pedicle screws and a translaminar screw hybrid fixation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the feasibility and safety of unilateral incision hybrid fixation using pedicle screws and a translaminar screw in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January to June 2010, 18 patients with single-level lumbar disc disease were treated with MIS-TLIF under METRx(TM) X-tube. After decompression and fixation using unilateral pedicle screws, a translaminar screw was inserted from the same incision to the other side. The results of perioperative parameters, radiographic images and clinical outcomes were assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients underwent MIS-TLIF were accomplished unilateral hybrid fixation without any neural complication. The average operative time was (107 ± 19) min, the average operative blood loss was (62 ± 21) ml, and the average postoperative ambulation time was (21 ± 5) h. The average length of translaminar facets screw was (52 ± 2) mm, and the postoperative images showed all screws penetrate through facets joint. During the follow-up the visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability index scores were significant improved compared with preoperative (F = 42.221 - 259.833, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Bilateral hybrid fixation could be completed through unilateral incision by pedicle screws and a translaminar screw in MIS-TLIF, and the advantage including less invasion, quickly recovery, short operative time, and saving fixation cost.</p>

Vertebral column decancellation for the management of rigid scoliosis: the effectiveness and safety analysis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>to explore the effectiveness and safety of vertebral column decancellation (VCD) for the management of rigid scoliosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>from May 2004 to February 2008, 32 patients with rigid scoliosis underwent VCD were reviewed. There were 12 males and 20 females with an average age of 18 years (range, 10 - 56 years). The operation techniques included multilevel vertebral body decancellation and residual intervertebral disc resection, followed by realignment and posterior correction with pedicle screws. The effectiveness was evaluated by preoperative and postoperative radiography and three-dimensional CT scan reconstruction at final follow-up. The intraoperative and postoperative complications of all patients were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>a mean of 2.1 vertebrae were performed with VCD and a mean of 10.6 vertebral levels were instrumented and fused (range, 8 - 13 vertebrae). The mean duration of surgery was 270 minutes (range, 215 - 380 minutes). The average intraoperative blood loss was 1560 ml (range, 900 - 4800 ml). Complications were encountered in 4 patients. There were 2 cases with transient neurological deficits, 1 case with CSF leak, 1 case with epidural hematoma. The average time of follow-up was 31 months (range, 24 - 48 months). The correction rate was 61% on the coronal plane (from 108° to 42°), and the correction rate was 65% on the sagittal plane (from 82.0° to 28.7°). All patients had solid fusion at osteotomy site, and no instrumentational failure and loosening were found over the follow up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>single stage posterior VCD is an effective option to manage rigid scoliosis.</p>

Ischemic postconditioning alleviates rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of ischcmic posteonditioning (IP)against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(P13K)signaling pathway in the neuroprotection. Methods Focal cerebral ischernia was induced in 24 SD rats by permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and transient bilateral comlllOn carotid artery occlusion.The rats were then randomized into 4 groups for treatment with IP,LY294002+IP,DMSO+IP,or without IP.In LY294002+IP and DMSO+IP groups,LY294002 or DMSO was injcoted into the ventricular space on the ischemic side 1 h before ischemia.The cerebral infarct sizes wgre measured in all the 4 groups at 48h after the reperfusion.Results Cerebral infarcts were observed in all the groups on theischemic side,all locating in the left neocortex and the middle cerebral artery territory.At48h after reperfusion,the infarct size was significantly smaller in rats with IP(34.02%±7.17%)than in those without IP(57.05%±10.05%)(P＜0.05),and significantly larger in LY294002+IP group(73.41%±2.06%)than in DMSO+IP group(35.76%±1.51%)(P＜0.05).No significant difference was found in the infarctsize between DMSO+IP group and IP group(P＞0.05).Conclusion IP ameliorates cerebral reperfusion mjury in rats,and the mechanism of this neuroprotective effect involves the preservation of PI3K activity.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 is involved in the inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis of C17.2 neural stem cells by exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To observe the effects of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on radiation-induced apoptosis of C 17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs) and explore the role of ERK1/2 in this process. Methods C17.2 NSCs were subjected to irradiation exposure generated by a linear accelerator followed by treatment with different concentrations of bFGF 5 min after the exposure. The cell viability after the treatments was assessed using MTT assay, and the effects of exogenous bFGF and U0126 on radiation-induced apoptosis of the cells were analyzed with flow cytometry. Results The apoptotic rate of the irradiated cells decreased from (12.78±1.04)% to (4.83±0.3 I)% as the concentration ofbFGF increased from 0 to 100 ng/mL. The apoptotic rates of the cells after treatment with U0126 and DMSO were (8.42±0.71)% and (4.71±0.42)%, respectively, showing a significant difference (P<0.05). Conehlsion Exogenous bFGF offers protection of C17.2 NSCs against radiation-induced apoptosis, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) plays a role in this protective effect.

Modified posterior closing wedge osteotomy in patients of posttraumatic thoracic lumbar kyphosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the outcome of posterior trans-pedicle + disc osteotomy in patients with post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between June 2000 and June 2003, 26 adult patients, 16 male and 10 female, average 30.6 years old (21 - 42 y), of post-traumatic thoracolumbar kyphosis were corrected by means of single posterior trans-pedicle + disc osteotomy technique. Operation time, blood loss, and surgical complication were counted. Back pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Oswestry score and Frankel neurological grade were used to for clinical evaluation. All the radiographic and clinical data were requested at 3 time points (before operation, directly postoperatively, and at final follow-up).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No severe complications were found in this group. Local kyphosis (T(10)-L(2) Cobb angle) was corrected from average 22.3 degrees +/- 3.5 degrees to 2.2 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees (corrective rate 90.1%). Intraoperative average blood loss was (680.0 +/- 31.5) ml and average operational time was (186.0 +/- 22.8) min. All the patients finished at least 3 - 5 years follow-up, Neural improvement achieved in this group (before operation Frankel D 12 cases, Frankel C 6 cases and Frankel B2 cases; 3 years postoperation Frankel E 14 cases, Frankel D 2 cases Frankel C1 case and Frankel B 1 case), postoperative back pain was reduced from preoperative 8.6 +/- 1.3 to 2.2 +/- 0.5 in VAS and Oswestry score improved from (62.5 +/- 8.6)% to (16.2 +/- 4.3)% at last follow up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Single posterior trans-pedicle + disc osteotomy technique is suitable to thoracolumbar post-traumatic kyphosis.</p>

Clinical outcomes of single level Bryan cervical disc arthroplasty: a prospective controlled study / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the clinical outcomes of single level Bryan cervical disc replacement with traditional anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From Dec 2003 to May 2005, 59 patients with primary, single-level cervical radiculopathy and/or myelopathy were prospectively randomized into 2 groups: Bryan group with artificial disc replacement and ACDF group with traditional anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Operation time, blood loss and hospitalization duration were compared between the 2 groups. Follow-up was taken at six weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after operation, and each case in both groups was evaluated with serial radiographic studies, neck disability indices (NDI), visual analog scale scores (VAS) for arm and neck pain.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No difference was found in the operation time, intraoperative blood loss and hospital stay between the 2 groups. But at the follow-up of 6 weeks and 3 months after operation, significant difference in NDI and VAS of neck pain existed. All replaced segments remained normal range of motion in sagittal rotation, while no motion occurred in any of the fusion segments. In ACDF group movement of the whole cervical spine decreased but gradually recovered to preoperative level in 6 months after operation. In Bryan group, pre- and postoperative motion of the whole cervical spine remained unchanged at any of the follow-up time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Bryan disc replacement can achieve similar clinical improvement compared with traditional ACDF. Arthroplasty has the advantages of motion maintenance for the cervical spine and short recovery time after operation.</p>

Characteristics of nerve root compression caused by degenerative lumbar stenosis with scoliosis / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the factors that may contribute to radiculopathy in degenerative lumbar stenosis with scoliosis (DLSS) and their association with the pattern of the scoliosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-seven patients with DLSS were examined in our hospital. The symptomatic nerve roots were determined by pain distribution, and neurological findings. The compressive factors were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and myelography or radiculography. The pattern of scoliosis was determined by plain radiographs. Correlation between the affected nerve root and the compressive factors or the pattern of the scoliosis were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 27 patients, L3 root was affected in 6 patients, L4 root in 13 patients, L5 root in 15 patients, and S1 root in 9 patients. L3 and L4 roots were more compressed by foraminal or extraforaminal stenosis on the concave side of the curve, whereas L5 and S1 roots were commonly affected by lateral recess stenosis on the convex side.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In DLSS, nerve root compression is not only seen on the concave side of the scoliosis, but also equally involved on the convex side. Most radiculopathy in DLSS distributes close to central sacral vertical line, which may be due to the abnormal weight-bearing for the pattern of scoliosis.</p>

Clinical report of cervical arthroplasty in management of spondylotic myelopathy / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate clinical effects and manual operational point of Bryan cervical disc prosthesis in Asian, to observe the stability and range of movement (ROM) postoperatively.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bryan disc prosthesis replacement applied in 8 cases (10 levels) of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Clinical (JOA grade and Odom's scale) and radiological (X-ray of bending, extending; left and right bending position) follow-up was performed 3 months postoperatively, (mean follow-up 3.6 month). Systemic radiographic study about stability and ROM of replaced level post operationally were measured. CT or MRI scan were applied in all cases 3 months postoperatively to find out the excursion of the prosthesis and heterotopic-ossification in the replaced levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At least 3 months follow-up were done in all this patients. There was no complication. Improvement in all of 8 patients according to the Odsm's scale. JOA score increased from average 8.8 to 15.8. There was no prosthesis subsidence or excursion. Replaced segment achieved stability and restored partial of normal ROM, 4.75 degrees (3.8 degrees approximately 5.8 degrees ) in flex and extension position and 3.38 degrees (2.3 degrees approximately 4.4 degrees ), 3.13 degrees (2.5 degrees approximately 4.1 degrees ) in left and right bending position. No obvious loss of lordosis was found. CT or MRI follow-up show excursion (<2 mm) in 1/10 levels; (<2 mm excursion <4 mm) in 1/10 levels, and no heterotopic ossification in the replaced levels.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Byran cervical disc prosthesis restored motion to the level of the intact segment in flexion-extension and lateral bending in post operational images. At the same time, it can achieve good anterior decompression treatment effect and immediate stability in replaced 1 or 2 levels, and which is a new choice for the treatment of CSM in Asian.</p>

Anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion with allograft and internal fixation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of cylindrical titanium mesh packing cancellous allograft in the anterior cervical fusion for the cervical spondylosis with anterior titanium plate.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-eight patients with cervical spondylosis underwent diskectomy and cancellous allograft contained in cylindrical titanium mesh enhanced by anterior titanium plate system. Sixty-four patients were followed up clinically and radiographically. The mean follow-up time was (15.2 +/- 1.7) months. JOA scores and Nurick myelopathy grading system were used for clinical assessment. Roentgenograms were analyzed to identify the stability of fused levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In all patients of 98 cases, the wounds were normally healed without acute or chronic infection. In statistical analysis of 64 patients followed up, the mean JOA scores was (11.6 +/- 1.8) preoperatively and improved to (16.0 +/- 1.2) at final follow-up (P < 0.05). And the mean Nurick grades were (2.7 +/- 0.7) and (0.7 +/- 0.8) before and after surgery respectively (P < 0.05). The X-ray films demonstrated that no meshes were found displacing or subsiding. New bone formation occurred in the back of meshes at 5 months after surgery. The final follow-up fusion rate was 95%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cancellous allograft impacted into titanium meshes for cervical fusion has gained excellent or good results clinically and radiographically in short term follow-up.</p>

Freeze-dried allograft of posterior spinal fusion in patients with scoliosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effectiveness and safety of allograft in posterior spinal fusion in patients with scoliosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>41 cases of 54 scoliosis patients with allograft for spinal fusion were followed up. The mean follow-up time is 16 months. Foreign body reaction was studied clinically and fusion status was assessed radiographically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no foreign body reaction significantly in all patients. Acute deep wound infection happened in one patient and no chronic deep wound infection occurred. There was no disease transferred by allograft in followed patients. New bone formation appeared after 4 months postoperatively in radiogram. At final follow-up, the mean angle of 3.4 degrees lost and minimal -1 degrees and maximal 6 degrees . Implants were fastened and did not loosen and fracture.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Allograft for posterior spinal fusion in scoliosis patients was useful and safe.</p>