Pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Senegal.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and outcome characteristics of IPD case patients hospitalized at the Albert-Royer National Children's Hospital (French acronym CHNEAR) to evaluate the disease burden of IPDs in a pediatric hospital of Dakar (Senegal). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All children aged 0-15 years hospitalized at the CHNEAR between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2013 for a documented IPD were included in the study. Medical history, risk factors, clinical, bacteriological, and outcome data was collected. Data was then analyzed using the SPSS software, version 16 (Pearson's Chi(2) test: a P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant). RESULTS: A total of 218 IPD patients were hospitalized at the CHNEAR during the study period (hospital prevalence: 0.79%). The mean age was 36.1 months. The male to female ratio was 1.27 (122 boys and 96 girls). Infants<2 years of age represented 61.46% of patients. Prior antibiotic therapy was found in 54% of patients but details were lacking. Infection sites were mostly meningeal (61%) and pleuropulmonary (28.9%). The main isolated serotypes were 1, 6A, 14, 5, and 23F. Case fatality was 17.4% and it was five times higher for pneumococcal meningitis. CONCLUSION: IPDs are very common in children in Senegal. Infants<2 years of age are particularly affected. The very high case fatality (17%) was significantly associated with meningeal infection sites hence the need for better access to pneumococcal vaccines.

Méningites à méningocoque en milieu pédiatrique sénégalais. A propos de 79 cas

La méningite cérébrospinale constitue un problème majeur de santé publique, du fait de son potentiel épidémique. Objectifs : L'objectif de ce travail était de décrire les caractéristiques cliniques, épidémiologiques, cliniques, bactériologiques et évolutives des méningites à méningocoque au Centre Hospitalier National d'Enfants Albert Royer (CHNEAR). Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive, et analytique. Tous les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans, hospitalisés pour méningite à méningocoque au CHNEAR, entre le 1er janvier 2004 et le 31 décembre 2013, étaient inclus dans cette étude. Résultats : Nous avons colligé 79 cas de méningite à méningocoque parmi les 1491 cas de méningites bactériennes pédiatriques (MBP). Ce qui représentait 3,45% des méningites bactériennes et 0,18% de l'ensemble des hospitalisations. Le sex-ratio 1,92 était en faveur des garçons. L'âge moyen était de 53,3 mois. La majorité des cas était survenue durant la saison sèche, soit 72%, avec des pics en mars et avril. La malnutrition a été décrite chez 4 enfants. La symptomatologie clinique était dominée par la fièvre (95%), la raideur méningée (82,3%), les céphalées (34,2%) et les troubles digestifs (34,2%). Le sérogroupe W135 (54 cas) était le plus isolé suivi des sérogroupes B (7 cas), C (7 cas), et A (5 cas). Dans 6 cas, le sérogroupe était indéterminé. La létalité était de 3,8%. Conclusion : L'incidence des méningites à méningocoques est de 0,18% en milieu pédiatrique sénégalais. Le sérogroupe W135 est en responsable de 2/3 des cas, d'où la nécessité de sa prise en compte dans les stratégies vaccinales actuelles au Sénégal

Malocclusion in the deciduous dentition of Caucasian children.

In this study the occlusal characteristics of the deciduous dentition in a sample of young children were investigated to determine whether consensual trends exists, and if the occlusal characteristics in the primary dentition may be considered as acceptable predictors for occlusal relationships in the permanent dentition. Four hundred and seven boys and three hundred and eighty-two girls aged 4-6 years participated in the epidemiological study. Recording of the occlusal traits was made according to the method described by the Fédération Dentaire Internationale in 1973, adapted to the primary dentition. Lack of space was frequent (24 per cent in the upper anterior segments), as well as lateral crossbites (16 per cent), excessive overjet of 6 mm or more (6 per cent), Class II relationships (26 per cent) and anterior open bites (37.4 per cent). Obvious similarities could be seen with other investigations on occlusal traits of the primary dentition of Caucasian children. Cross-comparison with available data suggest that the development of the occlusion is a continuum for many aspects, with most of the major occlusal trends characterizing the permanent dentition in Europoid populations detectable at early stages. The striking difference in the primary dentition was the much higher prevalence of anterior open bites: this is the only figure expected to decrease dramatically in the permanent dentition. With due reservation inherent to the nature of epidemiological data on malocclusion and their interpretation, it is concluded that, provided the patient's cooperation is satisfactory, early attention may be given to malocclusion, but should mainly be focused on lateral crossbites and sagittal malrelationships.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism and molecular taxonomy in Vitis vinifera L.

Forty-six accessions of grapevine (V. vinifera L.) were compared by restriction fragment length polmorphism (RFLP) analysis, and 111 informative or unique restriction fragments were found that revealed an important level of polymorphism. RFLP patterns were compared in two ways: by calculating electrophoretic similarity degree values further analyzed by principal component analysis and by studying the distribution of rare restriction fragments. Six taxonomic groups could be defined, which partially confirmed relationships derived from ampelographical data. Our data support the existence of ecogeographical groups.