Prevalence and Factors Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in Individuals with COVID-19 in Brazil: A Study of 20,669 Cases from 2020 to 2021.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with olfactory dysfunction in individuals with COVID-19 in the first 2 years of the pandemic in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prevalent study involving the confirmed cases of COVID-19 recorded in the municipality between the years 2020 and 2021. Individuals symptomatic for COVID-19, with a positive laboratory result and aged 12 or older were included in this study. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were used in the description of continuous variables and frequency was used for categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate data distribution. RESULTS: Data from 20,669 individuals were analyzed. The prevalence of olfactory disorders was 17.9% and increased from 11.5% to 21.9% between 2020 and 2021. A female gender predominance was observed among individuals who reported anosmia, with 61.1% (n = 564) in 2020 and 61.7% (n = 1,713) in 2021. On the other hand, the median age of individuals with olfactory disorders was lower than that of the group without disorders (35 [IQR 27-46] vs. 39 [IQR 29-50]; p < 0.001). Smell disturbances were present in 18.2% (n = 3,634) of patients who recovered and in 7.1% (n = 38) of those who died. Furthermore, in 2021, a prevalence rate of 30.6% for olfactory disorders was linked to obesity as a comorbidity. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of olfactory disorders was lower compared to other studies, with cough and fever being negatively related to olfactory dysfunction and headache, coryza, and taste disorders being positively related. Obesity was the only associated comorbidity.

Chlorhexidine-loaded hydroxyapatite microspheres as an antimicrobial delivery system and its effect on in vivo osteo-conductive properties.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been investigated as a delivery system for antimicrobial and antibacterial agents to simultaneously stimulate bone regeneration and prevent infection. Despite evidence supporting the bactericidal efficiency of these HA carriers, few studies have focused on the effect of this association on bone regeneration. In this work, we evaluated the physico-chemical properties of hydroxyapatite microspheres loaded with chlorhexidine (CHX) at two different concentrations, 0.9 and 9.1 µgCHX/cm2 HA, and characterized their effects on in vitro osteoblast viability and bone regeneration. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy associated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy were used to characterize the association of CHX and HA nanoparticles. The high CHX loading dose induced formation of organic CHX plate-like aggregates on the HA surface, whereas a Langmuir film was formed at the low CHX surface concentration. Quantitative evaluation of murine osteoblast viability parameters, including adhesion, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of cells exposed to HA/CHX extracts, revealed a cytotoxic effect for both loading concentrations. Histomorphological analysis upon implantation into the dorsal connective tissues and calvaria of rats for 7 and 42 days showed that the high CHX concentration induced the infiltration of inflammatory cells, resulting in retarded bone growth. Despite a strong decrease in in vitro cell viability, the low CHX loading dose did not impair the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of HA during bone repair. These results indicate that high antimicrobial doses may activate a strong local inflammatory response and disrupt the long-term osteoconductive properties of CHX-HA delivery systems.

Brazilian Government Strategies to Protect Women.

In 2018, 22,000,000 Brazilian women experienced some type of violence (either physical or psychological), and 42% of these episodes occurred in the domestic environment. Therefore, government strategies have been developed to solve this problem. This study aimed to (a) carry out a survey of Brazilian government strategies for the protection of women after the creation of the Maria da Penha Law (Law No. 11.340, 2006) and (b) discuss these strategies from the concept of cultural design. Sixteen laws, five decrees, and two ordinances were found and analyzed. In a general way, the analysis suggests that they are not effective cultural plans because most do not show long-term results, and some of the laws that typify crimes and those that relate to the aggressor's behavior do not specify the target behaviors, so there is no explicit contingency. Despite this, such strategies are relevant, as they end up providing the protective context for women from a social, legal, and political point of view. Finally, it is expected that the discussions raised in the present work can help prepare interventions that favor socially beneficial cultural practices.

Microspheres of alginate encapsulated minocycline-loaded nanocrystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite: therapeutic potential and effects on bone regeneration.

Background and objective: Tetracycline and its derivatives, combined with calcium phosphates, have been proposed as a delivery system to control inflammatory processes and chronic infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microspheres of alginate encapsulated minocycline-loaded nanocrystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAMINO) as a biomimetic device to carry out target-controlled drug delivery for alveolar bone repair. Methods: CHAMINO microspheres were implanted in a rat central incisor socket after 7 and 42 days. New bone was formed in both groups between 7 and 42 days of implantation. However, the bone growth was significantly higher for the CHAMINO microspheres. Results: The minocycline (MINO) loading capacity of the nanocrystaline carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanoparticles was 25.1±2.2 µg MINO/mg CHA for adsorption over 24 hrs. The alginate microspheres containing minocycline-loaded CHA were biologically active and inhibited the Enterococcus faecalis culture growth for up to seven days of the MINO release. An osteoblastic cell viability assay based on the resazurin reduction was conducted after the cells were exposed to the CHAMINO powder and CHAMINO microspheres. Thus, it was found that the alginate extracts encapsulated the minocycline-loaded CHA microspheres and did not affect the osteoblastic cell viability, while the minocycline-doped CHA powder reduced the cell viability by 90%. Conclusion: This study concluded that the alginate microspheres encapsulating the minocycline-loaded nanocrystalline carbonated hydroxyapatite exhibited combined antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis with cytocompatibility and osteoconduction properties. The significant improvement in the new bone formation after 42 days of implantation suggests that the CHAMINO microsphere has potential in clinical applications of bone regeneration.

Genetic variability of cocoa from the amazon basin: implications for genetic conservation

The cocoa and chocolate production chain involves US$60 billion annually and three million farmers around the world, in an area exceeding nine million hectares. The use of wild germplasm will enable to generate new disease- and pest-resistant cultivars and ability to adapt to changing environments. Here we evaluated 145 cocoa accessions, originated from nine Amazonian basins, based on eight fruit traits. Univariate anova showed significant differences (p<0.05) for all traits. For seven traits, the variance component within basins was higher (81.5%, on average). Therefore, it is recommended that the collection of wild accessions prioritize a larger number of plants from a few populations of the most divergent basins. The multivariate analyses revealed a greater divergence between the Ji-Paraná-RO and Solimões/Amazonas-PA basins (27.69) and a greater similarity between Alien clones-PER and Solimões/Amazonas-AM (0.66) in relation to their populations. They also revealed that the accessions differentiation occurred according to the river basin system. These results allowed elucidate the genetic structure and distribution of cacao populations. In addition, strengthen the importance of collecting and conserving germplasm to preserve genetic resources.

Coprophilous Mucorales (ex Zygomycota) from three areas in the semi-arid of Pernambuco, Brazil.

Mucorales comprises fungi commonly isolated as saprobes from soil, dung, stored grains and plants. Although these fungi have been studied in several countries, there are relatively a few reports of them in semi-arid areas. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to assess and compare the Mucorales communities in dung from different species and breeds of herbivores in the semi-arid of Pernambuco, based on the frequency of occurrence and species richness of these fungi. Samples of dung collected in the cities of Arcoverde, Serra Talhada and Sertânia were incubated in moist chambers in triplicate. Altogether, 24 taxa of Mucorales distributed in the genera Absidia, Circinella, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Pilobolus, Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum were identified. The highest species richness was found in sheep excrement. Mucor circinelloides f. griseo-cyanus was the most common taxon, followed by M. ramosissimus. The similarity of the composition of Mucorales species was greatest between the excrements of Guzerá and Sindi breeds (bovine). All mucoralean species isolated are being cited for the first time from animal dung found in Caatinga and a new species of Mucor was recorded. An identification key for species of Mucorales from dung in the semi-arid region of Brazil is provided.

Endodontic therapy associated with calcium hydroxide as an intracanal dressing: microbiologic evaluation by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique.

This study evaluated the predominant microbiota of infected necrotic pulps and the effects of calcium hydroxide therapy on these microorganisms by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Conventional endodontic therapy associated with calcium hydroxide as intracanal dressing was performed in 12 single-rooted teeth with pulp necrosis and periradicular bone lesion. Samples were collected from the canal at baseline and 14 days after therapy, and the presence of 44 bacterial species was determined by the checkerboard method. Significant differences in the microbiota from baseline to post-therapy were sought by the paired-samples t test. The most prevalent species included F. nucleatum ss. vincentii, C. sputigena, C. ochracea, S. constellatus, V. parvula, P. gingivalis, P. melaninogenica, and S. sanguis. Most of the microorganisms were reduced after treatment, particularly A. gerencseriae, A. israelii, A. naeslundii, C. gingivalis, C. ochracea, P. gingivalis, S. noxia, S. sanguis, and S. oralis (p < 0.05). Conversely, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. sputigena, and E. corrodens increased in numbers after therapy. These results indicate that conventional endodontic therapy with calcium hydroxide results in the reduction of pathogenic species associated with pulp necrosis. However, its use is limited, because it did not eliminate the whole spectrum of microorganisms.

[Biventricular endomyocardiofibrosis associated with renal amyloidosis]. / Endomiocardiofibrose biventricular associada à amiloidose renal.

Endomyocardiofibrosis is a restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by fibrotic involvement of the endocardium and adjacent myocardium, and by diastolic dysfunction caused by changes in distensibility making ventricular filling inadequate while preserving the systolic function. Clinically, it appears as heart failure, but etiological symptomatic discernment, suspicion and a clinical examination would be necessary in order to make a correct etiological diagnosis. The case of a patient with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis associated with renal amyloidosis is presented.

Frequency of brain injury in a forensic psychiatric population.

OBJECTIVE: Over the last years, a growing number of studies involving individual patients and/or populations have demonstrated that Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) determine innumerable psychiatric symptoms, including significant alterations which may influence diagnoses, prognosis and treatment, not to mention clear psychosocial implications (both legal and those related to social security). The objectives of this study were 1) to detect the existence of TBI in a forensic psychiatric population before the occurrence of the wrongs; 2) To verify whether or not those injuries had been identified by the experts at the psychiatric institution. METHOD: 3,323 records of patients examined by forensic experts at the Forensic Psychiatric Institute Dr. Maurício Cardoso in Porto Alegre were analyzed; the records covered the period between 1995 and 1999. RESULTS: in the studied population, there were 133 cases of TBI prior to the wrongs, 39 of which were mild, and 94, moderate or severe. Out of the total number of TBI cases found, 111 cases were not taken into account, many of them having motoric, cognitive, psychic and sensori perception alterations. CONCLUSION: the significant number of patients that had had TBI before having committed a wrong - a fact that had not been considered by the experts (neurologists and psychiatrists) at the institution - is a strong indicator of how little attention is paid to the consequences of these injuries. Considering the relevance of the psychosocial aspects, new studies should be conducted in psychiatric populations to increase the knowledge about the consequences of these injuries.

Coprophilous Mucorales (ex Zygomycota) from three areas in the semi-arid of Pernambuco, Brazil

Abstract Mucorales comprises fungi commonly isolated as saprobes from soil, dung, stored grains and plants. Although these fungi have been studied in several countries, there are relatively a few reports of them in semi-arid areas. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to assess and compare the Mucorales communities in dung from different species and breeds of herbivores in the semi-arid of Pernambuco, based on the frequency of occurrence and species richness of these fungi. Samples of dung collected in the cities of Arcoverde, Serra Talhada and Sertânia were incubated in moist chambers in triplicate. Altogether, 24 taxa of Mucorales distributed in the genera Absidia, Circinella, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Pilobolus, Rhizopus and Syncephalastrum were identified. The highest species richness was found in sheep excrement. Mucor circinelloides f. griseo-cyanus was the most common taxon, followed by M. ramosissimus. The similarity of the composition of Mucorales species was greatest between the excrements of Guzerá and Sindi breeds (bovine). All mucoralean species isolated are being cited for the first time from animal dung found in Caatinga and a new species of Mucor was recorded. An identification key for species of Mucorales from dung in the semi-arid region of Brazil is provided.

Glomus tumor of the stomach: a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Introduction. Glomus tumors (GTs) are benign neoplasm originating from the glomus body, commonly described in subungual region. The involvement abdominal is rare. Our aim is to describe a case of glomus tumor of the stomach that presented upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A 34-year-old woman was admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and underwent an upper endoscopy that showed bleeding arising from an ulcerated lesion, treated by sclerosis therapy. A new endoscopy confirmed a submucosal lesion in upper portion of the stomach. During the laparotomy, a tumor at the upper anterior wall of gastric body was found and resected by a vertical gastrectomy. The pathological exam revealed hyperplastic smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis propria of the stomach wall, surrounded by hyaline stroma. The immunohistochemistry panel was positive for smooth muscle actin and type IV collagen, with low rate of mitosis studied by Ki-67 which allowed the final diagnosis of a gastric glomus tumor. Discussion. The majority of intraperitoneal glomus tumors occur in the stomach, and it is phenotypically similar to those localized in peripheral sites. Gastric GT generally is a benign tumor although it can be malignant and have the potential to metastasize. Conclusion. Even though gastric glomus tumor is rarely described, it should be considered as a possible cause of a major upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Ileal Intussusception Caused by Vanek's Tumor: A Case Report.

Inflammatory fibroid polyps (Vanek's tumor) are rare benign localized lesions originating in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusceptions due to inflammatory fibroid polyps are uncommon; moreover, ileo-ileal intussusception with small bowel necrosis and perforation has rarely been reported. We report a 56-year-old woman who was admitted two days after complaints of nausea and vomiting. Abdominal examination revealed distension, signs of gastrointestinal perforation and clanging intestinal sounds. The patient underwent a emergency laparotomy which found a 17-cm invaginated mid-ileal segment with necrosis, perforation and fecal peritonitis. The ileal segment was resected and single-layer end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Histopathological analysis showed an ulcerative lesion with variable cellularity, formed by spindle cells with small number of mitosis and an abundant inflammatory infiltrate comprising mainly eosinophils. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of ileal Vanek's tumor. Although inflammatory fibroid polyps are seen very rarely in adults, they are among the probable diagnoses that should be considered in obstructive tumors of the small bowel causing intussusception with intestinal necrosis and perforation.

Sexual behavior of the digger wasp Sphex ingens Smith (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae)

A species' mating system depends on its spatial distribution and temporal availability of mating opportunities, as well as on the resources that create these opportunities. In addition, for many species, courtship is driven by specific behaviors that precede and follow copulation. Although Sphex ingens is a taxonomically well known species of digger wasp, its ecology and behavior remain poorly known. Hence, we analyzed patterns and trends of sexual behavior, in order to understand whether courtship can persist in a polygamous mating system. We monitored by video wasp populations in Ilha Grande, southeastern Brazil. Based on the observed behaviors, we calculated stochastic probabilities with a Markov chain to infer on behavioral trends. We recorded four behavioral phases based on 19,196 behavioral acts observed in 224 copulation attempts. There were no significant differences in common behavioral acts between males and females. The copulation patterns, conflicts, and trends observed in S. ingens clearly show the influence of sexual selection in its promiscuous mating system.

Fotossíntese, crescimento e incidência de insetos-praga em genótipos de cacau pulverizados com silício / Photosynthesis, growth and incidence of insect pest in cacao genotypes sprayed with silicon

Poucos são os estudos envolvendo o efeito do silício sobre a fisiologia e a resistência do cacaueiro a insetos-praga. Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações fisiológicas, a incidência e o nível de dano provocado por insetospraga após aplicação de silicato de potássio em genótipos de cacau, foi conduzido em campo, um experimento no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 com 4 repetições, sendo 3 genótipos de cacau (TSH 1188, CCN 51 e Catongo) e 3 doses de silicato de potássio (0; 3 e 6 mL L-1). Avaliou-se o crescimento, a cinética da emissão da fluorescência da clorofila, o teor de Si, o índice de clorofila, além da incidência e nível de dano provocado por insetospraga. A aplicação de silicato de potássio na dose 6 mL L-1 reduziu a maioria das variáveis de crescimento. O TSH 1188 foi o único genótipo que apresentou incremento no índice de clorofila e no desempenho das variáveis de fluorescência com a aplicação de 3 mL L-1. A aplicação de silicato de potássio não influenciou o teor foliar de Si nos genótipos estudados, mas reduziu a incidência e o nível de dano provocado por insetos-praga.

There are few studies of the effect of silicon on the physiology and resistance to insect pests in cocoa. With aim to evaluate the physiological changes, the incidence and level of damage caused by insect pests after application of potassium silicate in cacao genotypes was conducted in the field, an experiment in randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3 x 3 with four replications, with three genotypes of cocoa (TSH 1188, CCN 51 and Catongo) and three doses of potassium silicate (0, 3 and 6 mL L-1). We evaluated the growth kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence emission, the Si content, chlorophyll content, and the incidence and level of damage by insect pests. The application of potassium silicate at a dose 6 mL L-1 reduced the majority of growth variables. The TSH 1188 was the only genotype that showed increase in chlorophyll content and in performance of variable fluorescence with the application of 3 mL L-1. The application of potassium silicate did not influence the content of Si in leaf genotypes, but reduced the incidence and level of damage by insect pests.

Análise comparativa de métodos de determinação de área foliar em genótipos de cacau / Comparative analysis of methods of determining leaf area in cocoa genotypes

O conhecimento da área foliar é uma ferramenta importante na análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. Desse modo, objetivou-se comparar os métodos, integrador de área foliar, software DDA, software ImageJ e de medição das dimensões foliares, visando definir o fator de correção mais adequado para estimar a área foliar de genótipos cacau. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental Filogônio Peixoto no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial 4 x 8, sendo 4 métodos de avaliação de área foliar e oito genótipos de cacau (Variedade Comum; TSH 1188; Catongo; CCN 51; ICS 1; ESFIP 02; SJ 02 e PH 16). Os resultados foram submetidos a análises de variância e correlação e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey 5%. Não houve diferença entre os métodos de determinação de área foliar, sendo constatada correlação positiva entre os métodos DDA, ImageJ e Dimensões foliares com o método do integrador de área foliar (padrão), com valores dos coeficientes de correlação (r) superiores a 0,98. Os genótipos TSH 1188, Catongo e CCN 51 apresentaram maior área foliar média. Os métodos testados mostraram-se viáveis para estimar área foliar do cacaueiro com precisão, contudo, foram encontrados três grupos de fatores de correção, sendo K = 0,682 para os genótipos SJ 02 e Variedade Comum, K = 0,670 para os genótipos CCN 51, Catongo, TSH 1188 e ICS 01 e K = 0, 655 para os genótipos ESFIP 02 e PH 16.

The knowledge of the leaf area is an important tool in the analysis of plant growth and development. Thus, the objective was to compare the methods, integrating leaf area, software DDA, software ImageJ and measurement of leaf dimensions, aiming to define the most appropriate correction factor to estimate the leaf area of cacao genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Filogônio Peixoto in a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 8, being 4 assessment methods of leaf area and eight cacao genotypes (Common Variety; TSH 1188; Catongo; CCN 51; ICS 1; ESFIP 02; SJ 02 e PH 16). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and correlation and means were compared by Tukey test 5%. There was no difference between the methods of determining leaf area, being found positive correlation between the methods DDA, ImageJ and leaf dimensions with the integrative method of leaf area (default), with values of correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0,98. The genotypes TSH 1188, Catongo and CCN 51 have higher average leaf area. The methods tested were shown to be viable to estimate leaf area of cacao accurately, however, we found three groups of correction factors, being K = 0,682 for genotypes SJ 02 and Common Variety, K = 0,670 for genotypes CCN 51, Catongo, TSH 1188 and ICS 01 and K = 0, 655 for genotypes ESFIP 02 and PH 16.

Diferentes recipientes e substratos na produção de mudas de cafeeiros / Containers and substrates in seedlings production of coffee tree

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes recipientes e substratos na produção de mudas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.), foi conduzido um experimento no Setor de Cafeicultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, no período de setembro de 2003 a janeiro de 2004. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3. Os recipientes utilizados foram tubetes de polietileno rígido com capacidade volumétrica de 50 mL; tubetes de 120 mL; e saquinhos de polietileno, nas dimensões de 20 cm de altura por 10 cm de largura e capacidade volumétrica aproximada de 700 mL. Os substratos utilizados foram substrato alternativo (65 por cento de casca de arroz carbonizada + 35 por cento de substrato comercial); substrato comercial Plantmax hortaliças HT; e substrato padrão (70 por cento de terra + 30 por cento de esterco bovino peneirados). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os recipientes e os substratos utilizados influenciam significativamente o desenvolvimento das mudas de cafeeiro, sendo que os recipientes de maior volume (saquinho de polietileno e tubete de 120 mL) preenchidos com os substratos alternativo e comercial proporcionam mudas com maior desenvolvimento.

With the objective of evaluating the effects of different recipients and substrates on the production of coffee tree seedlings (Coffea arabica L.), an experiment was carried out at the Coffee Sector of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG - UFLA, in the period of September 2003 to January 2004. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design using a 3x3 factorial scheme. The recipients used were rigid polyethylene tubettes /50 mL capacity; tubettes /120 mL; and 10x20cm polyethylene bags with approximate capacity of 700 mL. The substrates used were alternative substrate, composed of 65 percent charred rice hulls + 35 percent commercial substrate; Plantmax HT®; and standard substrate, composed of 70 percent soil + 30 percent (sieved) cattle manure. The results obtained brought us to the conclusion that the type of recipient and substrate, in fact, significantly influence the development of coffee tree seedlings; and the recipients of larger volume (polyethylene bags and 120mL tubettes) filled with alternative and commercial substrates provide seedlings with improved growth rate.

Cacao yield in different planting densities

The effect of six planting densities on cacao yield of a commercial hybrid mixture as well as the interaction of planting densities with the years were investigated. Crop data collected over a 14-year period (1977-1990) showed that it was possible to optimise the regional cacao yields by implementing high planting densities (2500 and 1736 trees ha-1). This was however only true for the first half of the crop period. In the second half, low planting density (1059 trees ha-1) attained the best yields. This change in the ranking of planting densities over the years confirmed the presence of density-year interaction. Alternatives to achieve high productivity in high planting density systems were presented and discussed.

O efeito de seis densidades de plantio sobre a produção de um híbrido comercial de cacau, bem como a interação das densidades com os anos, foi investigado. Dados coletados do cultivo por 14 anos (1977-1990) mostraram que é possível otimizar a produção de cacau da região implementando uma alta densidade populacional (2500 e 1736 plantas ha-1). Todavia, isto se verificou apenas para a primeira metade do período de cultivo. Na segunda metade, a baixa densidade (1059 plantas ha-1) foi superior em produção. Esta mudança na densidade com o passar dos anos foi confirmada pela presença da interação densidades por anos. Alternativas para alcançar elevadas produtividades nos sistemas com altas densidades foram apresentadas e discutidas.

Recipientes e substratos na produção de mudas e no desenvolvimento inicial de cafeeiros após o plantio / Recipients and substrates in the production of seedlings and initial development of coffee trees after planting

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de mudas de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.) produzidas em diferentes recipientes e substratos quando transplantadas no campo, sem irrigação complementar. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Cafeicultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras UFLA, no período janeiro de 2004 a setembro de 2005. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, utilizando mudas produzidas em três recipientes: tubetes de polietileno rígido de 50 mL; tubetes de 120 mL; e saquinhos de polietileno de 700 mL, e três substratos: substrato alternativo; substrato comercial; e substrato padrão, composto terra e esterco bovino. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que, no campo, 20 meses após o transplante, os cafeeiros provenientes de mudas produzidas em saquinho de polietileno e em tubete de 120 mL utilizando substrato padrão são superiores aos provenientes de mudas produzidas em tubetes de 50 mL.

With the objective of evaluating the effects of different recipients and substrates in the production of coffee tree seedlings (Coffea arabica L.), an experiment was conducted in the Coffee Sector of the Department of Agriculture of Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, during the period from September of 2003 to January of 2004. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement of 3 x 3. The recipients were of rigid polyethylene tubettes /50 mL capacity; tubettes /120 mL capacity; and 10x20cm polyethylene bags, with approximate capacity of 700 mL. The substrates used were alternative substrate, composed of 65 percent charred rice hulls + 35 percent commercial substrate; Plantmax® vegetables HT commercial substrate; and standard substrate, composed of 70 percent earth + 30 percent bovine manure. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the recipients and the substrate, being used, can significantly influence the development of coffee tree seedlings; and the recipients of larger volume (polyethylene bags and 120 mL tubettes) filled with the alternative and commercial substrates provide seedlings of a more superior quality.

Modelos de afilamento para o sortimento do fuste de Pinus taeda L / Taper function for assortment of Pinus taeda L. stem

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes modelos de afilamento do fuste de Pinus taeda para estimar variáveis de interesse ao longo do fuste. Foram avaliadas as funções propostas por Anony, Kozak, Munro, Silva & Sterba, Prodan e o Polinômio de 5° grau. O estudo teve como base dados de cubagem rigorosa de 68 árvores, provenientes de plantios com idade de 25 anos, pertencentes à empresa Florestal Gateados Ltda, localizada no município de Campo Belo do Sul, Santa Catarina (SC), Brasil. A partir das estatísticas coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), erro padrão das estimativas (Syx), desvio médio, média das diferenças (md) e desvio padrão das diferenças (dpd) foi selecionado o Polinômio do 5° grau para estimar as variáveis ao longo do fuste, como a altura comercial, o volume comercial, os diâmetros e os volumes das 1ª e 2ª toras. Em relação à altura comercial, a equação proveniente do modelo escolhido apresentou resultados sem tendências e com erros oscilando em intervalo pequeno. Em se tratando do volume comercial, pode ser observada certa tendência em subestimativas para as árvores com menores DAP e uma leve tendência para aquelas árvores com maior DAP. Em relação ao diâmetro e ao volume da 1a tora, houve superestimativa dos valores, mas com erros baixos, principalmente para o diâmetro. Para as estimativas do diâmetro e do volume da 2ª tora, os resultados foram melhores do que os encontrados na 1a tora, com leve tendência em subestimar o diâmetro e, praticamente, sem tendência para o volume.

This research had as objective to evaluate different taper models for Pinus taeda and select the best one to estimate variables of interest throughout the stem. The functions proposed by Anony, Kozak, Munro, Silva & Sterba, Prodan and the 5° degree Polynomial were evaluated. With data from rigorous cubage of 68 trees, with 25 years old, coming from plantation of Florestal Gateados Ltda, located, in the city of Campo Belo do Sul, SC, Brazil. Based on the statistics adjusted coefficient of determination (R²aj), standard error of estimates (Syx), bias, average of differences (md) and standard deviation of the differences (dpd) was selected the Polynomial of 5th degree to estimate as the commercial high, commercial volume and the diameters of the 1st and 2nd logs. The commercial heigh results without tendencies with errors oscillating in a small interval, and by the commercial volume a certain tendency of underestimate trees with smaller DAP, and a light tendency for those trees with bigger dap can be observed. Regarding the diameter and volume of the first log an overestimate of the values occurred, but with small errors, mainly for the diameter. For the estimates of the diameter and volume of the second log the results were better than those found for the first log, with light underestimate tendency of the diameter and, practically, without tendency for the volume.

Produção de mudas de essências florestais em diferentes substratos e acompanhamento do desenvolvimento em campo / Yield of seedling species forestry of four using different substrates and development in field

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito de substratos com diferentes características físicas e químicas na formação de mudas e o desenvolvimento no campo das espécies Cedrela fissilis Vell. (cedro rosa), Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (eucalipto), Acacia holocericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don (acácia) e Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeirinha), produzidas em tubetes de 55 cm³. Os substratos no viveiro foram constituídos de diversas combinações dos seguintes materiais: húmus de minhoca, esterco bovino curtido, esterco de galinha, turfa, casca de amendoim processada, casca de arroz carbonizada e palha de café. Na primeira etapa foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Foram avaliadas as variáveis morfológicas das mudas e suas relações. O delineamento estatístico no campo foi em blocos, em parcelas subdivididas e as covas foram preenchidas com dois diferentes tipos de adubações - esterco bovino e esterco bovino + condicionador de solo. Nessa etapa, foram avaliadas as variáveis altura e diâmetro das plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de média (Newman-Keuls 5 por cento). Conforme os resultados obtidos na etapa de viveiro, os substratos que podem ser recomendados para produção de mudas das espécies estudadas foram os à base de Húmus de minhoca, casca de amendoim processada e turfa. Na etapa de campo, a adubação com esterco bovino + condicionador de solo proporcionou maiores valores das variáveis em todas as espécies, com exceção da altura das plantas para a acácia.

This experiment was installed with the aim of evaluating the substrates effect with different chemical and physical characteristics in the formation of seedling of Cedrela fissilis Vell. (cedro rosa), Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (eucalipto), Acacia holocericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don (acacia) and Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeirinha) produced in tubes of 55 cm³. The substrates had been constituted of several combinations of the following materials: húmus of earthworm, tanned cattle manure, fertilizer of hen, turf, rind of processed peanut, carbonized rind of rice, coffee straw. The experimental outline used was entirely randomized. The morphologic parameters of seedling and their relations were evaluated. The pits were filled with two types of fertilization: cattle manure and cattle manure + conditioning of soil in field. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance and the test of average (Newman-Keuls 5 percent). The results obtained in the nursery stage that can be recommended for production of seedlings of the studied essences were the base substrates of earthworm humus, peanut peel processed and peat. In the field stage, except for the species acacia, for the variable height of the plants, the fertilization with cattle manure + conditioning of soil was the best for all the appraised variables, providing better development of the seedlings in relation to the fertilization with cattle manure only.