[Stanford Longevity Laws.]

The paper presents the statements and conclusions of the World first unique prospect cohort clinical study on longevity factors - «Genetic Studies of Genius¼, namely, the Stanford study of longevity of «the Termаn's children¼, performed primarily by Dr. Lewis Terman, and later on by Drs. Howard Friedman and Lesli Martin at the Stanford University campus and in City-of-San-Francisco, USA. It was started a century (100) years ago, in 1922. The next statements on longevity were concluded from the study: 1) people («Terman's children¼) with high personal organization live longer; 2) professionally successful people live, on average, ~5 years longer; 3) moderate physical activity and sports contribute to a longer life; 4) activity and high motivation in old age prolong significantly life; 5) people at happy marriages live longer; 6) the sexual satisfaction of husband and wife in a happy marriage predicts a long life for both of spouses; 7) children of divorced parents live, on average, ~5 years less than children in surviving families. It is suggested to call the conclusions of this world's first clinical study on longevity, 1 528 children being involved, as «the Stanford LongevityLaws¼.

[The history of the Kazan School of Therapists (on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Kazan State Medical University)].

The history of the Kazan School of Therapists numbers two centuries of scientific achievements and discoveries. German Professors F.H. Erdman and K.F. Fuks laid the groundwork for clinical teaching continued by Russian therapists N.A. Skandovsky, N.A. Vinogradov, A.P. Kazem-Bek, N.K. Goryaev, and other distinguished scientists. The prominent scientists of the 20th century made great contributions to the development of modern therapy; the names of M.N. Cheboksarov, Z.I. Malkin, A.G. Teregulov, and I.G. Salikhov are known and they are respected by the world medical public.

The history of Kazan neurological school.

The historical prerequisites for the foundation and teaching of neurology at Kazan University are described; the relationship between the history of Kazan Imperial University Kazan medical university and neurology school is shown. Brief biographies of outstanding representatives of Kazan Neuroscience (D.P. Skalozubov, V.M. Bekhterev, L.O. Darkshevich, N.O. Kovalevsky, N.A. Mislavsky, A.V. Kibyakov, A.S. Dogel, A.V. Favorsky, L.I. Omorokov, and Y.Y. Popelyansky) are presented. The description of scientific interests of the Kazan neurological school and its specific features related to the one century period since 1885 are described.

[Functional activity of endotoxin binding factors in chronic viral hepatitis B and C]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' faktorov, sviazyvaiushchikh éndotoksin, pri khronicheskikh virusnykh gepatitakh B i C..

The functional state of cell-mediated and humoral antiendotoxin factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitides B and C has been studied. A decreased content of antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re and to Escherichia coli O14 with common enterobacterial antigen was shown to occur in these diseases. In addition, a decreased number of neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes has been noted. The conclusion has been made that patients with chronic hepatitides are not protected from the pathogenic action of endotoxin penetrating from the intestines into the systemic blood stream.

[Intestinal microflora in rats under the conditions of a chronic toxic lesion of the liver]. / Mikroflora kishechnika krys v usloviiakh khronicheskogo toksicheskogo porazheniia pecheni.

Intestinal microflora in healthy rats and its changes under the conditions of experimental chronic toxic hepatitis were studied. The study revealed that in intact animals the microflora of the small intestine was represented by bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Moraxella, Alcaligenes, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. Bacteria of the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Moraxella, Alcaligenes, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium and Clostridium were isolated from the large intestine. No bacteria were found in the systemic blood, the contents of the portal vein, as well as in the liver parenchyma and the mesenterial lymph nodes. As the result of dysbiosis induced by the introduction of kanamycin and in chronic hepatitis caused by carbon tetrachloride the sharp decrease in the species composition of microbial communities (up to 2-3 species) in the small intestine and was observed along with penetration of bacteria into the blood stream, the mesenterial lymph nodes and the liver parenchyma. The tendency towards the restoration of the quantitative and qualitative microflora composition was noted following administration into experimental animals of bactisubtil and amixin--an inductor of interferonogenesis.

[Intestinal microflora and concomitant gastrointestinal diseases in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C]. / Kishechnaia mikroflora i soputstvuiushchie zabolevaniia zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta u bol'nykh khronicheskimi virusnymi gepatitami B and C.

In chronic viral hepatitis B and C the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis and high occurrence of concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were observed. In cases of increased dysbacteriosis degree and in the presence of concomitant diseases the blood plasma of patients exhibited higher activity in reaction with the of amebocytes lysate obtained from crabs of the genus Limulus. A suggestion was made that the endotoxin of Gram negative intestinal microflora could probably play some role in the development of pathological processes in chronic viral hepatitis B and C.

Systemic endotoxemia during chronic viral hepatitis.

Incidence and severity of systemic endotoxemia in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C were studied using the limulus test. Healthy subjects and patients with acute viral hepatitis B and C comprised reference groups. The incidence of "physiological" systemic endotoxemia in healthy subjects was 31.3%, while in chronic hepatitis systemic endotoxemia was found in 69-84% patients and it was more severe in this case. A significant correlation was revealed between systemic endotoxemia with virus replication and the degree of basic clinical and laboratory signs in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B.

Possible participation of endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria in pathogenesis of liver damage during viral hepatitis.

Possible role of gram-negative bacteria in the genesis of hepatic damage during chronic viral hepatitis B and C was studied. Histological activity, hepatocyte proliferative activity, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin were compared with the severity of endotoxemia in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. The study revealed a correlation between the degree of intralobular necroses, hepatocyte proliferation, and myofibroblast transdifferentiation of Ito cells with endotoxin concentration in the blood.

Alteration of the liver in rats with experimental dysbiosis.

We evaluated the relationship between pathological changes in the liver and the state of intestinal microflora in rats with experimental dysbiosis. Changes in the intestinal microflora were accompanied by alteration of the morphological structure in the liver. Enhanced proliferation of Ito cells served as an indirect evidence of damage to the liver. Ito cells did not undergo transformation into myofibroblasts that excluded the possibility of fibrosis.

A single endotoxin aggression causes dose-dependent reversible activation of rat liver Ito cells without their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts.

The effect of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide on rat hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells was studied. The damage and regeneration potential of the liver were evaluated by activation of perisinusoidal Ito cells and proliferative activity of liver cells. Compensatory and repair reactions in the liver induced by lipopolysaccharide manifested by proliferation of liver cells and reversible activation of Ito cells without their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts.