Unveiling the Antioxidative Potential of Galangin: Complete and Detailed Mechanistic Insights through Density Functional Theory Studies.

A comprehensive quantum mechanical investigation delved into the antioxidative activity of galangin (Glg). Thermochemical and kinetic data were used to assess antiradical, chelating, and renewal potential under physiological conditions. A brief comparison with reference antioxidants and other flavonoids characterized Glg as a moderate antioxidative agent. The substance showed significantly lower performance in lipid compared to aqueous solvent─the reaction rates for scavenging •OOH in both media were established at 3.77 × 103 M-1 s-1 and 6.21 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively, accounting for the molar fraction of both interacting molecules at the given pH. The impact of pH value on the kinetics was assessed. Although efficient at chelating Cu(II) ions, the formed complexes can still undergo the Fenton reaction. On the other hand, they persistently scavenge •OH in statu nascendi. The flavonoid effectively repairs oxidatively damaged biomolecules except model lipid acids. All Glg radicals are readily restored by physiologically prevailing O2•-. Given this, the polyphenol is expected to participate in antiradical and regenerating activities multiple times, amplifying its antioxidative potential.

Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Ru(II) Photosensitizers for PDT by Protonation and Metallation: A DFT Study.

Due to their activity, photosensitizers with the Ru(II)-polypyridyl complex structure represent an intriguing class of photodynamic therapy agents used to treat neoplasms. However, their solubility is poor, intensifying experimental research into improving this property. One recently proposed solution is to attach a polyamine macrocycle ring. In this paper, the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) studies on such derivative were performed to assess the impact of the protonation-capable macrocycle and its ability to chelate transition state metals, as illustrated by the Cu(II) ion, on the expected photophysical activity. These properties were determined by examining ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra, intersystem conversion, and type I and II photoreactions of all species possibly present in a tumor cell. For comparison purposes the structure devoid of the macrocycle was also examined. The results show that the subsequent protonation of amine groups improves the reactivity, with [H2L]4+/[H3L]5+ being borderline, whereas complexation appears to weaken the desired photoactivity.

Malvidin and Its Mono- and Di-Glucosides Forms: A Study of Combining Both In Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies Focused on Cholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, COX-1 and COX-2 Activities.

Malvidin, one of the six most prominent anthocyanins found in various fruits and vegetables, may possess a wide range of health-promoting properties. The biological activity of malvidin and its glycosides is not entirely clear and has been relatively less frequently studied compared to other anthocyanins. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between the structural derivatives of malvidin and their anti-cholinergic and anti-inflammatory activity. The study selected malvidin (Mv) and its two sugar derivatives: malvidin 3-O-glucoside (Mv 3-glc) and malvidin 3,5-O-diglucoside (Mv 3,5-diglc). The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by inhibiting the enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. Additionally, the inhibitory effects on cholinesterase activity, particularly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), were evaluated. Molecular modeling was also employed to examine and visualize the interactions between enzymes and anthocyanins. The results revealed that the highest inhibitory capacity at concentration 100 µM was demonstrated by Mv 3-glc in relation to AChE (26.3 ± 3.1%) and BChE (22.1 ± 3.0%), highlighting the crucial role of the glycoside substituent at the C3 position of the C ring in determining the inhibitory efficiency of these enzymes. In addition, the glycosylation of malvidin significantly reduced the anti-inflammatory activity of these derivatives compared to the aglycone form. The IC50 parameter demonstrates the following relationship for the COX-1 enzyme: Mv (12.45 ± 0.70 µM) < Mv 3-glc (74.78 ± 0.06 µM) < Mv 3,5-diglc (90.36 ± 1.92 µM). Similarly, for the COX-2 enzyme, we have: Mv (2.76 ± 0.16 µM) < Mv 3-glc (39.92 ± 3.02 µM) < Mv 3.5-diglc (66.45 ± 1.93 µM). All tested forms of malvidin exhibited higher activity towards COX-2 compared to COX-1, indicating their selectivity as inhibitors of COX-2. Theoretical calculations were capable of qualitatively replicating most of the noted patterns in the experimental data, explaining the impact of deprotonation and glycosylation on inhibitory activity. It can be suggested that anthocyanins, such as malvidins, could be valuable in the development of treatments for inflammatory conditions and Alzheimer's disease and deserve further study.

Current Trends in Computational Quantum Chemistry Studies on Antioxidant Radical Scavenging Activity.

The antioxidative nature of chemicals is now routinely studied using computational quantum chemistry. Scientists are constantly proposing new approaches to investigate those methods, and the subject is evolving at a rapid pace. The goal of this review is to collect, consolidate, and present current trends in a clear, methodical, and reference-rich manner. This paper is divided into several sections, each of which corresponds to a different stage of elaborations: preliminary concerns, electronic structure analysis, and general reactivity (thermochemistry and kinetics). The sections are further subdivided based on methodologies used. Concluding remarks and future perspectives are presented based on the remaining elements.

Antioxidant and copper-chelating power of new molecules suggested as multiple target agents against Alzheimer's disease. A theoretical comparative study.

In this study, the scavenging activity against OOH radicals and the copper-chelating ability of two new synthesized molecules (named L1 and L2) that can act as multiple target agents against Alzheimer's disease have been investigated at the density functional theory level. The pKa and molar fractions at physiological pH have been predicted. The main antioxidant reaction mechanisms in lipid-like and water environments have been considered and the relative rate constants determined. The copper-chelating ability of the two compounds has also been explored at different coordination sites and computing the complexation kinetic constants. Results show the L1 compound is a more effective radical scavenging and copper-chelating agent than L2.

Analytical and Theoretical Studies of Antioxidant Properties of Chosen Anthocyanins; A Structure-Dependent Relationships.

The relationship between the structure and the antiradical and antioxidant activities of three anthocyanidins, namely peonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin, and their glucosides was investigated in this study. The ability of anthocyanins to scavenge free radicals was determined using DPPH● assay, whereas the inhibition of peroxidation in liposomes in relation to a model membrane that imitated the composition of a lipid membrane in tumor cells was specified using the fluorimetric method. To explore this issue at the atomistic level, density functional theory studies were applied. It was shown that glycosides performed better than anthocyanidins in protecting membranes against oxidation. The highest redox potential was demonstrated by anthocyanidins with the highest number of hydroxyl groups in the B ring in the order as follows: (Dp > Pt > Pn), and the same relationship was proven for their glucosides. The majority of the compounds studied here proved to be better antioxidants than ascorbic acid. They showed consistent electrodonating properties and though the f-HAT mechanism became more feasible with each consecutive deprotonation. Glycosylation did not have a direct impact on reactivity, apart from peonidin and petunidin in the study of which it was found that this process was responsible for lifting off steric hindrance between B and C rings and rendering certain pathways more feasible. Kinetic and molecular dynamics are essential to properly describe the membrane's lipid oxidation.

Antiradical Activity of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Betalains.

Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanidins are widely studied polyphenolics owing to their antiradical activity. Recently, beetroot dyes have drawn an attention as possible radical scavengers, but scant information can be found on this topic. In this study selected compounds were investigated using computational chemistry methods. Implicit water at physiological pH was chosen as the environment of interest. Betalains' dissociation process and electronic structure were examined, as well as the reactivity in six pathways against some common radicals, such as hydroxyl, hydroperoxide, superoxide, and nitric oxide. The study showed that all carboxyl groups are dissociated in the given conditions. The dissociation process impacts the electronic structure, which has consequences for the overall activity. Highly stabilized conjugated structures favor the electron-accepting type of scavenging reactions, primarily by a radical adduct formation mechanism. Betanidin and indicaxanthin were found to be the most promising of the compounds studied. Nevertheless, the study established the role of betalains as powerful antiradical dietary agents.

A Statistically Supported Antioxidant Activity DFT Benchmark-The Effects of Hartree-Fock Exchange and Basis Set Selection on Accuracy and Resources Uptake.

Polyphenolic compounds are now widely studied using computational chemistry approaches, the most popular of which is Density Functional Theory. To ease this process, it is critical to identify the optimal level of theory in terms of both accuracy and resource usage-a challenge we tackle in this study. Eleven DFT functionals with varied Hartree-Fock exchange values, both global and range-separated hybrids, were combined with 14 differently augmented basis sets to calculate the reactivity indices of caffeic acid, a phenolic acid representative, and compare them to experimental data or a high-level of theory outcome. Aside from the main course, a validation of the widely used Janak's theorem in the establishment of vertical ionization potential and vertical electron affinity was evaluated. To investigate what influences the values of the properties under consideration, linear regression models were developed and thoroughly discussed. The results were utilized to compute the scores, which let us determine the best and worst combinations and make broad suggestions on the final option. The study demonstrates that M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) is the best fit for such research, and, curiously, it is not necessarily essential to include a diffuse function to produce satisfactory results.

In Silico Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Natural Products with Anti-Virulence Activity against Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most frequent human pathogens and a leading etiological agent of various gastric diseases. As stringent response, coordinated by a SpoT protein, seems to be crucial for the survivability of H. pylori, the main goal of this article was to use in silico computational studies to find phytochemical compounds capable of binding to the active site of SpoT from H. pylori and confirm the ability of the most active candidates to interfere with the virulence of this bacterium through in vitro experiments. From 791 natural substances submitted for the virtual screening procedure, 10 were chosen and followed for further in vitro examinations. Among these, dioscin showed the most interesting parameters (the lowest MIC, the highest anti-biofilm activity in static conditions, and a relatively low stimulation of morphological transition into coccoids). Therefore, in the last part, we extended the research with a number of further experiments and observed the ability of dioscin to significantly reduce the formation of H. pylori biofilm under Bioflux-generated flow conditions and its capacity for additive enhancement of the antibacterial activity of all three commonly used antibiotics (clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin). Based on these results, we suggest that dioscin may be an interesting candidate for new therapies targeting H. pylori survivability and virulence.

Recognition of the True and False Resonance Raman Optical Activity.

Resonance Raman optical activity (RROA) possesses all aspects of a sensitive tool for molecular detection, but its measurement remains challenging. We demonstrate that reliable recording of RROA of chiral colorful compounds is possible, but only after considering the effect of the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) on the ROA spectra induced by the dissolved chiral compound. We show RROA for a number of model vitamin B12 derivatives that are chemically similar but exhibit distinctively different spectroscopic behavior. The ECD/ROA effect is proportional to the concentration and dependent on the optical pathlength of the light propagating through the sample. It can severely alter relative band intensities and signs in the natural RROA spectra. The spectra analyses are supported by computational modeling based on density functional theory. Neglecting the ECD effect during ROA measurement can lead to misinterpretation of the recorded spectra and erroneous conclusions about the molecular structure.

Antioxidant Activity of Selected Phenolic Acids-Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay and QSAR Analysis of the Structural Features.

Phenolic acids are naturally occurring compounds that are known for their antioxidant and antiradical activity. We present experimental and theoretical studies on the antioxidant potential of the set of 22 phenolic acids with different models of hydroxylation and methoxylation of aromatic rings. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay was used to evaluate this property. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be the strongest antioxidant, while mono hydroxylated and methoxylated structures had the lowest activities. A comprehensive structure-activity investigation with density functional theory methods elucidated the influence of compounds topology, resonance stabilization, and intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the exhibited activity. The key factor was found to be a presence of two or more hydroxyl groups being located in ortho or para position to each other. Finally, the quantitative structure-activity relationship approach was used to build a multiple linear regression model describing the dependence of antioxidant activity on structure of compounds, using features exclusively related to their topology. Coefficients of determination for training set and for the test set equaled 0.9918 and 0.9993 respectively, and Q2 value for leave-one-out was 0.9716. In addition, the presented model was used to predict activities of phenolic acids that haven't been tested here experimentally.

Primary Antioxidant Power and Mpro SARS-CoV-2 Non-Covalent Inhibition Capabilities of Miquelianin.

The antioxidant power of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (miquelianin) has been studied, at the density functional level of theory, in both lipid-like and aqueous environments. In the aqueous phase, the computed pKa equilibria allowed the identification of the neutral and charged species present in solution that can react with the ⋅OOH radical. The Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT), Single Electron Transfer (SET) and Radical Adduct Formation (RAF) mechanisms were considered, and the individual, total and fraction corrected rate constants were obtained. Potential non-covalent inhibition of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 by miquelianin has been also evaluated.

Theoretical Insights into the Oxidative Stress-Relieving Properties of Pinocembrin─An Isolated Flavonoid from Honey and Propolis.

Bee products are a valuable group of substances that have a wide range of applications for humans. They contain a high level of polyphenolic compounds, which have been shown to combat radicals and effectively reduce oxidative stress. In this study, density functional theory was utilized to determine the anti-OOH activity, sequestration of free Cu(II) and Fe(III) ions, the potential pro-oxidative activity of the formed complexes, and the repairing capabilities toward essential biomolecules. The kinetic constants for scavenging of hydroperoxide radical were found to be low, with an order of magnitude not exceeding 10-3 M-1 s-1. Chelating properties showed slightly more satisfactory outcomes, although most complexes exhibited pro-oxidant activity. Pinocembrin, however, proved effective in repairing oxidatively damaged biological compounds and restoring their original functionality. The study found that whilst the system displays limited type I and type II antioxidant activity, it may support the role of physiological reductants already present in the biological matrix.

Computational assessment of the primary and secondary antioxidant potential of alkylresorcinols in physiological media.

Alkylresorcinols are a group of natural phenolic compounds found in various foods such as whole grain cereals, bread, and certain fruits. They are known for their beneficial health effects, such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of two typical alkylresorcinols namely olivetol and olivetolic acid (Oli and OliA) under physiological conditions. The free radical scavenging capacity of Oli and OliA toward oxygenated free radicals (HO˙ and HOO˙ radicals) was investigated using thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. The results revealed that Oli and OliA are potent scavengers of HO˙ radical in both polar and lipid media, acting exclusively via the FHT (formal hydrogen transfer) mechanism. Moreover, they demonstrated excellent scavenging activity toward HOO˙ radical in water via the SET (single electron transfer) mechanism, outperforming the common antioxidant BHT. In lipid media, Oli and OliA showed moderate scavenging activity toward HOO˙ radical via the FHT mechanism. Significant prooxidant potential of OliA- was also demonstrated through the formation of complexes with copper ions. Additionally, docking studies indicate that the compounds exhibited a good affinity for ROS-producing enzymes, including myeloperoxidase (MP), cytochrome P450 (CP450), lipoxygenase (LOX), and xanthine oxidase (XO), highlighting their potential as natural antioxidants with promising therapeutic applications.

Quantum-mechanical characteristics of apigenin: Antiradical, metal chelation and inhibitory properties in physiologically relevant media.

Density functional theory was used to examine the antioxidant activity of apigenin. All protonated species that are present in a non-negligible population at physiological pH were considered in the study. The ability to scavenge the hydroperoxide radical was evaluated in lipid and aqueous environments. The capacity to halt the Fenton reaction by chelating Fe(III) and Cu(II) ions was also investigated, as was the ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase. The results indicate that these activities may be particularly important in describing the beneficial effects of apigenin, especially because of its lower anti-•OOH potential than Trolox or vitamin C. The findings underscore the significant role of dianion in the antiradical and chelating properties, despite its presence in much lower molar fractions than other ions.

The mechanistic insights into the role of pH and solvent on antiradical and prooxidant properties of polyphenols - Nine compounds case study.

Polyphenols are the most widely intake exogenous antioxidants. Their properties prevent the accumulation of radicals in the body and the development of oxidative stress, a recognized trigger for some diseases and a manifestation of others. Nonetheless, apart from their beneficial effects, polyphenols might also exhibit prooxidant potential, often observed as the oxidation of transition state metals, resulting in amplified radical production. DFT studies at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory were conducted on nine common polyphenolic compounds to assess both activities in physiologically relevant media. It has been found that there is a fine line between antioxidant and prooxidant character, and increasing pH values promote the occurrence of the latter. Anthocyanidins proved to be the most potent radical scavengers, particularly under slightly alkaline conditions, followed by flavonoids and phenolic acids last. Antiradical activity is better in a polar solvent than in apolar one, due to the possibility of dissociation.

Computational investigation on the antioxidant activities and on the Mpro SARS-CoV-2 non-covalent inhibition of isorhamnetin.

In the present work, we report a computational study on some important chemical properties of the flavonoid isorhamnetin, used in traditional medicine in many countries. In the course of the study we determined the acid-base equilibria in aqueous solution, the possible reaction pathways with the •OOH radical and the corresponding kinetic constants, the complexing capacity of copper ions, and the reduction of these complexes by reducing agents such as superoxide and ascorbic anion by using density functional level of theory Density Functional Theory. Finally, the non-covalent inhibition ability of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease enzyme by isorhamnetin was examined by molecular dynamics (MD) and docking investigation.

On the Scavenging Ability of Scutellarein against the OOH Radical in Water and Lipid-like Environments: A Theoretical Study.

The antioxidant capability of scutellarein, a flavonoid extracted from different plants of the Scutellaria family, was computationally predicted by considering its reaction with the OOH radical in both lipid-like and water environments. The pKa and equilibrium behavior in the aqueous phase were also calculated. Different reaction mechanisms involving the most populated species were considered. The work was performed by using the density functional level of theory. The individual, total, and fraction-corrected total rate constants were obtained. The results show that scutellarein has scavenging power against the hydroperoxyl radical similar to that of Trolox, which is generally used as a reference antioxidant.

One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. What Do We Know and What Is Yet to Come? - The Summarising Review.

Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant scientific discoveries regarding SARS- CoV-2 virus infection, with the special emphasis put on its pathophysiology and way of treatment. Methods: In November 2020, the research articles have been collected and examined manually to pick the most relevant. In case of fresh topics, e.g. vaccines, we have performed searching using adequate keywords. Preliminary analysis was conducted on 200 manuscripts. Results: Among them 59 papers were out-of-scope, and thus were rejected from the further elaboration. Another 25 papers were rebuffed because they presented topics, that have been extensively described in the already included papers. Basing on the 29 papers we have estimated ratio of observed SARS-CoV-2 infection clinical manifestations and comorbidities among hospitalized patients. 12 papers let us evaluate frequencies of deviations within laboratory markers concentrations, as well as weighted average of the laboratory tests results. Conclusion: Due to the significant infectivity of the virus and its harmfulness towards organism further studies are required to find accurate way of the disease treatment and suspending its spreading.

Flavones' and Flavonols' Antiradical Structure-Activity Relationship-A Quantum Chemical Study.

Flavonoids are known for their antiradical capacity, and this ability is strongly structure-dependent. In this research, the activity of flavones and flavonols in a water solvent was studied with the density functional theory methods. These included examination of flavonoids' molecular and radical structures with natural bonding orbitals analysis, spin density analysis and frontier molecular orbitals theory. Calculations of determinants were performed: specific, for the three possible mechanisms of action-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), electron transfer-proton transfer (ETPT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET); and the unspecific-reorganization enthalpy (RE) and hydrogen abstraction enthalpy (HAE). Intramolecular hydrogen bonding, catechol moiety activity and the probability of electron density swap between rings were all established. Hydrogen bonding seems to be much more important than the conjugation effect, because some structures tends to form more intramolecular hydrogen bonds instead of being completely planar. The very first hydrogen abstraction mechanism in a water solvent is SPLET, and the most privileged abstraction site, indicated by HAE, can be associated with the C3 hydroxyl group of flavonols and C4' hydroxyl group of flavones. For the catechol moiety, an intramolecular reorganization to an o-benzoquinone-like structure occurs, and the ETPT is favored as the second abstraction mechanism.