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1.
J Pers ; 91(1): 165-179, 2023 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35686941

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: We propose that analysis of the life of Jane Lockwood Barney provides insight into the notion of a "generative identity"-an integrated sense of self constructed around caring for others and the world. During her 104 years, the socially prescribed roles for women grew in range; Barney's own roles included minister's wife, mother of four, theological philosopher, social work student and professional, and community activist. We outline her life, focusing on three periods defined by her time at Parishfield, a Christian 'think tank' that focused on community-engaged advocacy for structural change, based in Brighton, Michigan. METHOD: Using thematic analysis, we identify three main themes from documents written by and about Barney, as well as interviews conducted later in her life. RESULTS: Consistent with Erikson's notion of epigenesis, these themes-belonging, self-reliance/self-expression and generative identity-are evident throughout Barney's adult life to varying degrees. However, we show that the first two themes, belonging and self-reliance/self-expression, act as precursors to the development of her generative identity. CONCLUSION: Barney's experience at Parishfield in midlife was pivotal to her generative identity, acting as a sort of crucible and turning point; from that time forward the focus of her activities broadened to caring and working tirelessly for the underserved in her community.


Assuntos
Papel de Gênero , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Michigan
2.
JAMA ; 329(21): 1848-1858, 2023 06 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37278814

RESUMO

Importance: The culture of academic medicine may foster mistreatment that disproportionately affects individuals who have been marginalized within a given society (minoritized groups) and compromises workforce vitality. Existing research has been limited by a lack of comprehensive, validated measures, low response rates, and narrow samples as well as comparisons limited to the binary gender categories of male or female assigned at birth (cisgender). Objective: To evaluate academic medical culture, faculty mental health, and their relationship. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 830 faculty members in the US received National Institutes of Health career development awards from 2006-2009, remained in academia, and responded to a 2021 survey that had a response rate of 64%. Experiences were compared by gender, race and ethnicity (using the categories of Asian, underrepresented in medicine [defined as race and ethnicity other than Asian or non-Hispanic White], and White), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) status. Multivariable models were used to explore associations between experiences of culture (climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility) with mental health. Exposures: Minoritized identity based on gender, race and ethnicity, and LGBTQ+ status. Main Outcomes and Measures: Three aspects of culture were measured as the primary outcomes: organizational climate, sexual harassment, and cyber incivility using previously developed instruments. The 5-item Mental Health Inventory (scored from 0 to 100 points with higher values indicating better mental health) was used to evaluate the secondary outcome of mental health. Results: Of the 830 faculty members, there were 422 men, 385 women, 2 in nonbinary gender category, and 21 who did not identify gender; there were 169 Asian respondents, 66 respondents underrepresented in medicine, 572 White respondents, and 23 respondents who did not report their race and ethnicity; and there were 774 respondents who identified as cisgender and heterosexual, 31 as having LGBTQ+ status, and 25 who did not identify status. Women rated general climate (5-point scale) more negatively than men (mean, 3.68 [95% CI, 3.59-3.77] vs 3.96 [95% CI, 3.88-4.04], respectively, P < .001). Diversity climate ratings differed significantly by gender (mean, 3.72 [95% CI, 3.64-3.80] for women vs 4.16 [95% CI, 4.09-4.23] for men, P < .001) and by race and ethnicity (mean, 4.0 [95% CI, 3.88-4.12] for Asian respondents, 3.71 [95% CI, 3.50-3.92] for respondents underrepresented in medicine, and 3.96 [95% CI, 3.90-4.02] for White respondents, P = .04). Women were more likely than men to report experiencing gender harassment (sexist remarks and crude behaviors) (71.9% [95% CI, 67.1%-76.4%] vs 44.9% [95% CI, 40.1%-49.8%], respectively, P < .001). Respondents with LGBTQ+ status were more likely to report experiencing sexual harassment than cisgender and heterosexual respondents when using social media professionally (13.3% [95% CI, 1.7%-40.5%] vs 2.5% [95% CI, 1.2%-4.6%], respectively, P = .01). Each of the 3 aspects of culture and gender were significantly associated with the secondary outcome of mental health in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: High rates of sexual harassment, cyber incivility, and negative organizational climate exist in academic medicine, disproportionately affecting minoritized groups and affecting mental health. Ongoing efforts to transform culture are necessary.


Assuntos
Cyberbullying , Docentes de Medicina , Incivilidade , Cultura Organizacional , Assédio Sexual , Local de Trabalho , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Etnicidade/psicologia , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Incivilidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/psicologia , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero/estatística & dados numéricos , Assédio Sexual/psicologia , Assédio Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Local de Trabalho/organização & administração , Local de Trabalho/psicologia , Local de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/organização & administração , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Cyberbullying/psicologia , Cyberbullying/estatística & dados numéricos , Condições de Trabalho/organização & administração , Condições de Trabalho/psicologia , Condições de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Marginalização Social/psicologia , Grupos Minoritários/psicologia , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Docentes de Medicina/organização & administração , Docentes de Medicina/psicologia , Docentes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina/organização & administração , Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Asiático/psicologia , Asiático/estatística & dados numéricos , Brancos/psicologia , Brancos/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Racismo/psicologia , Racismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Sexismo/psicologia , Sexismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Preconceito/etnologia , Preconceito/psicologia , Preconceito/estatística & dados numéricos
3.
J Women Aging ; 31(4): 286-303, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29498596

RESUMO

Retirement is a complex life transition. Women's retirement, like their work lives, may be further complicated, for example, by family or financial obligations; they may feel forced to retire or to continue working or feel they have the choice to do so. This study examines the role of voluntary versus involuntary retirement or continued work participation among retirement-age women; specifically, the relationships between choice, work status, and well-being. Compared to women forced to retire, women who chose retirement or continuing to work had higher levels of life satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of examining retirement within the life course context.


Assuntos
Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Satisfação Pessoal , Aposentadoria/psicologia , Mulheres Trabalhadoras/psicologia , Idoso , Comportamento de Escolha , Feminino , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários
5.
J Gen Intern Med ; 30(4): 401-7, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25112462

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Resources, including space, equipment, funding, personnel, and protected time, are essential in academic medical careers. Negotiation often plays a key role in the distribution of these resources. OBJECTIVE: This study explored gender differences in resources, negotiation behaviors, and negotiation outcomes in a sample of career development awardees. DESIGN: Postal survey of a cohort of 1,708 clinician-researchers with responses from 1,275 (75 % response rate). PARTICIPANTS: Researchers who received NIH K08 or K23 awards between 2006 and 2009. MAIN MEASURES: We analyzed gender differences in resources, negotiation behaviors, and negotiation outcomes, using regression models adjusted for race, K award type, K award year, degree, academic rank, specialty, and institutional funding. KEY RESULTS: Over one-fifth of respondents reported inadequate access to research space and one-third had asked for increased space or equipment. Perceived adequacy of these physical resources did not differ significantly by gender, but a higher proportion of women reported inadequate access to grants administrators (34.8 %) and statistical support (49.9 %) than men (26.9 %; p = 0.002 and 43.4 %; p = 0.025, respectively). Women were more likely to have asked for reduction in clinical hours (24.1 % vs. 19.3 %; p = 0.02) and to have raised concerns about unfair treatment (50.2 % vs. 38.2 %; p < 0.001). Overall, 42.9 % of women and 35.9 % of men asked for a raise in the two years preceding the survey (p = 0.09), and among those who had asked for increased resources, the likelihood that the request was granted did not differ significantly by gender. CONCLUSION: Many career development award recipients report resource needs and negotiate for increased resources. Gender differences in perceived access to research support personnel exist even in this select cohort of K awardees. Institutions should provide appropriate training in negotiation and ensure adequate and equitable distribution of resources to promote academic success.


Assuntos
Recursos em Saúde/economia , Motivação , Negociação , Médicos/economia , Pesquisadores/economia , Inquéritos e Questionários/economia , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Negociação/métodos , Médicas/economia , Fatores Sexuais
6.
Ann Intern Med ; 160(5): 344-53, 2014 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24737273

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Female physician-researchers do not achieve career success at the same rate as men. Differences in nonprofessional responsibilities may partially explain this gap. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the division of domestic labor by gender in a motivated group of early-career physician-researchers. DESIGN: Nationwide postal survey between 2010 and 2011. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: Physician recipients of National Institutes of Health K08 or K23 awards between 2006 and 2009 with active academic affiliation at the time of the survey. MEASUREMENTS: Time spent on parenting and domestic tasks was determined through self-report. Among married or partnered respondents with children, a linear regression model of time spent on domestic activities was constructed considering age, gender, race, specialty, MD or MD/PhD status, age of youngest child, number of children, work hours, K award type, and spousal employment. RESULTS: A 74% response rate was achieved, and 1049 respondents were academic physicians. Women were more likely than men to have spouses or domestic partners who were employed full-time (85.6% [95% CI, 82.7% to 89.2%] vs. 44.9% [CI, 40.8% to 49.8%]). Among married or partnered respondents with children, after adjustment for work hours, spousal employment, and other factors, women spent 8.5 more hours per week on domestic activities. In the subgroup with spouses or domestic partners who were employed full-time, women were more likely to take time off during disruptions of usual child care arrangements than men (42.6% [CI, 36.6% to 49.0%] vs. 12.4% [CI, 5.4% to 19.5%]). LIMITATIONS: Analyses relied on self-reported data. The study design did not enable investigation of the relationship between domestic activities and professional success. CONCLUSION: In this sample of career-oriented professionals, gender differences in domestic activities existed among those with children. Most men's spouses or domestic partners were not employed full-time, which contrasted sharply with the experiences of women. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health.


Assuntos
Poder Familiar , Médicas , Médicos , Pesquisadores , Adulto , Feminino , Zeladoria , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Casamento , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos
7.
JAMA Netw Open ; 7(4): e246040, 2024 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602674

RESUMO

Importance: Despite increasing evidence and recognition of persistent gender disparities in academic medicine, qualitative data detailing the association of gender-based experiences with career progression remain sparse, particularly at the mid- to senior-career stage. Objective: To investigate the role gender has played in everyday professional experiences of mid- to senior-career women clinician-scientists and their perceptions of gender-related barriers experienced across their careers. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this qualitative study, a total of 60 of 159 invited clinician-scientists who received National Institutes of Health K08 or K23 awards between 2006 and 2009 and responded to a survey in 2021 agreed to participate. Invitees were selected using random, purposive sampling to support sample heterogeneity. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted January to May 2022. For this study, interviews from 31 women were analyzed using the framework approach to thematic analysis. Data analyses were performed between August and October 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Descriptive themes of participant experiences of gender and gender-based barriers in academic medicine. Results: A total of 31 women clinician-scientists (8 identifying as Asian [25.8%], 14 identifying as White [45.2%], and 9 identifying as members of a minority group underrepresented in medicine [29.0%]; 14 aged 40-49 years [45.2%] and 14 aged 50-59 years [45.2%]) were included. Among them, 17 participants (54.8%) had children who required adult supervision or care, 7 participants (22.6%) had children who did not require supervision or care, and 6 participants (19.4%) did not have children. There were 4 dominant themes identified within participant experiences in academic medicine: the mental burden of gendered expectations at work and home, inequitable treatment of women in bureaucratic processes, subtle and less subtle professional exclusion of women, and value of communities built on shared identities, experiences, and solidarity. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that women perceived the institution of academic medicine as a male-centric system misaligned with the needs of women, with associated feelings of exclusion, disillusionment, and loss of trust in their institutions. Findings suggest that the confluence of domestic obligations and unaccommodating institutional environments may make it difficult for women clinician-scientists to achieve established timelines of career progression and productivity; these findings may have long-term implications for the well-being and retention of women in academic medicine.


Assuntos
Medicina , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Asiático , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Análise de Dados , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estados Unidos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Brancos , Grupos Minoritários
8.
Acad Med ; 2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38452218

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To understand time allocation of a national medical faculty cohort 1.5-2 years after the COVID-19 pandemic began, compared to before. METHOD: From August 2021-April 2022, the authors conducted a retrospective survey of 1,430 clinician-researchers who received National Institutes of Health career-development awards between 2006-2009 asking about domestic and professional time allocation pre-pandemic and at the time of surveys (TOS). Of 915 respondents (64%), the 830 who remained in academic positions constituted the analytic sample. Multivariable regression models identified demographic factors associated with each time outcome and change in time between pre-pandemic and TOS, and having experienced ≥8-hour increase of total self-reported weekly professional work hours and domestic labor hours. RESULTS: Median self-reported weekly professional work hours were 55 hours/week pre- pandemic and 60 at TOS. On multivariable analysis, significant predictors of self-reported weekly professional work hours at TOS were having a non-child other dependent (+2.6 hours, P = .03), academic rank (associate -3.1 hours, assistant -9.0 hours; P < .001), and specialty (P < .001). Average self-reported TOS weekly domestic-labor hours were 23.1 among men and 30.2 among women (P < .001). Predictors of total self-reported TOS weekly domestic hours were being a woman (+5.6 hours; P < .001) and having children requiring supervision (+10.2 hours; P < .001). Overall, 9.3% of men (42/450) and 21.6% of women (88/407) experienced a ≥ 8 hour increase in domestic labor (P < .001). On multivariable analysis, women had higher odds of substantial domestic-labor increase (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.47, 3.68), as did those with children requiring supervision (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.98) or other dependents (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.98). CONCLUSIONS: This study illuminates demands on women and faculty with dependents during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggests increased flexibility and resources are of heightened importance.

9.
Acad Med ; 2024 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38838195

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This study aimed to elucidate the experiences and perceptions of mid-career to senior clinician-scientists in academic medicine regarding pursuing, attaining, or rejecting leadership roles as well as their conceptualization of the influence of leadership in their broader career trajectories. METHOD: The authors conducted a qualitative analysis of in-depth, semistructured interviews conducted in 2022 with a diverse sample of clinician-scientists who received new National Institutes of Health K08 or K23 Career Development Awards between 2006 and 2009. A total of 859 of the 915 survey respondents (94%) were eligible to be recruited for the qualitative study. Qualitative analysis was informed by thematic analysis and used a social constructionist approach to understanding participants' conceptualizations of their experiences. Interview transcripts were coded using an iterative, inductive coding process. Themes were generated by reviewing coded data and identifying common patterns in participant narratives, affording particular attention to participants' discussion of the effect of race and/or gender on their leadership experiences. RESULTS: Sixty clinician-scientists participated in individual interviews. Five themes were generated surrounding participants' conceptualizations of their leadership experiences. Themes were (1) feeling unprepared for leadership roles, (2) reluctance and lack of intention in attaining leadership positions, (3) influence of networks on leadership access and decision-making, (4) impact-related benefits and downsides of leadership, and (5) confining ideas of who leaders are. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted the need for formal leadership training in academic medicine and the importance of mentorship and sponsorship in attaining and succeeding in leadership positions. Individuals from communities underrepresented in leadership positions faced additional challenges internalizing a leadership identity. Efforts to encourage current leaders to engage in intentional succession planning and development of faculty towards leadership roles, including expansion of institutional leadership development programs, are needed to promote equitable distribution of leadership opportunities.

10.
J Gen Intern Med ; 28(12): 1596-603, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23765289

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Leaders in academic medicine are often selected from the ranks of physician-researchers, whose demanding careers involve multiple professional commitments that must also be balanced with demands at home. OBJECTIVE: To gain a more nuanced understanding of work-life balance issues from the perspective of a large and diverse group of faculty clinician-researchers and their mentors. DESIGN: A qualitative study with semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted from 2010 to 2011, using inductive analysis and purposive sampling. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred former recipients of U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) K08 or K23 career development awards and 28 of their mentors. APPROACH: Three researchers with graduate training in qualitative methods conducted the interviews and thematically coded verbatim transcripts. KEY RESULTS: Five themes emerged related to work-life balance: (1) the challenge and importance of work-life balance for contemporary physician-researchers, (2) how gender roles and spousal dynamics make these issues more challenging for women, (3) the role of mentoring in this area, (4) the impact of institutional policies and practices intended to improve work-life balance, and (5) perceptions of stereotype and stigma associated with utilization of these programs. CONCLUSIONS: In academic medicine, in contrast to other fields in which a lack of affordable childcare may be the principal challenge, barriers to work-life balance appear to be deeply rooted within professional culture. A combination of mentorship, interventions that target institutional and professional culture, and efforts to destigmatize reliance on flexibility (with regard to timing and location of work) are most likely to promote the satisfaction and success of the new generation of clinician-researchers who desire work-life balance.


Assuntos
Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Mentores/psicologia , Narração , Médicos/psicologia , Pesquisadores/psicologia , Carga de Trabalho/psicologia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários
11.
J Pers ; 80(5): 1179-204, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22092045

RESUMO

We examined changes in and correlates of 3 kinds of narcissism--hypersensitivity, willfulness, and autonomy--during middle adulthood. Few studies have examined narcissistic personality traits beyond young adulthood, and none has assessed longitudinal changes in narcissism during midlife. In a sample of 70 college-educated women, we found that observer ratings of hypersensitive narcissism were associated with more negative outcomes at ages 43 and 53 (i.e., more depressive symptoms and physical health problems, lower life satisfaction and well-being). Ratings of willfulness and autonomy predicted more positive outcomes. All 3 kinds of narcissism showed considerable rank-order stability over 10 years, but there were also mean-level changes: Hypersensitivity and autonomy decreased, whereas willfulness increased. More positive outcomes were associated with decreases in hypersensitivity and increases in willfulness and autonomy. However, in multivariate analyses, autonomy did not show any significant associations with women's health and well-being outcomes, suggesting that it may have less predictive utility compared to hypersensitivity and willfulness. Our findings highlight developmental changes in and correlates of women's narcissistic personality traits and the importance of assessing different aspects of narcissism in midlife.


Assuntos
Controle Interno-Externo , Relações Interpessoais , Narcisismo , Autoimagem , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Determinação da Personalidade , Psicometria , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
12.
JAMA ; 307(22): 2410-7, 2012 Jun 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22692173

RESUMO

CONTEXT: It is unclear whether male and female physician researchers who perform similar work are currently paid equally. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether salaries differ by gender in a relatively homogeneous cohort of physician researchers and, if so, to determine if these differences are explained by differences in specialization, productivity, or other factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: A US nationwide postal survey was sent in 2009-2010 to assess the salary and other characteristics of a relatively homogeneous population of physicians. From all 1853 recipients of National Institutes of Health (NIH) K08 and K23 awards in 2000-2003, we contacted the 1729 who were alive and for whom we could identify a mailing address. PARTICIPANTS: The survey achieved a 71% response rate. Eligibility for the present analysis was limited to the 800 physicians who continued to practice at US academic institutions and reported their current annual salary. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A linear regression model of self-reported current annual salary was constructed considering the following characteristics: gender, age, race, marital status, parental status, additional graduate degree, academic rank, leadership position, specialty, institution type, region, institution NIH funding rank, change of institution since K award, K award type, K award funding institute, years since K award, grant funding, publications, work hours, and time spent in research. RESULTS: The mean salary within our cohort was $167,669 (95% CI, $158,417-$176,922) for women and $200,433 (95% CI, $194,249-$206,617) for men. Male gender was associated with higher salary (+$13,399; P = .001) even after adjustment in the final model for specialty, academic rank, leadership positions, publications, and research time. Peters-Belson analysis (use of coefficients derived from regression model for men applied to women) indicated that the expected mean salary for women, if they retained their other measured characteristics but their gender was male, would be $12,194 higher than observed. CONCLUSION: Gender differences in salary exist in this select, homogeneous cohort of mid-career academic physicians, even after adjustment for differences in specialty, institutional characteristics, academic productivity, academic rank, work hours, and other factors.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Médicas/economia , Médicos/economia , Salários e Benefícios/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Liderança , Masculino , Medicina , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Editoração , Estados Unidos
13.
J Homosex ; : 1-25, 2022 Aug 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36043896

RESUMO

Body image is consequential for overall well-being and has a complex relation to gender. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals develop body image amid intersecting systems of oppression, such as sexism, cisnormativity, heteronormativity, and gender binary pressures. This study used an intersectionality framework to examine how various aspects of gender identification (cis/trans, binary/nonbinary, woman/man identification) related to body image differences among SGM individuals. We also assessed whether identification with conventionally masculine and feminine personality traits predicted body image. We used one-way and two-way ANOVAs and linear regressions to analyze two indicators of body image (body appreciation and drive for muscularity) in a sample of 643 SGM individuals (148 sexual minority (SM) cis women, 171 trans women, 121 SM cis men, 43 trans men, 160 nonbinary individuals). Results implicated cisnormativity as an influential and hierarchical force for body image, although woman/man and binary/nonbinary identification also played roles in group differences. With a few exceptions, masculine but not feminine trait identification significantly predicted body appreciation and drive for muscularity, indicating a complicated association with overall body image. These findings underscore the value of an intersectional lens for analyzing how broad social forces may manifest in individual-level body image for SGM individuals.

14.
Sex Roles ; 87(9-10): 498-514, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36373019

RESUMO

Navigating a career while raising a family can be challenging, especially for women in academia. In this study, we examine the ways in which professional life interruptions due to child caregiving (e.g., opportunities not offered, professional travel curtailed) affect pre- and post-tenure faculty members' career satisfaction and retention. We also examine whether sharing caregiving responsibilities with a partner affected faculty members' (particularly women's) career outcomes. In a sample of 753 tenure track faculty parents employed at a large research-intensive university, results showed that as the number of professional life interruptions due to caregiving increased, faculty members experienced less career satisfaction and greater desire to leave their job. Pre-tenure women's, but not pre-tenure men's, career satisfaction and intention to stay were negatively affected when they experienced at least one professional life interference. Pre-tenure men's desire to stay in their job and career satisfaction remained high, regardless of the number of professional life interferences they experienced. Sharing parenting responsibilities with a partner did not buffer the demands of caregiving on pre-tenure women's career outcomes. Our work highlights the need to consider the varied ways in which caregiving affects faculty members' careers, beyond markers such as publications, and how institutions can support early career stage women with family-friendly practices.

15.
Violence Against Women ; 28(3-4): 740-760, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34286636

RESUMO

Using an intersectional framework, we assessed how gender stereotypes applied to women with different race and class identities who experienced gender-based mistreatment. Thematic content analysis of 238 responses to a woman in a vignette, who varied in terms of race and class, revealed three themes: action or inaction, living conditions, and education. Sexual assault drew significantly more comments about the woman's actions and inaction than sexual harassment, as did a middle-class versus a working-class woman. Conversely, living conditions surfaced more for the working-class woman. Finally, education came up most in sexual harassment accounts. Qualitative features of the responses are also discussed.


Assuntos
Delitos Sexuais , Assédio Sexual , Feminino , Humanos , Percepção Social
17.
J Pers ; 78(3): 943-68, 2010 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20573131

RESUMO

People who attach personal meaning to social and political events or are high in Personal Political Salience (PPS) are more likely to engage in political activism (Duncan & Stewart, 2007). Although research suggests that PPS is consequential for activism, we know little about its origins or, more generally, about indirect effects of personality on activism. In this study we examined the possibility that the personality trait of Openness to Experience may be one source of PPS and an indirect predictor of activism. In addition, we proposed that Openness would also be directly related to political activism in young adults but not in middle-aged and older adults. Analyses confirmed these predictions in cross-sectional and over-time data from six samples. We argue that Openness may predispose some individuals both to find personal meaning in distant political events and to engage in social activism in their youth.


Assuntos
Manobras Políticas , Personalidade , Política , Mudança Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Comportamento Social
18.
J Fam Psychol ; 23(2): 255-62, 2009 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19364219

RESUMO

This study examines the role of legal and social context (the level of legal and social support offered by one's country of residence) and sexual orientation in the mental health of lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Participants were sampled from the United States and Canada because the two countries have many similarities (North American location, reliance on English language, and democratic structures) but provide different legal and social rights to their lesbian citizens. The study included 52 lesbian mothers and 153 heterosexual mothers in the United States and 35 lesbian mothers and 42 heterosexual mothers in Canada. Although there were no differences between heterosexual mothers as a function of legal and social context, lesbian mothers from the United States reported more family worries about legal status and discrimination (but not more general family worries) and more depressive symptoms than did lesbian mothers in Canada. Results indicate that legal and social context moderates the role of sexual orientation in maternal mental health.


Assuntos
Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Homossexualidade Feminina/psicologia , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Mães/psicologia , Apoio Social , Saúde da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Canadá , Comparação Transcultural , Feminino , Heterossexualidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Homossexualidade Feminina/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Bem-Estar Materno/legislação & jurisprudência , Bem-Estar Materno/psicologia , Bem-Estar Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Mães/legislação & jurisprudência , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Preconceito , Opinião Pública , Meio Social , Estados Unidos
19.
JAMA Netw Open ; 7(2): e2355663, 2024 Feb 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38345823

RESUMO

This survey study examines gender differences in mid- to senior-career faculty experiences of receiving and providing mentorship and sponsorship during early career development.


Assuntos
Docentes de Medicina , Mentores , Humanos , Fatores Sexuais
20.
Psychol Aging ; 23(1): 169-80, 2008 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18361664

RESUMO

Both theory and empirical evidence suggest that people who have unresolved regrets experience lower levels of well-being than do those who resolve their regrets. In this study, the authors examined the role of regret resolution during bereavement by assessing whether (a) regret resolution would aid in adapting to the death of a loved one and (b) older adults would be more successful at resolving their bereavement-related regrets than would younger adults. Mixed models were run with longitudinal data from an age-heterogeneous sample of 147 men and women who were eventually bereaved after providing care for a loved one through a hospice. As expected, regret resolution contributed to adjustment as indicated by postloss patterns of depressive symptoms, well-being, and rumination; further, older adults were more likely to resolve their regrets than were younger adults. Implications for encouraging regret resolution early in bereavement are discussed.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Luto , Emoções , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cuidadores/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Pesar , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inventário de Personalidade , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia
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