Somatic Tumor Testing in Prostate Cancer: Experience of a Tertiary Care Center Including Pathologist-Driven Reflex Testing of Localized Tumors at Diagnosis.

Somatic tumor testing in prostate cancer (PCa) can guide treatment options by identifying clinically actionable variants in DNA damage repair genes, including acquired variants not detected using germline testing alone. Guidelines currently recommend performing somatic tumor testing in metastatic PCa, whereas there is no consensus on the role of testing in regional disease, and the optimal testing strategy is only evolving. This study evaluates the frequency, distribution, and pathologic correlates of somatic DNA damage repair mutations in metastatic and localized PCa following the implementation of pathologist-driven reflex testing at diagnosis. A cohort of 516 PCa samples were sequenced using a custom next-generation sequencing panel including homologous recombination repair and mismatch repair genes. Variants were classified based on the Association for Molecular Pathology/American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guidelines. In total, 183 (35.5%) patients had at least one variant, which is as follows: 72 of 516 (13.9%) patients had at least 1 tier I or tier II variant, whereas 111 of 516 (21.5%) patients had a tier III variant. Tier I/II variant(s) were identified in 27% (12/44) of metastatic biopsy samples and 13% (61/472) of primary samples. Overall, 12% (62/516) of patients had at least 1 tier I/II variant in a homologous recombination repair gene, whereas 2.9% (10/516) had at least 1 tier I/II variant in a mismatch repair gene. The presence of a tier I/II variant was not significantly associated with the grade group (GG) or presence of intraductal/cribriform carcinoma in the primary tumor. Among the 309 reflex-tested hormone-naive primary tumors, tier I/II variants were identified in 10% (31/309) of cases, which is as follows: 9.2% (9/98) GG2; 9% (9/100) GG3; 9.1% (4/44) GG4; and 13.4% (9/67) GG5 cases. Our findings confirm the use of somatic tumor testing in detecting variants of clinical significance in PCa and provide insights that can inform the design of testing strategies. Pathologist-initiated reflex testing streamlines the availability of the results for clinical decision-making; however, pathologic parameters such as GG and the presence of intraductal/cribriform carcinoma may not be reliable to guide patient selection.

Canadian Multicentric Pan-TRK (CANTRK) Immunohistochemistry Harmonization Study.

Tumor-agnostic testing for NTRK1-3 gene rearrangements is required to identify patients who may benefit from TRK inhibitor therapies. The overarching objective of this study was to establish a high-quality pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC) screening assay among 18 large regional pathology laboratories across Canada using pan-TRK monoclonal antibody clone EPR17341 in a ring study design. TRK-fusion positive and negative tumor samples were collected from participating sites, with fusion status confirmed by panel next-generation sequencing assays. Each laboratory received: (1) unstained sections from 30 cases of TRK-fusion-positive or -negative tumors, (2) 2 types of reference standards: TRK calibrator slides and IHC critical assay performance controls (iCAPCs), (3) EPR17341 antibody, and (4) suggestions for developing IHC protocols. Participants were asked to optimize the IHC protocol for their instruments and detection systems by using iCAPCs, to stain the 30 study cases, and to report the percentage scores for membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear staining. TRK calibrators were used to assess the analytical sensitivity of IHC protocols developed by using the 2 reference standards. Fifteen of 18 laboratories achieved diagnostic sensitivity of 100% against next-generation sequencing. The diagnostic specificity ranged from 40% to 90%. The results did not differ significantly between positive scores based on the presence of any type of staining vs the presence of overall staining in ≥1% of cells. The median limit of detection measured by TRK calibrators was 76,000 molecules/cell (range 38,000 to >200,000 molecules/cell). Three different patterns of staining were observed in 19 TRK-positive cases, cytoplasmic-only in 7 samples, nuclear and cytoplasmic in 9 samples, and cytoplasmic and membranous in 3 samples. The Canadian multicentric pan-TRK study illustrates a successful strategy to accelerate the multicenter harmonization and implementation of pan-TRK immunohistochemical screening that achieves high diagnostic sensitivity by using laboratory-developed tests where laboratories used centrally developed reference materials. The measurement of analytical sensitivity by using TRK calibrators provided additional insights into IHC protocol performance.

Development of a comprehensive approach to adult hereditary cancer testing in Ontario.

BACKGROUND: Genetic testing for hereditary cancer susceptibility has advanced over time due to the discovery of new risk genes, improved technology and decreased cost. In the province of Ontario, testing eligibility criteria were initially developed to include hereditary breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer syndromes. The rapid evolution of genetic technologies has facilitated the ability to interrogate a large number of genes concurrently. This, coupled with new knowledge about risk genes, necessitated a coordinated approach to expanding the scope of genes and indications tested and synchronisation of access and test utilisation across the province as required in a publicly funded universal healthcare system. METHODS: Ontario Health-Cancer Care Ontario convened expert working groups to develop a standardised and comprehensive cancer gene list for adults and accompanying hereditary cancer testing (HCT) criteria using an evidence-based framework and broad laboratory and clinical genetics engagement. RESULTS: A standardised 76-cancer-gene panel, organised into 13 larger disease site panels and 25 single/small gene panels, was developed and endorsed by the working groups. Provincial genetic testing eligibility criteria were updated to align with the new panels and to guide clinical decision-making. In the first year following the implementation of these changes, 10 564 HCT panels were performed with an overall mutation detection rate of 12.2%. CONCLUSION: Using an evidence framework and broad clinical engagement to develop and endorse an updated guidance document, cancer genetic testing for adults in Ontario is now standardised and coordinated across the province.

Practice guidelines for BRCA1/2 tumour testing in ovarian cancer.

The purpose of this document is to provide pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical considerations and recommendations to Canadian clinical laboratories developing, validating and offering next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) tumour testing in ovarian cancers. This document was drafted by the members of the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists (CCMG) somatic BRCA Ad Hoc Working Group, and representatives from the Canadian Association of Pathologists. The document was circulated to the CCMG members for comment. Following incorporation of feedback, this document has been approved by the CCMG board of directors. The CCMG is a Canadian organisation responsible for certifying medical geneticists and clinical laboratory geneticists, and for establishing professional and ethical standards for clinical genetics services in Canada. The current CCMG Practice Guidelines were developed as a resource for clinical laboratories in Canada; however, they are not inclusive of all information laboratories should consider in the validation and use of NGS for BRCA1/2 tumour testing in ovarian cancers.

Patient-reported outcomes associated with reflex BRCA1/2 tumor and subsequent germline panel genetic testing for high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

Reflex genetic testing of tumor tissue is being completed to direct cancer treatment; however, the patient impact of this genetic testing model is unknown. This survey study evaluates psychological outcomes following tumor and germline genetic testing in individuals with a new diagnosis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Individuals were recruited from two hospitals in Toronto, Canada. Participants completed surveys 1 week after receiving tumor results and 1 week after receiving germline results (which included genetic counseling). Outcomes included cancer-related distress (Impact of Events Scale: IES), genetic testing-related distress (Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment: MICRA), and patient satisfaction. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate differences in outcomes following each genetic test result; Cohen's d was used to evaluate effect size. Subgroup analyses were undertaken according to age at diagnosis (<60 years vs. ≥60 years) and test results (any positive vs. both negative). McNemar's test assessed differences in satisfaction. Fifty-two individuals were included in the analyses. Mean IES scores were similar following disclosure of tumor and germline results (27.39 vs. 26.14; p = 0.481; d = 0.101). Compared to following tumor result disclosure, MICRA scores were significantly lower following receipt of germline results with genetic counseling (27.23 vs. 22.69; p = 0.007; d = 0.435). Decreases in MICRA scores from tumor to germline result disclosure were greater for those diagnosed <60 years or those who received only negative test results. Most individuals were satisfied/highly satisfied following tumor (85.7%) and germline (89.8%) results disclosure (p = 0.774). Reflex tumor, and subsequent germline, genetic testing is a new model of care for cancer patients. In our cohort, genetic testing-related distress decreased significantly following receipt of germline results with genetic counseling, especially for individuals diagnosed under 60 years and those receiving only negative results. Most individuals were satisfied with this model of care.

Reflex BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumour genetic testing for high-grade serous ovarian cancer: streamlined for clinicians but what do patients think?

BACKGROUND: Reflex (automatic) BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genetic testing of tumour tissue is being completed for all newly diagnosed high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) in the province of Ontario, Canada. The objective of this study was to measure the psychological impact of tumour genetic testing among individuals with a new diagnosis of HGSOC. METHODS: Participants had a new diagnosis of HGSOC and received reflex BRCA1/2 tumour genetic testing as a component of their care. Eligible individuals were recruited from two oncology centres in Toronto, Canada. One week after disclosure of tumour genetic test results, consenting participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that measured cancer-related distress, dispositional optimism, knowledge of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer, recall of tumour genetic test results, satisfaction, and the psychological impact of receiving tumour genetic test results. The Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (MICRA) questionnaire was used to measure the psychological impact of tumour genetic testing. RESULTS: 76 individuals completed the study survey; 13 said they did not receive their tumour test results. Of the remaining 63 participants, the average MICRA score was 26.8 (SD = 16.3). Higher total MICRA scores were seen among those with children (p = 0.02), who received treatment with primary surgery (p = 0.02), and had higher reported cancer-related distress (p < 0.001). Higher dispositional optimism (p < 0.001) and increasing age (p = 0.03) were associated with lower total MICRA scores. Most (83.5%) participants reported being satisfied/highly satisfied with having tumour testing completed; however, 40.8% could not accurately recall their tumor test results. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to assess psychological outcomes following reflex BRCA1/2 tumour genetic testing in women newly diagnosed with HGSOC. Increased dispositional optimism provided a protective effect, while increased cancer-related distress increased the psychological impact of tumour genetic testing. Educational resources are needed to help increase patient understanding and recall of tumour results, particularly when tumour genetic testing includes analysis of genes that may have implications for hereditary cancer risk. Additional research is required to better understand the patient experience of reflex tumour genetic testing.

CHARGE and Kabuki Syndromes: Gene-Specific DNA Methylation Signatures Identify Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking These Clinically Overlapping Conditions.

Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as a recurring mechanism in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Two such disorders, CHARGE and Kabuki syndromes, result from loss of function mutations in chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (CHD7LOF) and lysine (K) methyltransferase 2D (KMT2DLOF), respectively. Although these two syndromes are clinically distinct, there is significant phenotypic overlap. We therefore expected that epigenetically driven developmental pathways regulated by CHD7 and KMT2D would overlap and that DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations downstream of the mutations in these genes would identify common target genes, elucidating a mechanistic link between these two conditions, as well as specific target genes for each disorder. Genome-wide DNAm profiles in individuals with CHARGE and Kabuki syndromes with CHD7LOF or KMT2DLOF identified distinct sets of DNAm differences in each of the disorders, which were used to generate two unique, highly specific and sensitive DNAm signatures. These DNAm signatures were able to differentiate pathogenic mutations in these two genes from controls and from each other. Analysis of the DNAm targets in each gene-specific signature identified both common gene targets, including homeobox A5 (HOXA5), which could account for some of the clinical overlap in CHARGE and Kabuki syndromes, as well as distinct gene targets. Our findings demonstrate how characterization of the epigenome can contribute to our understanding of disease pathophysiology for epigenetic disorders, paving the way for explorations of novel therapeutics.

Year 1: Experiences of a tertiary cancer centre following implementation of reflex BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor testing for all high-grade serous ovarian cancers in a universal healthcare system.

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the rate and time to genetic referral, and patient uptake of germline genetic services, before and after implementation of reflex BRCA1/2 tumor testing for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) in a universal healthcare system. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of HSGOC patients diagnosed in the year before (PRE) and after (POST) implementation of reflex BRCA1/2 tumor testing was conducted. Clinical information (date/age at diagnosis, personal/family history of breast/ovarian cancer, cancer stage, primary treatment, tumor results) and dates of genetics referral, counseling, and germline testing were obtained. Incident rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CI were calculated using negative binomial regression. Time to referral was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Fisher Exact tests were used to evaluate uptake of genetic services. RESULTS: 175 HGSOC patients were identified (81 PRE; 94 POST). Post-implementation of tumor testing, there was a higher rate of genetics referral (12.88 versus 7.10/1000 person-days; IRR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.07-2.42) and a shorter median time from diagnosis to referral (59 days PRE, 33 days POST; p = .04). In the POST cohort, most patients were referred prior to receiving their tumor results (n = 63/77; 81.8%). Once referred, most patients attended genetic counseling (94.5% PRE, 97.6% POST; p = .418) and pursue germline testing (98.6% PRE; 100% POST; p = .455). CONCLUSIONS: Following implementation of reflex BRCA1/2 tumor testing for HGSOC, significant improvements to the rate and time to genetics referral were identified. Additional studies are needed to evaluate physician referral practices and the long-term impact of reflex tumor testing.

CCMG practice guideline: laboratory guidelines for next-generation sequencing.

PurposeThe purpose of this document is to provide guidance for the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS, also known as massively parallel sequencing or MPS) in Canadian clinical genetic laboratories for detection of genetic variants in genomic DNA and mitochondrial DNA for inherited disorders, as well as somatic variants in tumour DNA for acquired cancers. They are intended for Canadian clinical laboratories engaged in developing, validating and using NGS methods. METHODS OF STATEMENT DEVELOPMENT: The document was drafted by the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists (CCMG) Ad Hoc Working Group on NGS Guidelines to make recommendations relevant to NGS. The statement was circulated for comment to the CCMG Laboratory Practice and Clinical Practice committees, and to the CCMG membership. Following incorporation of feedback, the document was approved by the CCMG Board of Directors. DISCLAIMER: The CCMG is a Canadian organisation responsible for certifying medical geneticists and clinical laboratory geneticists, and for establishing professional and ethical standards for clinical genetics services in Canada. The current CCMG Practice Guidelines were developed as a resource for clinical laboratories in Canada and should not be considered to be inclusive of all information laboratories should consider in the validation and use of NGS for a clinical laboratory service.

Molecular characterization of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma using next-generation sequencing.

Gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma is an uncommon aggressive type of endocervical adenocarcinoma that is not associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). At present, this tumor is classified under the spectrum of mucinous carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The clinical stage of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma at the time of diagnosis is usually more advanced compared to the HPV-associated endocervical adenocarcinoma. Widespread dissemination to unusual sites, such as omentum, peritoneum, and distant organs, can be present. Owing to its rare incidence, diagnostic dilemmas, and aggressive behavior, clinical management can be challenging. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular characteristics of these tumors by using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to assess 161 unique cancer-driver genes for single-nucleotide and copy-number variations, gene fusions, and insertions/deletions within gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma tumors. In total, 92 variants were detected across the 14 samples tested (7 variants on average per tumor). TP53 was the most recurrently mutated gene followed by MSH6, CDKN2A/B, POLE, SLX4, ARID1A, STK11, BRCA2, and MSH2. Abnormal p53 expression was observed in nine cases by immunohistochemistry, of which TP53 variants were present in four cases. MDM2 gene amplification in 12q15 (69202190-69233452) locus was seen in two cases that express normal p53 levels by immunohistochemistry. Four cases had STK11 null (frameshift/nonsense) variants, three of which were previously reported in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Overall, genes that are implicated in DNA damage, repair, cell cycle, Fanconi anemia pathway, and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathways were found to be mutated. Of note, genes known to have acquired and/or inherited variants in endometrial tumors were enriched within our cohort. In conclusion, our study shows the genetic heterogeneity of gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma with some potentially actionable molecular alterations, which highlights the importance of further molecular characterization for better identification of this rare entity, and hence better clinical management.

Evolution of genetic assessment for BRCA-associated gynaecologic malignancies: a Canadian multisociety roadmap.

The landscape of genetic testing in ovarian cancer patients has changed dramatically in recent years. The therapeutic benefits of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in treatment of BRCA1/2-related ovarian cancers has resulted in an increased demand and urgency for genetic testing results, while technological developments have led to widespread use of multi-gene cancer panels and development of tumour testing protocols. Traditional genetic counselling models are no longer sustainable and must evolve to match the rapid evolution of genetic testing technologies and developments in personalized medicine. Recently, representatives from oncology, clinical genetics, molecular genetics, pathology, and patient advocacy came together to create a national multi-disciplinary Canadian consortium. By aligning stakeholder interests, the BRCA Testing to Treatment (BRCA TtoT) Community of Practice aims to develop a national strategy for tumour and germline BRCA1/2 testing and genetic counselling in women with ovarian cancer. This article serves to provide an overview of the recent evolution of genetic assessment for BRCA1/2-associated gynecologic malignancies and outline a Canadian roadmap to facilitate change, improve genetic testing rates, and ultimately improve outcomes for hereditary ovarian cancer patients and their families.

Identifying actionable variants using next generation sequencing in patients with a historical diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma.

There are limited data regarding the molecular characterization of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS; formerly malignant fibrous histiocytoma). This study aimed to investigate the utility of next generation sequencing (NGS) in UPS to identify subsets of patients who harbour actionable mutations. Patients diagnosed with UPS underwent pathological re-evaluation by a pathologist specializing in sarcoma. Tumor DNA was isolated from archived fresh frozen tissue samples and genotyped using NGS with the Illumina MiSeq TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel (48 genes, 212 amplicons). In total, 95 patients initially classified with UPS were identified. Following pathology re-review the histological subtypes were reclassified to include: Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS, N = 44); UPS(N = 18); and Others (N = 27; including undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma (N = 15) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (N = 6)). Seven cases were excluded from further analysis for other reasons. Baseline demographics of the finalized cohort (N = 88) showed a median age of 66 years (32-95), primarily with stage I-III disease (92%) and high-grade (86%) lesions. Somatic mutations were identified in 31 cases (35%)(Total mutations = 36: solitary mutation(n = 27); two mutations( =n = 3); three mutations(n = 1)). The most commonly identified mutations were in TP53 (n = 24), ATM (n = 3) and PIK3CA (n = 2). Three of 43 patients with MFS and one of 18 patients with UPS had clinically relevant mutations, mainly related to biomarkers of prediction of response; however few had targetable driver mutations. Somatic mutation status did not influence disease free or overall survival. Based on the small number of clinically relevant mutations, these data do not support the routine use of targeted NGS panels outside of research protocols in UPS.

Impact of multi-gene mutational profiling on clinical trial outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has identified recurrent genomic alterations in metastatic breast cancer (MBC); however, the clinical utility of incorporating routine sequencing to guide treatment decisions in this setting is unclear. We examine the frequency of genomic alterations in MBC patients from academic and community hospitals and correlate with clinical outcomes. METHODS: MBC patients with good performance status were prospectively recruited at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM) in Canada. Molecular profiling on DNA extracted from FFPE archival tissues was performed on the Sequenom MassArray platform or the TruSeq Amplicon Cancer Panel (TSACP) on the MiSeq platform. Clinical trial outcomes by RECIST 1.1 and time on treatment were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: From January 2012 to November 2015, 483 MBC patients were enrolled and 440 were genotyped. At least one somatic mutation was identified in 46% of patients, most commonly in PIK3CA (28%) or TP53 (13%). Of 203 patients with ≥ 1 mutation(s), 15% were treated on genotype-matched and 9% on non-matched trials. There was no significant difference for median time on treatment for patients treated on matched vs. non-matched therapies (3.6 vs. 3.8 months; p = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides real-world outcomes on hotspot genotyping and small targeted panel sequencing of MBC patients from academic and community settings. Few patients were matched to clinical trials with targeted therapies. More comprehensive profiling and improved access to clinical trials may increase therapeutic options for patients with actionable mutations. Further studies are needed to evaluate if this approach leads to improved clinical outcomes.

A classification system for clinical relevance of somatic variants identified in molecular profiling of cancer.

PURPOSE: Interpretation systems for clinical laboratory reporting of genetic variants for inherited conditions have been widely published. By contrast, there are no existing systems for interpretation and classification of somatic variants found from molecular testing of cancer. METHODS: We designed an assessment protocol and classification system for somatic variants identified through next-generation sequencing molecular profiling of tumor-derived samples and applied these to a pilot dataset of somatic variants found by next-generation sequencing profiling of 158 tumor samples derived from advanced cancer patients examined at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. RESULTS: We present a classification system to interpret the significance of genetic variants in molecular analysis of cancer, including the following key factors: (i) known or predicted pathogenicity of the variant; (ii) primary site and tumor histology in which the variant is found; (iii) recurrence of the variant; and (iv) evidence of clinical actionability. We used these factors to develop a five-category somatic variant classification for simplified reporting of variant interpretations to treating oncologists. CONCLUSION: Our somatic variant classification can be of practical value to other clinical molecular laboratories performing cancer genetic profiling by promoting consistent reporting of somatic variants and permitting harmonization of variant data among laboratories and clinical studies.

Whole-exome analysis of foetal autopsy tissue reveals a frameshift mutation in OBSL1, consistent with a diagnosis of 3-M Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: We report a consanguineous couple that has experienced three consecutive pregnancy losses following the foetal ultrasound finding of short limbs. Post-termination examination revealed no skeletal dysplasia, but some subtle proximal limb shortening in two foetuses, and a spectrum of mildly dysmorphic features. Karyotype was normal in all three foetuses (46, XX) and comparative genomic hybridization microarray analysis detected no pathogenic copy number variants. RESULTS: Whole-exome sequencing and genome-wide homozygosity mapping revealed a previously reported frameshift mutation in the OBSL1 gene (c.1273insA p.T425nfsX40), consistent with a diagnosis of 3-M Syndrome 2 (OMIM #612921), which had not been anticipated from the clinical findings. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides novel insight into the early clinical manifestations of this form of 3-M syndrome, and demonstrates the utility of whole exome sequencing as a tool for prenatal diagnosis in particular when there is a family history suggestive of a recurrent set of clinical symptoms.

Circulating Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate as a Potential Biomarker for Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH1/2) Mutant Cholangiocarcinoma.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes catalyze the decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG). IDH1/2 mutations preferentially convert αKG to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R2HG), resulting in R2HG accumulation in tumor tissues. We investigated circulating 2-hydroxyglutate (2HG) as potential biomarkers for patients with IDH-mutant (IDHmt) cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). R2HG and S-2-hydroxyglutarate (S2HG) levels in blood and tumor tissues were analyzed in a discovery cohort of patients with IDHmt glioma and CCA. Results were validated in cohorts of patients with CCA and clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. The R2HG/S2HG ratio (rRS) was significantly elevated in tumor tissues, but not in blood for patients with IDHmt glioma, while circulating rRS was elevated in patients with IDHmt CCA. There were overlap distributions of circulating R2HG and total 2HG in patients with both IDHmt and wild-type (IDHwt) CCA, while there was minimal overlap in rRS values between patients with IDHmt and IDHwt CCA. Using the rRS cut-off value of 1.5, the sensitivity of rRS was 90% and specificity was 96.8%. Circulating rRS is significantly increased in patients with IDHmt CCA compare with patients with IDHwt CCA. Circulating rRS is a sensitive and specific surrogate biomarker for IDH1/2 mutations in CCA. It can potentially be used as a tool for monitoring IDH-targeted therapy.

Repeat Next-Generation Sequencing (15-Gene Panel) in Unifocal, Synchronous, and Metachronous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer-A Single-Center Experience.

In advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), routine testing with next-generation sequencing (NGS) is recommended to identify actionable genomic alterations (AGAs). The therapeutic implications of repeated NGS testing on synchronous and metachronous tumors are unclear. Between February 2017 and October 2020, NSCLC samples from a single institution were reflex-tested using a targeted 15-gene NGS panel (TruSight Tumor 15, Illumina). Thirty-eight patients were identified with multiple NGS results from 82 samples: 11% were from single unifocal, 51% were from synchronous, and 38% were from metachronous tumors. Changes in EGFR, KRAS, PI3KCA, and TP53 variants were found in 22 patients' samples (58%). No changes were seen with longitudinal testing of multiple samples from single unifocal tumors, while changes were observed in 60% of synchronous and 71% of metachronous tumors. Of these, 26% of patients had AGA differences between samples. Acknowledging the limited sample size, a significant difference in overall survival was observed between synchronous separate primaries and metastasis. Repeat NGS testing of synchronous and metachronous NSCLC tumors may identify differing variants in >50% of patients. These changes may reflect separate primary lung carcinomas, tumor heterogeneity among intrapulmonary metastases, and clonal evolution. NGS testing of multiple tumors may enhance the identification of therapeutic targets for treatment decisions.

Impact on costs and outcomes of multi-gene panel testing for advanced solid malignancies: a cost-consequence analysis using linked administrative data.

Background: To date, economic analyses of tissue-based next generation sequencing genomic profiling (NGS) for advanced solid tumors have typically required models with assumptions, with little real-world evidence on overall survival (OS), clinical trial enrollment or end-of-life quality of care. Methods: Cost consequence analysis of NGS testing (555 or 161-gene panels) for advanced solid tumors through the OCTANE clinical trial (NCT02906943). This is a longitudinal, propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada using linked administrative data. Patients enrolled in OCTANE at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre from August 2016 until March 2019 were matched with contemporary patients without large gene panel testing from across Ontario not enrolled in OCTANE. Patients were matched according to 19 patient, disease and treatment variables. Full 2-year follow-up data was available. Sensitivity analyses considered alternative matched cohorts. Main Outcomes were mean per capita costs (2019 Canadian dollars) from a public payer's perspective, OS, clinical trial enrollment and end-of-life quality metrics. Findings: There were 782 OCTANE patients with 782 matched controls. Variables were balanced after matching (standardized difference <0.10). There were higher mean health-care costs with OCTANE ($79,702 vs. $59,550), mainly due to outpatient and specialist visits. Publicly funded drug costs were less with OCTANE ($20,015 vs. $24,465). OCTANE enrollment was not associated with improved OS (restricted mean survival time [standard error]: 1.50 (±0.03) vs. 1.44 (±0.03) years, log-rank p = 0.153), varying by tumor type. In five tumor types with ≥35 OCTANE patients, OS was similar in three (breast, colon, uterus, all p > 0.40), and greater in two (ovary, biliary, both p < 0.05). OCTANE was associated with greater clinical trial enrollment (25.4% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001) and better end-of-life quality due to less death in hospital (10.2% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.003). Results were robust in sensitivity analysis. Interpretation: We found an increase in healthcare costs associated with multi-gene panel testing for advanced cancer treatment. The impact on OS was not significant, but varied across tumor types. OCTANE was associated with greater trial enrollment, lower publicly funded drug costs and fewer in-hospital deaths suggesting important considerations in determining the value of NGS panel testing for advanced cancers. Funding: T.P H holds a research grant provided by the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research through funding provided by the Government of Ontario (#IA-035 and P.HSR.158) and through funding of the Canadian Network for Learning Healthcare Systems and Cost-Effective 'Omics Innovation (CLEO) via Genome Canada (G05CHS).

Implementing Multifactorial Risk Assessment with Polygenic Risk Scores for Personalized Breast Cancer Screening in the Population Setting: Challenges and Opportunities.

Risk-stratified breast screening has been proposed as a strategy to overcome the limitations of age-based screening. A prospective cohort study was undertaken within the PERSPECTIVE I&I project, which will generate the first Canadian evidence on multifactorial breast cancer risk assessment in the population setting to inform the implementation of risk-stratified screening. Recruited females aged 40-69 unaffected by breast cancer, with a previous mammogram, underwent multifactorial breast cancer risk assessment. The adoption of multifactorial risk assessment, the effectiveness of methods for collecting risk factor information and the costs of risk assessment were examined. Associations between participant characteristics and study sites, as well as data collection methods, were assessed using logistic regression; all p-values are two-sided. Of the 4246 participants recruited, 88.4% completed a risk assessment, with 79.8%, 15.7% and 4.4% estimated at average, higher than average and high risk, respectively. The total per-participant cost for risk assessment was CAD 315. Participants who chose to provide risk factor information on paper/telephone (27.2%) vs. online were more likely to be older (p = 0.021), not born in Canada (p = 0.043), visible minorities (p = 0.01) and have a lower attained education (p < 0.0001) and perceived fair/poor health (p < 0.001). The 34.4% of participants requiring risk factor verification for missing/unusual values were more likely to be visible minorities (p = 0.009) and have a lower attained education (p ≤ 0.006). This study demonstrates the feasibility of risk assessment for risk-stratified screening at the population level. Implementation should incorporate an equity lens to ensure cancer-screening disparities are not widened.

Implementation of circulating tumour DNA multi-target mutation testing in plasma: a perspective from an external quality assessment providers' survey.

Demand for large-scale tumour profiling across cancer types has increased in recent years, driven by the emergence of targeted drug therapies. Analysing alternations in plasma circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) for cancer detection can improve survival; ctDNA testing is recommended when tumour tissue is unavailable. An online survey of molecular pathology testing was circulated by six external quality assessment members of IQN Path to registered laboratories and all IQN Path collaborative corporate members. Data from 275 laboratories across 45 countries were collected; 245 (89%) perform molecular pathology testing, including 177 (64%) which perform plasma ctDNA diagnostic service testing. The most common tests were next-generation sequencing-based (n = 113). Genes with known stratified treatment options, including KRAS (n = 97), NRAS (n = 84), and EGFR (n = 130), were common targets. The uptake of ctDNA plasma testing and plans to implement further testing demonstrates the importance of support from a well-designed EQA scheme.