Compact Radiative Divertor Experiments at ASDEX Upgrade and Their Consequences for a Reactor.

We present a novel concept to tackle the power exhaust challenge of a magnetically confined fusion plasma. It relies on the prior establishment of an X-point radiator that dissipates a large fraction of the exhaust power before it reaches the divertor targets. Despite the spatial proximity of the magnetic X point to the confinement region, this singularity is far away from the hot fusion plasma in magnetic coordinates and therefore allows the coexistence of a cold and dense plasma with a high potential to radiate. In the compact radiative divertor (CRD) the target plates are placed close to this magnetic X point. We here report on high performance experiments in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak that indicate the feasibility of this concept. Despite the shallow (projected) field line incidence angles of the order of θ_{⊥}=0.2°, no hot spots were observed on the target surface monitored by an IR camera, even at a maximum heating power of P_{heat}=15 MW. And even with the X point located exactly on the target surface and without density or impurity feedback control, the discharge remains stable, the confinement good (H_{98,y2}=1), hot spots absent, and the divertor in a detached state. In addition to its technical simplicity, the CRD scales beneficially to reactor-scale plasmas that would benefit from an increased volume of the confined plasma, more space for breeding blankets, smaller poloidal field coil currents, and-potentially-an increased vertical stability.

Collisional Scaling of the Energy Transfer in Drift-Wave Zonal Flow Turbulence.

The collisionality scaling of density and potential coupling together with zonal flow energy transfer and spectral power is investigated at the stellarator experiment TJ-K. With a poloidal probe array, consisting of 128 Langmuir probes, density and potential fluctuations are measured on four neighboring flux surfaces simultaneously over the complete poloidal circumference. By analyzing Reynolds stress and pseudo-Reynolds stress, it is found that, for increasing collisionality, the coupling between density and potential decreases which hinders the zonal flow drive. Also, as a consequence, the nonlinear energy transfer, as well as the zonal flow contribution to the complete turbulent spectrum, decreases the same way. This is in line with theoretical expectations and is a first experimental verification of the importance of collisionality for large-scale structure formation in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas.

Experimental Validation of a Filament Transport Model in Turbulent Magnetized Plasmas.

In a wide variety of natural and laboratory magnetized plasmas, filaments appear as a result of interchange instability. These convective structures substantially enhance transport in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. According to filament models, their propagation may follow different regimes depending on the parallel closure of charge conservation. This is of paramount importance in magnetic fusion plasmas, as high collisionality in the scrape-off layer may trigger a regime transition leading to strongly enhanced perpendicular particle fluxes. This work reports for the first time on an experimental verification of this process, linking enhanced transport with a regime transition as predicted by models. Based on these results, a novel scaling for global perpendicular particle transport in reactor relevant tokamaks such as ASDEX-Upgrade and JET is found, leading to important implications for next generation fusion devices.

Experimental evidence of turbulent transport regulation by zonal flows.

The regulation of turbulent transport by zonal flows is studied experimentally on a flux surface of the stellarator experiment TJ-K. Data of 128 Langmuir probes at different toroidal and poloidal positions on a single flux surface enable us to measure simultaneously the zonal flow activity and the turbulent transport in great detail. A reduction of turbulent transport by 30% during the zonal flow phase is found. It is shown that the reduction process is initiated by a modification in the cross phase between density and electric field followed by a reduction in the fluctuation levels, which sustain low transport levels on larger time scales than the zonal flow lifetime.

High-heat flux ball-pen probe head in ASDEX-Upgrade.

A new high heat flux ball-pen probe head installed on the midplane manipulator is currently being used in ASDEX-Upgrade (AUG). The probe was designed to withstand high heat fluxes making possible the investigation of the plasma edge under harsh conditions, such as low power H-mode. Composed of seven pins (four Langmuir probes, mounted in two Mach probe pairs, and three ball-pen probes), the new probe head allows us to measure several plasma parameters simultaneously and with high temporal resolution. A novel method to correct the sheath potential dynamically accounting for the total secondary electron emission is introduced together with applications to obtain the electron temperature and plasma potential profiles. The total secondary electron emission yield is obtained from particle in cell simulations in AUG condition and probe realistic impact angle with respect to the magnetic field. Finally, the probe capability to investigate turbulence around the separatrix of AUG is discussed.

Experimental investigation of the magnetic configuration dependence of turbulent transport.

The dependence of turbulent transport on magnetic field properties is measured in detail on a plasma in a stellarator configuration. Pronounced poloidal asymmetries of fluctuation amplitudes and turbulent transport are observed. The transport maximum is located in regions where normal curvature of the magnetic field is negative and simultaneously the geodesic curvature has positive values. A major role of the local magnetic shear cannot be confirmed. The results can have important implications for the optimization of stellarators and the power influx into the scrape-off layer.

Observation of anomalous ion heating by broadband drift-wave turbulence.

Using laser induced fluorescence and passive spectroscopy on a magnetically confined low-temperature plasma, anomalous ion heating is observed which exceeds collisional heating from the electrons by a factor of up to five. Direct wave heating due to the 2.45 GHz microwave as well as stochastic heating by large-amplitude fluctuations could be ruled out as explanations. Good quantitative agreement is found when comparing the missing power in the ion species with heating power due to the dissipation of drift-wave turbulence. This turbulent energy transfer into the ion channel could have important consequences for the interpretation of transport in fusion plasmas.

Advective-acoustic cycle in a shallow water standing accretion shock experiment.

The surface height in a shallow water accretion flow experiment is measured by means of Fourier transform profilometry and the fluctuations are characterized. The shallow water analog of the standing accretion shock instability (SWASI) appears with an azimuthal mode number of one in the presence of supercritical flow in the radial direction. During the occurrence of the SWASI, surface gravity waves preferentially propagate radially outward. This is consistent with the advective-acoustic cycle driving the shallow water analog of the standing accretion shock instability.

Physical mechanism behind zonal-flow generation in drift-wave turbulence.

The energetic interaction between drift-wave turbulence and zonal flows is studied experimentally in two-dimensional wave number space. The kinetic energy is found to be transferred nonlocally from the drift waves to the zonal flow. This confirms the theoretical prediction that the parametric-modulational instability is the driving mechanism of zonal flows. The physical mechanism of this nonlocal energetic interaction between and zonal flows and turbulent drift-wave eddies in relation to the suppression of turbulent transport is discussed.

Helium line ratio spectroscopy for high spatiotemporal resolution plasma edge profile measurements at ASDEX Upgrade (invited).

The thermal helium beam edge diagnostic has recently been upgraded at the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak experiment. Line ratio spectroscopy on neutral helium is a valuable tool for simultaneous determination of the electron temperature and density of plasmas. The diagnostic now offers a temporal resolution of 900 kHz with a spatial resolution of up to 3 mm at 32 lines of sight (LOS) simultaneously. The LOS covers a radial region of 8.5 cm, starting at the limiter radius and reaching into the confined region beyond the separatrix. Two components are of particular importance for the aforementioned hardware improvements. The first is the optical head, which collects the light from the experiment. Equipped with an innovative clamping system for optical fiber ends, an arbitrary distribution pattern of LOS can be achieved to gain radial and poloidal profiles. The second major development is a new polychromator system that measures the intensity of the 587 nm, 667 nm, 706 nm, and 728 nm helium lines simultaneously for 32 channels with filter-photomultiplier tube arrays. Thus, the thermal helium beam diagnostic supplements the AUG edge diagnostics, offering fast and spatially highly resolved electron temperature and density profile measurements that cover the plasma edge and scrape-off layer region. Plasma fluctuations, edge localized modes, filaments, and other turbulent structures are resolved, allowing analysis of their frequency and localization or their propagation velocity.

1 µs broadband frequency sweeping reflectometry for plasma density and fluctuation profile measurements.

Frequency swept reflectometry has reached the symbolic value of 1 µs sweeping time; this performance has been made possible, thanks to an improved control of the ramp voltage driving the frequency source. In parallel, the memory depth of the acquisition system has been upgraded and can provide up to 200 000 signals during a plasma discharge. Additional improvements regarding the trigger delay determination of the acquisition and the voltage ramp linearity required by this ultra-fast technique have been set. While this diagnostic is traditionally dedicated to the plasma electron density profile measurement, such a fast sweeping rate can provide the study of fast plasma events and turbulence with unprecedented time and radial resolution from the edge to the core. Experimental results obtained on ASDEX Upgrade plasmas are presented to demonstrate the performances of the diagnostic.

A fast edge charge exchange recombination spectroscopy system at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak.

In this work, a new type of high through-put Czerny-Turner spectrometer has been developed which allows us to acquire multiple channels simultaneously with a repetition time on the order of 10 µs at different wavelengths. The spectrometer has been coupled to the edge charge exchange recombination system at ASDEX Upgrade which has been recently refurbished with new lines of sight. Construction features, calibration methods, and initial measurements obtained with the new setup will be presented.

Fast piezoelectric valve offering controlled gas injection in magnetically confined fusion plasmas for diagnostic and fuelling purposes.

In magnetically confined fusion plasmas controlled gas injection is crucial for plasma fuelling as well as for various diagnostic applications such as active spectroscopy. We present a new, versatile system for the injection of collimated thermal gas beams into a vacuum chamber. This system consists of a gas pressure chamber, sealed by a custom made piezo valve towards a small capillary for gas injection. The setup can directly be placed inside of the vacuum chamber of fusion devices as it is small and immune against high magnetic fields. This enables gas injection close to the plasma periphery with high duty cycles and fast switch on/off times ≲ 0.5 ms. In this work, we present the design details of this new injection system and a systematic characterization of the beam properties as well as the gas flowrates which can be accomplished. The thin and relatively short capillary yields a small divergence of the injected beam with a half opening angle of 20°. The gas box is designed for pre-fill pressures of 10 mbar up to 100 bars and makes a flowrate accessible from 1018 part/s up to 1023 part/s. It hence is a versatile system for both diagnostic as well as fuelling applications. The implementation of this system in ASDEX Upgrade will be described and its application for line ratio spectroscopy on helium will be demonstrated on a selected example.

Optimized tomography methods for plasma emissivity reconstruction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak.

The soft X-ray (SXR) emission provides valuable insight into processes happening inside of high-temperature plasmas. A standard method for deriving the local emissivity profiles of the plasma from the line-of-sight integrals measured by pinhole cameras is the tomographic inversion. Such an inversion is challenging due to its ill-conditioned nature and because the reconstructed profiles depend not only on the quality of the measurements but also on the inversion algorithm used. This paper provides a detailed description of several tomography algorithms, which solve the inversion problem of Tikhonov regularization with linear computational complexity in the number of basis functions. The feasibility of combining these methods with the minimum Fisher information regularization is demonstrated, and various statistical methods for the optimal choice of the regularization parameter are investigated with emphasis on their reliability and robustness. Finally, the accuracy and the capability of the methods are demonstrated by reconstructions of experimental SXR profiles, featuring poloidal asymmetric impurity distributions as measured at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak.

Growth or antigrowth: angiotensin and the endothelium.

AIM: Antihypertensive drugs that interfere with the renin-angiotensin system, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, are increasingly being perceived to exert effects beyond blood pressure control, for instance on vascular structure and function. In a recent study we demonstrated that early-onset treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with an ACE inhibitor induced an increase in myocardial capillary length density independently of the antihypertensive and antihypertrophic actions of the drug. The aim of the present work was to focus on the growth-modulating effects of angiotensin II on vascular cells and the differential role played by the two angiotensin II receptor subtypes, AT1 and AT2, in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. RESULTS: Recent findings indicate that angiotensin II exerts different growth-modulating actions depending on the presence or absence of angiotensin II receptor subtypes on a given cell. The growth-promoting effect of angiotensin II is mediated by the AT1 receptor and is associated with the increased expression of growth factors and immediate early genes. In endothelial cells, this effect is counteracted by the antiproliferative actions of the AT2 receptor. Angiotensin II may also be involved in the process of angiogenesis and development mediated by AT1 and AT2 receptors expressed in various tissues.

Angiotensin AT(2) receptor stimulates ERK1 and ERK2 in quiescent but inhibits ERK in NGF-stimulated PC12W cells.

To investigate the influence of AT(2) receptor stimulation on the ERK pathway and elucidate potential mechanisms of angiotensin II (ANG II)-mediated neuronal differentiation, we analysed tyrosine phosphorylation and activity of ERK after ANG II treatment of both quiescent and NGF-treated PC12W cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 corresponded with the activity of ERK. While ANG II induced an initial activation of ERK in quiescent cells, the NGF-mediated plateau of ERK-stimulation was lowered by costimulation with ANG II. All effects of ANG II were sensitive to AT(2) - but not AT(1) receptor blockade. Ang II-mediated neurite outgrowth in PC12W cells was inhibited by co-treatment with the MEK inhibitor PD 098059. These findings demonstrate that the AT(2) receptor modulates ERK activity depending on the overall cellular input. The distinct regulation of ERK by ANG II and NGF further indicates basic differences in AT(2) receptor- and NGF-induced neuronal differentiation.

Angiotensin II and NGF differentially influence microtubule proteins in PC12W cells: role of the AT2 receptor.

Angiotensin AT2 receptors have been shown to play a role in cell differentiation characterized by neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells of different origin. To further investigate AT2 receptor-mediated events leading to neurite formation, we examined the effect of AT2 receptor stimulation on the microtubule components, beta-tubulin, MAP1B and MAP2, by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence in quiescent and nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12W cells. These proteins are involved in neurite extension and neuronal maturation. Whereas NGF (0.5, 10, and 50 ng/ml) up-regulated these proteins after 3 days of stimulation, angiotensin II (ANG II; 10(-7) M) induced a different pattern. In quiescent PC12W cells, AT2 receptor stimulation up-regulated polymerized beta-tubulin and MAP2 but down-regulated MAP1B protein levels. In PC12W cells, differentiated by NGF (0.5 ng/ml), ANG II elevated polymerized beta-tubulin and reduced MAP1B. All ANG II effects were abolished by the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123177 (10(-5) M) but not affected by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (10(-5) M). These results implicate a specific role of AT2 receptors in cell differentiation and nerve regeneration via regulation of the cytoskeleton.

Angiotensin receptors.

INTRODUCTION: The octapeptide angiotensin II, the potent effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin system, has been implicated in the pathology of hypertension, in cardiovascular diseases like cardiac left ventricular hypertrophy and in structural alterations of the heart such as post-infarct remodelling. ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS: The development of highly selective angiotensin II receptor ligands allowed the identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes, designated AT1, AT2, AT3 and AT4. Most of the known effects of angiotensin II can be attributed to the AT1 receptor (e.g. vasoconstriction, aldosterone and vasopressin release and proliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle and other cells). The AT1 receptor is coupled to G-proteins and engages classical intracellular second messenger systems, for example activation of phospholipase C or inhibition of adenylate cyclase. In contrast, the function and the signal transduction pathways of the AT2 receptor, which exhibits only a 32-34% homology to the AT1 receptor, are so far not fully understood. Coupling of the AT2 receptor to phosphatases and inhibitory actions on AT1 receptor- and growth factor-mediated proliferation in endothelial and other cells as well as induction of neuronal outgrowth in PC12w cells have been demonstrated. Due to its wide distribution in fetal tissues including the central nervous system and its transient reappearance in the adult organism under pathological conditions (for instance after myocardial infarction) the AT2 receptor has been associated with cell differentiation and regeneration. RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS: The application of orally active AT1 receptor antagonists as antihypertensive drugs has, compared to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, the potential advantage of a more specific renin-angiotensin system inhibition. It is conceivable that the AT2 receptor, left unopposed by AT1 receptor antagonists, contributes to some of the actions of these drugs.

Method for estimating the propagation direction of a coherent plasma structure using a one-dimensional diagnostic array.

This article proposes a new method to evaluate basic characteristics of the dynamics of a coherent plasma structure (blob). With this method, one can evaluate the propagation angle of a blob in a two-dimensional plasma cross section as well as the blob velocity, size, and amplitude from one-dimensional data. The method is applied to blob measurements from the Lithium beam emission spectroscopy system in ASDEX-Upgrade. Statistical features of the observed blob velocities, angles of propagation, blob sizes, and amplitudes are discussed. The validity of the method is examined by comparing two values of the propagation angle that are evaluated in an independent manner.

Long-range correlations induced by the self-regulation of zonal flows and drift-wave turbulence.

By means of a unique probe array, the interaction between zonal flows and broad-band drift-wave turbulence has been investigated experimentally in a magnetized toroidal plasma. Homogeneous potential fluctuations on a magnetic flux surface, previously reported as long range correlations, could be traced back to a predator-prey-like interaction between the turbulence and the zonal flow. At higher frequency the nonlocal transfer of energy to the zonal flow is dominant and the low-frequency oscillations are shown to result from the reduced turbulence activity due to this energy loss. This self-regulation process turns out to be enhanced with increased background shear flows.