Trans-arterial embolization of a Yakes type IIb inferior mesenteric arteriovenous malformation: A case report and literature review for angio-architecture analysis.

We herein report a case of acute, massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding caused by Yakes type IIb inferior mesenteric arteriovenous malformation, which was successfully treated with endovascular embolization. The Yakes arteriovenous malformation classification provides curative treatment strategies based on specific angioarchitecture, thus serving as a valuable guide during treatment planning. We reviewed reported cases from 1988 to 2022 and conducted an angioarchitecture analysis based on the Yakes classification. We analyzed these reported cases to estimate the treatment success rates of surgery and embolization.

Internal Derangement of the Shoulder Joint in Asymptomatic Professional Baseball Players.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of throwing activity on shoulder morphology and the difference in shoulder morphology on MRI between asymptomatic professional baseball players and volunteers who play baseball as a recreational activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included 68 asymptomatic professional baseball players (32 pitchers, 36 batters) and 30 male volunteers. Morphologic changes in the following shoulder structures were assessed on MRI: rotator cuff, glenoid labrum, humeral head, subacromial-subdeltoid bursa, subcoracoid bursa, long head of the biceps tendon, deltoid muscle, acromion, and clavicle. RESULTS: Partially torn supraspinatus, posterior glenoid or labral lesions, bone marrow edema, intraosseous cysts of the humeral head, and edematous subacromial-subdeltoid bursa were significantly more commonly observed in players (p = 0.01, p < 0.001, p = 0.03, p< 0.001, and p < 0.001). Players with more than 10 years of experience had a significantly higher incidence of patchy intermediate signal abnormality (odds ratio: 3.73, p = 0.03), partial tear in the supraspinatus tendon (odds ratio: 6.20, p = 0.03), and edematous change in the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa (odds ratio: 2.96, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results from our study showed that repetitive throwing activities cause macroscopic structural lesions of the shoulder joints in asymptomatic baseball players. Significance of these lesions is to be determined.