A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Tinospora sinensis (T. sinensis), whose Tibetan name is "Lezhe", as a traditional medicine, is widely distributed in China, India and Sri Lanka. It is used for the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia, sciatica, lumbar muscle strain and bruises. Research over the previous decades indicated that T. sinensis mainly contains terpenes, lignans, alkaloids, phenol glycosides and other chemical components. A wide range of pharmacologic activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunosuppressive, anti-aging, anti-radiation, anti-leishmania and liver protection have been reported. However, the scholar's research on the pharmacodynamic material basis of T. sinensis is relatively weak. Data regarding many aspects such as links between the traditional uses and bioactivities, pharmacokinetics, and quality control standard of active compositions is still limited and need more attention. This review reports a total of 241 compounds, the ethnopharmacology and clinical application of T. sinensis, covering the literature which were searched by multiple databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, CNKI and other literature sources from 1996 to date, with a view to provide a systematic and insightful reference and lays a foundation and inspiration for the application and further in-depth research of T. sinensis resources.

Evaluating effects of tetrabromobisphenol A and microplastics on anaerobic granular sludge: Physicochemical properties, microbial metabolism, and underlying mechanisms.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and microplastics are emerging contaminants of widespread concern. However, little is known about the effects of combined exposure to TBBPA and microplastics on the physicochemical properties and microbial metabolism of anaerobic granular sludge. This study investigated the effects of TBBPA, polystyrene microplastics (PS MP) and polybutylene succinate microplastics (PBS MP) on the physicochemical properties, microbial communities and microbial metabolic levels of anaerobic granular sludge. The results showed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of sludge was lowest in the presence of TBBPA alone and PS MP alone with 33.21% and 30.06%, respectively. The microorganisms promoted the secretion of humic substances under the influence of TBBPA, PS MP and PBS MP. The lowest proportion of genes controlling glycolytic metabolism in sludge was 1.52% when both TBBPA and PS MP were added. Microbial reactive oxygen species were increased in anaerobic granular sludge exposed to MPS. In addition, TBBPA treatment decreased electron transfer of the anaerobic granular sludge and disrupted the pathway of anaerobic microorganisms in acquiring adenosine triphosphate, and MPs attenuated the negative effects of TBBPA on the acetate methanogenesis process of the anaerobic granular sludge. This study provides a reference for evaluating the impact of multiple pollutants on anaerobic granular sludge.

[Analysis of metabolites in simulated gastric fluid of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides].

To fully understand whether Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharides(SP) can be metabolized in gastric fluid and the meta-bolic behavior, this study systematically analyzed the metabolites in simulated gastric fluid of SP by high-performance liquid chromatography-ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-IT-TOF-MS) technology in combination with zebrafish immune activity evaluation. Based on the obtained accurate relative molecular mass, chromatographic retention behavior, MS fragmentation patterns, refe-rence standards, and relevant literature reports, 19 metabolites were analyzed and identified. Among them, five monosaccharides and 14 oligosaccharides were generated as metabolites. Several reducing sugars, including mannose, glucose, rhamnose, and xylose, were accurately identified in the gastric fluid metabolites. Zebrafish pharmacological evaluation results indicated that SP maintained good immune activity after gastric fluid metabolism, with the most significant increase in immune cell density observed at W3(simulated gastric fluid metabolism for 2 hours). Among the gastric fluid metabolites, M1 and M3(Hex-Hex-Man) may be most closely related to pharmacological activity and could be further studied as potential active fragments.

Effect of asparagine, corncob biochar and Fe(II) on anaerobic biological treatment under low temperature: Enhanced performance and microbial community dynamic.

To ensure the efficiency of anaerobic biological treatment technology at lower temperature will expand the application of anaerobic reactor in practical industrial wastewater treatment. Through a batch experiment, asparagine, corncob biochar and Fe2+ were selected as strengthening measures to analyze the effects on the anaerobic sludge characteristics, microbial community and functional genes in the low temperature (15 °C). Results showed that after 21 days, asparagine began to promote chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by the anaerobic treatment, with highest COD removal rate (81.65%) observed when the asparagine concentration was 1 mmol/L. When adding 3 g biochar, 25 mg/L Fe2+, and the combination of biochar and Fe2+, the COD removal rates reached to 82%, 92% and 97%, respectively. In the presence of asparagine, both biochar and Fe2+ alone or in combination increased the activity of protease (16.35%-120.71%) and coenzyme F420 (5.63%-130.2%). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Methanobacterium increased in the presence of biochar and Fe2+. In addition, the KEGG results showed that the combined addition of biochar and Fe2+ enhanced bacterial replication and repair and promoted amino acid metabolism of archaea.

Effects of PFOA on the physicochemical properties of anaerobic granular sludge: Performance evaluation, microbial community and metagenomic analysis.

The impact of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on the anaerobic granular sludge was evaluated through a sequential batch experiment. Results showed that PFOA inhibited the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of the sludge and the dosage of 100 mg/L PFOA was more obvious. However, this negative effect would gradually weaken with the adaptation of microorganisms. For the 50 mg/L PFOA experimental group, the proteins content in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the anaerobic granular sludge increased from 1.53 mg/g to 3.65 mg/g. Meanwhile, PFOA inhibited the 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) activity of the anaerobic granular sludge. Furthermore, 100 mg/L PFOA reduced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria by 5.99% and Longilinea by 1.11%. 100 mg/L PFOA mainly restricted COD removal by affecting the glycolysis process, with the abundances of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase reduced by 8% and 28.1%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit increased by 84%, respectively, under 100 mg/L PFOA.

[Two new monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from hook-bearing branches of Uncaria sessilifructus].

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from Uncaria sessilifructus and their neuroprotective activities. The compounds were separated and purified from the 90% ethanol extract of U. sessilifructus by various chromatographic methods, including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and semi-preparative HPLC. Seven compounds were obtained, and their structures were identified as uncanidine J(1), uncanidine K(2), 17-O-ethylhirsutine(3), tetrahydroalstonine(4), akuammigine(5), hirsutine(6), and hirsuteine(7) by physicochemical properties and various spectral techniques, including UV, IR, MS, and NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 are two new compounds. Compound 3 is a new natural product, and compound 4 was isolated from U. sessilifructus for the first time. In addition, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective effects on oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R) injury in primary cortical neurons in rats. The results showed that compounds 1-7 had different degrees of protective effects on OGD/R injury. The EC_(50) values of compounds 2-4 were(0.17±0.03),(1.70±0.38), and(1.79±0.23) µmol·L~(-1), respectively.

Evaluation of biochar addition and circulation control strengthening measures on efficiency and microecology of food waste treatment in anaerobic reactor.

The process of strengthening an expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) reactor under ammonia nitrogen stress conditions and by adopting three strengthening measures, namely, opening the circulation (OC), adding modified biochar (MB), adding modified biochar along with opening the circulation (MBOC), to treat food waste was studied. When the ammonia nitrogen concentration of influent increased to 1200 mg/L, the removal rate of COD reduced to about 75%, while the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was about 6%. The average COD removal rate of the anaerobic reactor in the last 5 days of each operating cycle i.e. OC, MB and MBOC, was 85.51%, 84.11% and 90.03%, respectively. At the 30th day of each treatment-OC, MB and MBOC, the protease content in the sludge was 44.61, 42.47, 46.24 NH2-N (mg)/mg, respectively. and the content of coenzyme F420 was 0.244, 0.217 and 0.267 mmol/g, respectively. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the stage I (OC), reaching 34.36%. It was accounted for 16.68% and 21.38%, respectively, in the stage II (MB) and stage III (MBOC). The dominant archaea in the three stages were Methanosaeta, whose abundance was 38.98% in stage I, which increased to 64.94% and 64.01% in stage II and III, respectively. Among the active carbohydrate enzymes, the gene abundance of Glycoside transferases in the MBOC stage was the largest among the three stages.

Effect of hydraulic retention time on the denitrification performance and metabolic mechanism of a multi-chambered bio-electrochemical system.

The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the denitrification performance of the multi-chambered bio-electrochemistry system and the metabolic mechanism of the microbial community were investigated. Results indicated that the NO3--N and NO2--N removal efficiency was up to 99.5% and 99.9%, respectively. The electricity generation performance of the system was optimum at 24 h HRT, with the maximum power density and output voltage of the fourth chamber to be 471.2 mW/m3 and 602.4 mV, respectively. With the decrease of HRT from 24 h to 8 h, the protein-like substance in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of granular sludge was reduced and the fluorescence intensities were weakened. Besides, the abundance of metabolism pathway was the highest at 50.0% and 49.9%, respectively, and the methane metabolism (1.8% and 2.0%, respectively) and the nitrogen metabolism (0.8% and 0.9%, respectively) in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway played important roles in providing guaranteed stability and efficient removal of organic matter and nitrogen from the system.

Influence of polyether sulfone microplastics and bisphenol A on anaerobic granular sludge: Performance evaluation and microbial community characterization.

The retention of polyether sulfone (PES) and bisphenol A (BPA) in wastewater has received extensive attention. The effects of PES and BPA on the removal of organic matter by anaerobic granular sludge were investigated. We also analyzed the changes in the electron transport system and the effects on the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), as well as alternations of the microbial community in the anaerobic granular sludge. In the experimental groups which received BPA, the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were significantly suppressed, which an average removal efficiency of less than 65%, 30% lower than that of the control group. In the loosely-bound EPS (LB-EPS) excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra, the absorption peak of tryptophan disappeared when the BPA pollutants was added, which it was present in the control group without added pollutants. The addition of PES and BPA also affected protease, acetate kinase, and coenzyme F420 activities in the anaerobic granular sludge. Especially, the coenzyme F420 reduced from 0.0045 to 0.0017 µmol/L in the presence of PES and BPA. The relative abundance of Spirochaetes decreased in the presence of PES and BPA, while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 12.98% to 22.87%. At the genus level, in the presence of PES and BPA, the relative abundance of Acinetobacter increased from 2.20% to 9.64% and Hydrogenophaga decreased sharply from 15.58% to 0.12%.

Exposure to polyamide 66 microplastic leads to effects performance and microbial community structure of aerobic granular sludge.

Microplastic polyamide 66 (PA66) was used to explore its mechanism of influence on the contaminants removal from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and the corresponding change to the microbial community. Results showed that the removal pollution efficiency of the experimental groups with PA66 were inhibited during the early treatment stage. However, as the experiment progressed, the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (92.66%, 93.10%, 93.11%, 93.79%) and ammonia nitrogen (94.25%, 94.58%, 95.61%, 94.73%) were similar in the addition 0 g/L (A), 0.1 g/L (B), 0.2 g/L (C) and 0.5 g/L (D) PA66 beakers at the last 10 days. On the first day, the intensity of fluorescence peaks representing tryptophan protein-like and aromatic protein-like substances of loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) indicated that the PA66 microplastic caused damage to the sludge structure, and the intensity of fluorescence peaks representing fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances were stronger than those in the control beaker (A). Microbial community analysis showed that the main phyla were Firmicutes (49.11%, 59.77%, 44.33%, 41.21%), Proteobacteria (26.44%, 11.96%, 31.44%, 19.4%) and Bacteroidetes (9.24%, 13.05%, 11.89%, 14.71%) in the four beakers. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, genes representing [T] Signal transduction mechanisms illustrated that adding PA66 microplastic resulted in more signaling molecules in the AGS.

Performance of a novel ABR-bioelectricity-Fenton coupling reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater containing catechol.

In this study, a novel anaerobic baffled reactor-bioelectricity-Fenton (ABR-BEF) coupling reactor, combining an ABR, microbial fuel cell (MFC), and Fenton system, was used to treat traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater containing catechol. The bio-electrochemical degradation of the catechol reached 99.7% after 8 h at dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 4 mg/L in the cathodic chamber. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 91.7%, when the ratio rate was 1 and the DO concentration was 4 mg/L. Moreover, the maximum open-circuit voltage and power density of the coupling reactor reached 424.9 mV and 77.1 mW/m3, respectively. According to the PICRUSt analysis, carbohydrate metabolism took up the most abundant function of metabolism and the enrichment of membrane transporters may relieve TCM wastewater toxicity. These results suggest that the ABR-BEF coupling reactor could be applied as an efficient approach to treat TCM wastewater.

Adsorptive removal of methylene blue by CuO-acid modified sepiolite as effective adsorbent and its regeneration with high-temperature gas stream.

In this study, the dynamic adsorption of methylene blue dye onto CuO-acid modified sepiolite was investigated. Meanwhile, the equilibrium and kinetic data of the adsorption process were studied to understand the adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, a high-temperature gas stream was applied to regenerate the adsorbent. The results showed that the Langmuir isotherm model was applied to describe the adsorption process. The positive value of enthalpy change indicated that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature. In the dynamic adsorption process, the best adsorption performance was achieved when the ratio of column height to diameter was 2.56 and the treatment capacity was 6 BV/h. The optimal scenario for regeneration experiments was the regeneration temperature of 550-650 °C, the space velocity of 100 min(-1) and the regeneration time of 10 min. The effective adsorption of CuO-acid modified sepiolite was kept for 12 cycles of adsorption and regeneration.

New gall wasp species attacking chestnut trees: Dryocosmus zhuili n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Castanea henryi from southeastern China.

A new gall wasp species, Dryocosmus zhuili Liu et Zhu, is herein described from the southeastern Fujian province of China. The new species induces galls on trees of Henry's chestnut, Castanea henryi, which is also a native host for the notorious Oriental chestnut gall wasp (OCGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu). D. zhuili overlaps with OCGW in emergence time and induces galls morphologically similar to that of OCGW on similar plant parts. In a previous study, we reported considerable divergence between mtDNA CO1 (mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) sequences of these wasps and the true OCGW wasps and suggested the existence of a cryptic species. Herein, we confirm the identity of the new species based on morphological and biological differences and provide a formal description. Although the new species is relatively easily separated from OCGW on basis of morphology, field identification involving the two species can still be problematic because of their small body size, highly similar gall morphology, and other life history traits. We further discussed the potential of the new species to be a pest for the chestnut industry and the consequences of accidental introduction of this species into nonnative areas, especially with regard to the bisexual reproduction mode of the new species in contrast to the parthenogenetic reproduction mode of OCGW.

Start-up procedures and analyses of sludge characteristics in a novel double circle anaerobic reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater.

The start-up procedures and characteristics of the granular sludge from a novel double circle (DC) anaerobic reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater were investigated. Following a start-up period, the DC reactor demonstrated good chemical oxygen demand removal at 96.87%. The Fourier transform infrared spectra and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra from the soluble microbial products of the effluent showed that amino acid and aromatic compounds in TCM wastewater were effectively removed by the DC reactor. The peak of the particle size distribution from the granular sludge in the first reaction area of the DC reactor ranged from 700 to 1500 µm with a mean size of 513 µm, and the mean size of the granular sludge in the second reaction area was approximately 250 µm. The protein-like peak in the EEM fluorescence clearly decreased and the coenzyme F420 of the fluorescence peak clearly increased for the extracellular polymeric substances of the granular sludge.

Impact analysis of hydraulic residence time and dissolved oxygen on performance efficiency and microbial community in N, N-dimethylformamide wastewater treated by an AnSBR-ASBR.

Suitable operating parameters are one of the key factors to efficient and stable biological wastewater treatment of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) wastewater. In this study, an improved AnSBR-ASBR reactor (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, AnSBR, and aerobic SBR, ASBR, run in series) was used to investigated the effects of operating conditions such as hydraulic residence time (HRT), AnSBR stirring speed and ASBR dissolved oxygen (DO) for DMF wastewater treatment. When HRT decreased from 24 h to 12 h, the average removal rates of COD by the AnSBR were 34.59% and 39.54%, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal rate of NH4+-N by ASBR decreased from 88.38% to 62.81%. The DMF removal rate reached the best at 18 h and the expression of dehydrogenase was the highest in the AnSBR. The abundance of Megasphaera, the dominant sugar-degrading bacteria in the AnSBR, continued to decline due to the decrease of HRT. The relative abundance of Methanobacterium gradually increased to 80.2% with the decrease of HRT and that hydrotrophic methanogenesis dominated the methanogenic process. The HRT decrease promoted butyrate and pyruvate metabolism in anaerobic sludge, but the proportion of glycolysis and methane metabolism decreased. The AnSBR-ASBR reactor had the best operation performance when HRT was 18 h, AnSBR speed was 220 r/min, and ASBR DO content was 3-4 mg/L. This study provided an effective reference for the reasonable selection of operating parameters in the treatment of DMF-containing wastewater by the AnSBR-ASBR.

Reporting form and content of research priorities identified in knee osteoarthritis clinical practice guidelines: a methodological literature analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical practice guideline (CPG) developers conduct systematic summaries of research evidence, providing them great capacity and ability to identify research priorities. We systematically analysed the reporting form and content of research priorities in CPGs related to knee osteoarthritis (KOA) to provide a valuable reference for guideline developers and clinicians. DESIGN: A methodological literature analysis was done and the characteristics of the reporting form and the content of the research priorities identified in KOA CPGs were summarised. DATA SOURCES: Six databases (PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) were searched for CPGs published from 1 January 2017 to 4 December 2022. The official websites of 40 authoritative orthopaedic societies, rheumatology societies and guideline development organisations were additionally searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included all KOA CPGs published in English or Chinese from 1 January 2017 that included at least one recommendation for KOA. We excluded duplicate publications, older versions of CPGs as well as guidance documents for guideline development. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Reviewers worked in pairs and independently screened and extracted the data. Descriptive statistics were used, and absolute frequencies and proportions of related items were calculated. RESULTS: 187 research priorities reported in 41 KOA CPGs were identified. 24 CPGs reported research priorities, of which 17 (41.5%) presented overall research priorities for the entire guideline rather than for specific recommendations. 110 (58.8%) research priorities were put forward due to lack of evidence. Meanwhile, more than 70% of the research priorities reflected the P (population) and I (intervention) structural elements, with 135 (72.2%) and 146 (78.1%), respectively. More than half of the research priorities (118, 63.8%) revolved around evaluating the efficacy of interventions. Research priorities primarily focused on physical activity (32, 17.3%), physical therapy (30, 16.2%), surgical therapy (27, 14.6%) and pharmacological treatment (26, 14.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Research priorities reported in KOA CPGs mainly focused on evaluating non-pharmacological interventions. There exists considerable room for improvement for a comprehensive and standardised generation and reporting of research priorities in KOA CPGs.

Emphasis should be placed on identifying and reporting research priorities to increase research value: An empirical analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compared the presentation of research priorities in the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) developed under the guidance of the GRADE working group or its two co-chair, and the Chinese CPGs. METHODS: This was a methodological empirical analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, and four Chinese databases (Wanfang, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database) and retrieved nine Chinese guideline databases or Society websites as well as GRADE Pro websites. We included all eligible GRADE CPGs and a random sample of double number of Chinese CPGs, published 2018 to 2022. The reviewers independently screened and extracted the data, and we summarized and analyzed the reporting on the research priorities in the CPGs. RESULTS: Of the 135 eligible CPGs (45 GRADE CPGs and 90 Chinese CPGs), 668, 138 research priorities were identified respectively. More than 70% of the research priorities in GRADE CPGs and Chinese CPGs had population and intervention (PI) structure. 99 (14.8%) of GRADE CPG research priorities had PIC structures, compared with only 4(2.9%) in Chinese. And 28.4% (190) GRADE CPG research priorities reflected comparisons between PICO elements, approximately double those in Chinese. The types of research priorities among GRADE CPGs and Chinese CPGs were mostly focused on the efficacy of interventions, and the type of comparative effectiveness in the GRADE research priorities was double those in Chinese. CONCLUSIONS: There was still considerable room for improvement in the developing and reporting of research priorities in Chinese CPGs. Key PICO elements were inadequately presented, with more attention on intervention efficacy and insufficient consideration given to values, preferences, health equity, and feasibility. Identifying and reporting of research priorities deserves greater effort in the future.

The complete mitochondrial genome and gene rearrangements in a gall wasp species, Dryocosmus liui (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Cynipidae).

Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been widely used in comparative and evolutionary genomics, molecular evolution, phylogenetics, and population genetics, but very limited information is available for the family Cynipidae. In this report, we describe the mitogenome of Dryocosmus liui Pang, Su et Zhu, providing the first complete mitogenomic data for a cynipid gall wasp species. The mitogenome of D. liui is 16,819 bp in length, and contains the typical set of 37 genes. Two control regions were detected, with the second being a perfect inverted repeat of the major portion of the first. Gene rearrangements were found in transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, protein-coding genes (PCGs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, compared with the putative ancestral mitogenome. Similar to two other Cynipidae species with mitogenome data available, D. liui has a novel tRNA gene cluster trnL1-trnI-trnL2-trnW-trnM-trnQ between nad1 and nad2. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of PCGs and rRNA genes with D. liui included obtained topologies identical to previous studies supporting the a relationship of (Cynipoidea , (Platygastroidea, Proctotrupoidea)) within the monophyletic Proctotrupomorpha and (Cynipidae, Figitidae), Ibaliidae) within the Cynipoidea.

Effects of microplastics on the properties of different types of sewage sludge and strategies to overcome the inhibition: A review.

Microplastics have been identified as an emerging pollutant. When microplastics enter wastewater treatment plants, the plant traps most of the microplastics in the sludge during sewage treatment. Therefore, the effects of microplastics on sludge removal performance, and on the physical and chemical properties and microbial communities in sludge, have attracted extensive attention. This review mainly describes the presence of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, and the effects of microplastics on the decontamination efficiency and physicochemical properties of activated sludge, aerobic granular sludge, anaerobic granular sludge and anaerobic ammonium oxidation sludge. Further, the review summarizes the effects of microplastics on microbial activity and microbial community dynamics in various sludges in terms of type, concentration, and contact time. The mechanisms used to strengthen the reduction of microplastics, such as biochar and hydrochar, are also discussed. This review summarizes the mechanism by which microplastics influence the performance of different types of sludge, and proposes effective strategies to mitigate the inhibitive effect of microplastics on sludge and discusses removal technologies of microplastics in sewage. Biochar and hydrochar are one of the effective measures to overcome the inhibition of microplastics on sludge. Meanwhile, constructed wetland may be one of the important choice for the future removal of microplastics from sewage. The goal is to provide theoretical support and insights for ensuring the stable operation of wastewater treatment plants and reducing the impact of microplastics on the environment.

Use of iron-loaded biochar to alleviate anammox performance inhibition under PFOA stress conditions: Integrated analysis of sludge characteristics and metagenomics.

The negative effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on biological nitrogen removal performance in wastewater treatment plants, are receiving increasing attention due to the widespread reporting of this issue. In this study, pomelo peel iron-loaded biochar (Fe-PBC) was added to an anammox bioreactor to alleviate the negative effects of PFOA. Results showed that the addition of Fe-PBC increased the ammonia and nitrite removal efficiencies from 77.7 ± 9.6 % and 79.5 ± 5.6 % to 94.45 ± 5.1 % and 95.9 ± 5.0 %, respectively. In addition, Fe-PBC promoted the removal of PFOA from wastewater, increasing the PFOA removal efficiency from 5.2 % to 29.2 ± 4.3 % from 100 to 200 days. The introduction of iron-loaded biochar into the anammox bioreactor increased the CO ratio by 13.64 % by 150 days. In addition, a CO fitting peak was detected in the Fe-PBC, indicating that the Fe-PBC was loaded with microorganisms. Microbial community analysis showed a decrease in the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae from 31 % and 3.4 % to 16.8 % and 0.9 %, respectively, while the relative abundance of Planctomycetes increased from 26.8 % to 44.1 %. Metagenomic analysis found that the functional genes hzsB and hdh increased from 98,666 ± 11,400 and 3190 ± 460 to 119,333 ± 15,534 and 138,650 ± 11,233 copy numbers/MLSS. The increase in anammox biomass may be attributed to the presence of iron, an essential element for the synthesis of key anammox enzyme. Furthermore, iron was also associated with the enhanced extracellular electron transfer in the anammox system induced by Fe-PBC.