The Importance of Social Support in the Management of Hypertension in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is high in Brazil, and control rates are low. Little is known about the factors that contribute to HTN control from a family-based perspective. OBJECTIVES: Guided by the family management style framework, specific aims were to (1) describe the prevalence of adequate blood pressure (BP) control in individuals cared for the Family Health Strategy, (2) identify facilitators and barriers to HTN management, and (3) identify individual contextual sociocultural influences (sociocultural context and social and Family Health Strategy support), definition of the situation, and management behaviors that help or interfere with individual functioning (BP control in the individual with HTN). METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 213 individuals with HTN randomly selected from 3 Family Health Strategy units from July 2016 until July 2017. RESULTS: Most of the individuals were female (n = 139, 65.3%), retired (n = 129, 60.5%), and White (n = 129, 60.2%) and had less than a high school education (n = 123, 57.6%). Family income (n = 166, 77.8%) was less than 5500 reals (US $1117/month). Mean (SD) systolic BP was 137.1 (±24.1) mm Hg, and mean (SD) diastolic BP was 83.8 (±18.6) mm Hg, with 47.9% (n = 102) having uncontrolled BP. In the multivariate logistic model, only high levels of perceived social support were significantly associated (odds ratio, 3.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.44-7.5; P = .005) with controlled BP. CONCLUSIONS: Social support is strongly associated with BP control. Optimizing support may play an important role in BP control and preventing HTN-related complications.

Facilitators and Inhibitors of LPN-to-RN Student Transition: A Cross-Sectional National Survey.

AIM: The aim of the study was to describe the transition conditions (facilitators and inhibitors) encountered by licensed practical nurses in registered nurse educational programs (LPN-to-RN students). BACKGROUND: LPN-to-RN students are important because they may increase diversity and numbers of RNs. However, no prior study has examined transition experiences of LPN-to-RN students across the United States. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey of LPN-to-RN students was conducted using Meleis et al.'s transition theory. RESULTS: Students (n = 873) from 131 nursing programs responded. The most common facilitators were personal motivation and believing the content taught was valuable; the most common inhibitors were juggling multiple responsibilities and personal stress levels. Several significant relationships between transition conditions and program/student characteristics were identified. CONCLUSION: Faculty in LPN-to-RN programs can increase support for students by refining their own actions and addressing potential challenges when LPN and non-LPN nursing students share classes.

Reflections on virtual research conferences and PhD student socialization: The missing link of in-person human connectedness.

Attending nursing research conferences as a PhD student is part of the research socialization experience. Participating in our excellent and recent ENRS conference was exciting and made us itchy for next year's planned live conference. It also made us contemplate the value and differences in these conference formats. The purpose of this paper is to describe the benefits and challenges for PhD students attending the virtual research conference. We present the pros and cons experienced with the virtual format. We then discuss some of the contextual socialization experiences in-person conferences provide the PhD student. Strategies are presented for both the student and faculty to consider as opportunities to augment the conference research experience overall. Research conferences are invaluable tools for networking, learning, and contemplating ideas to ensure nurse scientists continue to create innovative studies in the future.

Making explicit the development of PhD-prepared nurses to steward the discipline.

Leadership is a core curricular element of PhD programs in nursing. Our PhD faculty began a dialogue about being a leader, a steward of the discipline. We asked ourselves: (a) What expertise do PhD prepared nurse needs to begin to steward the discipline? (b) How do faculty engage PhD nursing students to assume responsibility for stewarding the discipline? Lastly, (c) How do we work with PhD nursing students to create their vision for how their work contributes to stewarding the discipline, from doctoral coursework throughout their career? We support the need for PhD graduates to have the skills to generate knowledge, conserve that which is important, and transform by disseminating new knowledge to a broad audience. Examples of nurses stewarding the discipline when pioneering research, critiquing traditional approaches to inquiry or trends in nursing practice, and developing policy, are highlighted along with examples of how PhD nursing students begin to steward the discipline.

Using a Nursing Salon to Identify and Develop an Initiative for Family Caregivers of Older Adults.

The purpose of the Aging Well Nursing-Interprofessional Salon was to explore current local community healthcare issues for older adults and to develop innovative strategies that support and enhance their health. An initiative emerged from the salon that focuses on identifying caregivers to ensure their awareness of available support resources. We are in the process of developing a pilot plan that includes collaboration of PhD and doctorate of nursing practice students, nursing faculty, and community agencies that support older adults.

A Developmental Milestones Map of Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management Transition From Parents to Adolescents.

Transitional diabetes self-management (DSM) for children and their families is complicated. This article was undertaken to provide an exemplar of DSM strategies used by one family that were based on developmental milestones from preschool through college age. Two brothers who were both diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before the age of 2 years reflected on how their parents began a DSM navigation process during their early preschool years. Personal strategies and recommendations successfully resulted in both youths transitioning to college. With the parents serving as DSM coaches to the boys, an interdependent relationship was built. Key recommendations include 1) starting early, 2) being consistent and flexible, 3) using "invisible actions" and "what ifs," 4) incorporating technology and community resources into DSM, and 5) building confidence with shared problem-solving.

Intervention Fidelity: Monitoring Drift, Providing Feedback, and Assessing the Control Condition.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of intervention fidelity is an essential component of any scientifically sound intervention trial. However, few papers have proposed ways to integrate intervention fidelity data into the execution of these trials. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the intervention fidelity process used in a randomized controlled trial of a human patient simulator intervention and how these data were used to monitor drift and provide feedback to improve the consistency of both intervention and control delivery over time in a multisite education intervention for parents of children with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Intervention fidelity was measured for both the intervention and control condition by direct observation, self-report of interventionist delivery, and parent participant receipt of educational information. Intervention fidelity data were analyzed after 50%, 75%, and 100% of the participants had been recruited and compared by group (treatment and control) and research site. RESULTS: The sample included 191 parents of young children newly diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. Observations scores in both intervention and control groups indicated a high level of intervention fidelity. Treatment receipt was also high and did not differ by treatment group. The teaching session attendance rates by site and session were significantly different at Time Point 1 (50% enrollment); following study staff retraining and reinforcement, there were no significant differences at Time Point 3 (100% enrollment). IMPLICATIONS: Results demonstrate the importance of monitoring intervention fidelity in both the intervention and control condition over time and using these data to correct drift during the course of a multisite clinical trial.

Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Children in the First 5 Years of Life.

A significant increase in children <6 years of age being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is occurring. The parents (caregivers) of these children have full responsibility for the complex and individualized management while having to deal with the emotional stress of caring for a child with a chronic condition. This article will provide a summary of the diagnosis and recommended medical treatment for this special age group of children. Also presented will be common day-to-day family management issues for health care providers to consider as they provide care for this most common endocrine chronic condition.

Parents Caring For Adult Children With Serious Mental Illness.

BACKGROUND: Parents often become the caregivers for their adult children with serious mental illness (SMI) due to the chronic and debilitating course of the illness and shortages in funding for community mental health services and residential placements. OBJECTIVE: To examine parents' management styles when caring for adult children with SMI and parents' perspectives on what type of community-based mental health interventions would support and/or enhance overall family functioning. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews with parents caring for adult children with SMI. The study was undergirded by Knafl and Deatrick's Family Management Style Framework. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged from the data describing prolonged and difficult phases that parents and the family undergo in caring for an adult child with SMI. CONCLUSIONS: Successful management of these phases must include increasing access to mental health information, mental health screening, early interventions, and violence prevention for adult children and their families.

Methodological challenges collecting parent phone-call healthcare utilization data.

Recommendations by the National Institute of Nursing Research and other groups have strongly encouraged nurses to pay greater attention to cost-effectiveness analysis when conducting research. Given the increasing prominence of translational science and comparative effective research, cost-effective analysis has become a basic tool in determining intervention value in research. Tracking phone-call communication (number of calls and context) with cross-checks between parents and healthcare providers is an example of this type of healthcare utilization data collection. This article identifies some methodological challenges that have emerged in the process of collecting this type of data in a randomized controlled trial: Parent education Through Simulation-Diabetes (PETS-D). We also describe ways in which those challenges have been addressed with comparison data results, and make recommendations for future research.

Parents' Perspectives on "Keeping Their Children Safe" in the Hospital.

This study explored parents' perspectives regarding their involvement in safety for their hospitalized children. We employed qualitative description and semistructured interviews of parents of children in an urban tertiary hospital ward. Content analysis revealed 4 parent themes: risks to child safety and comfort, hospital role as a protector, participation in safety varies by individual and organizational factors, and balancing safety with "speaking up" interpersonal risks. We suggest key concepts to incorporate into staff education and family engagement/safety programs to develop effective partnerships between clinicians and parents.

PREP-T1 (Preteen Re-Education With Parents-Type 1 Diabetes) Feasibility Intervention Results.

There has been a 2% to 3% increase in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children below 11 years old. Preteens (9-12 years old) with T1D are often overlooked regarding future diabetes self-management (DSM) expectations because parents are still in the "driver's seat." The study purpose was to explore feasibility/ability to recruit and conduct a two-arm trial on reeducation, collaboration, and social support. One component of DSM was reviewed (hypoglycemia) with preteens (n = 22) and parents (n = 22). The experimental preteens discussed hypoglycemia management with a teen mentor and nurse educator using a human patient simulator for practice, and working collaboratively with parents. Concurrently, mothers met with a parent mentor and psychologist to discuss growth and development, and collaborative shared management. Comparison dyads discussed hypoglycemia management with a nurse. Preteens slightly improved in diabetes knowledge; the experimental arm had higher problem-solving scores. Parents in the experimental arm had higher self-efficacy scores. Findings will inform future research.

Revisiting a non-significant findings study: a parent mentor intervention trial as exemplar.

The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive process for revising a parent social support intervention study with non-significant quantitative findings but strong clinical significance. We will present the methodological challenges that were problematic in the original intervention that potentially contributed to the non-significant findings, and a revised plan of action for conducting a future parent social support intervention. Of note, we have reconsidered the theory used to frame the original study, the randomization process, the intervention clarity and fidelity plan, what measures would better capture the effect, and the development of a more robust analysis plan that considers intra-family correlation, mediation and moderation (mixed model analysis). We will present the revision for each of these methods supported by recent empirical literature. Although this process may not be appropriate for all non-significant interventions, it should be considered with any study that has clinical significance.

Burnout Among Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe the experience of diabetes burnout in young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In addition, aims included participant perspectives of risk and protective factors associated with burnout and ways to balance everyday life with diabetes self-management (DSM). METHODS: Young adults with T1DM (N = 11) were recruited through social media platforms and modified snowball sampling and interviewed. Informational redundancy was achieved. Qualitative thematic coding and analysis were conducted within and across transcripts. RESULTS: Diabetes burnout was described as the willingness to put diabetes and DSM on the "back burner" and let things slide due to exhaustion, frustration, apathy, and the desire to be like everyone else for a while. Risk and protective factors were identified along with strategies to achieve balance of DSM in everyday life. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a clear definition of diabetes burnout and acknowledges this concept as distinct and separate from other psychosocial conditions. Health care providers can utilize this information to identify individuals at risk for diabetes burnout and offer more effective support to lessen the overall burden associated with T1DM.

Ubiety in nursing practice: Making each patient the star of the minute.

Nurses work in a fast-paced environment with increased expectations and distractions. Ubiety is a new concept that describes how nurses care for one patient at a time amid distractions. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of exemplar registered nurses (Daisy Award nurse nominees) in practicing ubiety when caring for patients in an acute care setting. Qualitative data was collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed. "Making each patient the star of the minute" emerged as the main theme and included five subthemes which highlight how nurses practice ubiety: (1) anticipating and managing distractions, (2) putting my whole self in, (3) nurse self-preservation, (4) my nursing identity, and (5) favorable practice environment. Results of this study highlight the importance of developing skills to anticipate patient care needs and supporting individual self-preservation strategies for nurses.

"Together We Can Return to Balance"-Eastern Woodlands Native Perspectives and Type 2 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study.

PURPOSE: To explore the perspectives of Eastern Woodlands Native people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the context of health beliefs, T2DM disease self-management, and family and community connections. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive method using face-to-face or telephonic semistructured interviews was employed with Native people ages 18 years or older who have a diagnosis of T2DM (N = 12) from an unidentified Eastern Woodlands tribe. The PEN-3 Cultural Model guided the study initially. RESULTS: The overarching theme "together we can return to balance" corresponded to 5 subthemes: coming to know life paths with T2DM, acknowledging the imbalance, negotiating my way forward, making important connections, and sticking closer to Mother Earth. Dimensions within the subthemes suggest why Native people may not be reaching T2DM treatment goals. Reasons include incomplete diabetes knowledge, difficulty accessing resources, and contextual variations in adoption of conventional diabetes treatments. CONCLUSION: This study identified themes from Native perspectives about T2DM self-management and about prospects that may mitigate incomplete knowledge and support. Integrating indigenous health and wellness knowledge with conventional principles of diabetes care presents several opportunities for nurses to advance diabetes self-management (DSM) education and support. Including Native health concepts when educating patients about DSM should be viewed as desirable for holistic family and community involvement that is central toward preventing disease progression.

Development and Psychometric Testing of the Peer-Mentor Support Scale for Parents of Children With Type 1 Diabetes and for Youths With Type 1 Diabetes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Peer-Mentor Support Scale (PMSS), a measure of peer-mentor support provided to parents of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to youths with T1D. METHODS: A multistage process was undertaken to include the following: item construction based on qualitive data from those who have experienced peer-mentor support, cognitive interviewing with parents and youths, content validity assessment, pilot testing of the scale, and psychometric evaluation of the PMSS with 165 participants. RESULTS: The final version of the PMSS included 17 items, scored on a 4-point Likert scale, with higher scores corresponding with greater peer-mentor support. The Cronbach's alpha was .85 (n = 165), and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .78 (n = 38). No significant relationship was found between the PMSS score and general social support, suggesting that peer-mentor support is distinct from general social support. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed, indicating that the scale was unidimensional and explained 59.3% of the variance in peer-mentor support. CONCLUSION: The PMSS is a reliable and valid 17-item instrument that can be used to measure the unique contributions of peer mentorship for parents of children with T1DM and for youths with T1DM.

Familias Apoyadas: Latino families supporting each other for diabetes care.

This study was undertaken to improve the cultural and linguistic sensitivity of an established parent-mentor training curriculum for Latino parents of young children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The cultural sensitivity of curriculum components was determined by interviewing four Latino mothers raising five children (aged 7 to 12 years) with type 1 diabetes. The mothers recommended offering resources in English and Spanish, including access to bilingual taxi service, providing access to family diabetes education on child development and preparation of healthy traditional cultural foods, and training for babysitting children with diabetes. They also suggested offering after-school and weekend diabetes clinics to decrease interference with work and school activities.