Zinc-finger CCHC-type containing protein 8 promotes RNA virus replication by suppressing the type-I interferon responses.

Host cells have evolved an intricate regulatory network to fine tune the type-I interferon responses. However, the full picture of this regulatory network remains to be depicted. In this study, we found that knock out of zinc-finger CCHC-type containing protein 8 (ZCCHC8) impairs the replication of influenza A virus (IAV), Sendai virus (Sev), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Further investigation unveiled that ZCCHC8 suppresses the type-I interferon responses by targeting the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, ZCCHC8 associates with phosphorylated IRF3 and disrupts the interaction of IRF3 with the co-activator CREB-binding protein (CBP). Additionally, the direct binding of ZCCHC8 with the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) impairs the ISRE-binding of IRF3. Our study contributes to the comprehensive understanding for the negative regulatory network of the type-I interferon responses and provides valuable insights for the control of multiple viruses from a host-centric perspective.IMPORTANCEThe innate immune responses serve as the initial line of defense against invading pathogens and harmful substances. Negative regulation of the innate immune responses plays an essential role in avoiding auto-immune diseases and over-activated immune responses. Hence, the comprehensive understanding of the negative regulation network for innate immune responses could provide novel therapeutic insights for the control of viral infections and immune dysfunction. In this study, we report that ZCCHC8 negatively regulates the type-I interferon responses. We illustrate that ZCCHC8 impedes the IRF3-CBP association by interacting with phosphorylated IRF3 and competes with IRF3 for binding to ISRE. Our study demonstrates the role of ZCCHC8 in the replication of multiple RNA viruses and contributes to a deeper understanding of the negative regulation system for the type-I interferon responses.

A comprehensive review of bioinformatics tools for chromatin loop calling.

Precisely calling chromatin loops has profound implications for further analysis of gene regulation and disease mechanisms. Technological advances in chromatin conformation capture (3C) assays make it possible to identify chromatin loops in the genome. However, a variety of experimental protocols have resulted in different levels of biases, which require distinct methods to call true loops from the background. Although many bioinformatics tools have been developed to address this problem, there is still a lack of special introduction to loop-calling algorithms. This review provides an overview of the loop-calling tools for various 3C-based techniques. We first discuss the background biases produced by different experimental techniques and the denoising algorithms. Then, the completeness and priority of each tool are categorized and summarized according to the data source of application. The summary of these works can help researchers select the most appropriate method to call loops and further perform downstream analysis. In addition, this survey is also useful for bioinformatics scientists aiming to develop new loop-calling algorithms.

Multimodal neuroimaging fusion unravel structural-functional-neurotransmitter change in Parkinson's disease with impulse control disorders.

BACKGROUND: Impulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly multifactorial in etiology and has intricate neural mechanisms. Our multimodal neuroimaging study aimed to investigate the specific patterns of structure-function-neurotransmitter interactions underlying ICD. METHODS: Thirty PD patients with ICD (PD-ICD), 30 without ICD (PD-NICD) and 32 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Gyrification and perivascular spaces (PVS) were computed to capture the alternations of cortical surface morphology and glymphatic function. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) were performed to identify the corresponding functional changes. Further, JuSpace toolbox were employed for cross-modal correlations to evaluate whether the spatial patterns of functional alterations in ICD patients were associated with specific neurotransmitter system. RESULTS: Compared to PD-NICD, PD-ICD patients showed hypogyrification and enlarged PVS volume fraction in the left orbitofrontal gyrus (OFG), as well as decreased FC between interhemispheric OFG. The interhemispheric OFG connectivity reduction was associated with spatial distribution of µ-opioid pathway (r = -0.186, p = 0.029, false discovery rate corrected). ICD severity was positively associated with the PVS volume fraction of left OFG (r = 0.422, p = 0.032). Furthermore, gyrification index (LGI) and percent PVS (pPVS) in OFG and their combined indicator showed good performance in differentiating PD-ICD from PD-NICD. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that the co-altered structure-function-neurotransmitter interactions of OFG might be involved in the pathogenesis of ICD.

Interleukin-12 Delivery Strategies and Advances in Tumor Immunotherapy.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is considered to be a promising cytokine for enhancing an antitumor immune response; however, recombinant IL-12 has shown significant toxicity and limited efficacy in early clinical trials. Recently, many strategies for delivering IL-12 to tumor tissues have been developed, such as modifying IL-12, utilizing viral vectors, non-viral vectors, and cellular vectors. Previous studies have found that the fusion of IL-12 with extracellular matrix proteins, collagen, and immune factors is a way to enhance its therapeutic potential. In addition, studies have demonstrated that viral vectors are a good platform, and a variety of viruses such as oncolytic viruses, adenoviruses, and poxviruses have been used to deliver IL-12-with testing previously conducted in various cancer models. The local expression of IL-12 in tumors based on viral delivery avoids systemic toxicity while inducing effective antitumor immunity and acting synergistically with other therapies without compromising safety. In addition, lipid nanoparticles are currently considered to be the most mature drug delivery system. Moreover, cells are also considered to be drug carriers because they can effectively deliver therapeutic substances to tumors. In this article, we will systematically discuss the anti-tumor effects of IL-12 on its own or in combination with other therapies based on different delivery strategies.

NDR1 mediates PD-L1 deubiquitination to promote prostate cancer immune escape via USP10.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male genitourinary system malignancies. Despite the significant benefits of anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in other cancers, the reasons for its poor therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear.NDR1 plays an important role in innate immunity, but its role in tumor immunity and immunotherapy has not been investigated. The role of NDR1 in the immune microenvironment of PCa and the related mechanisms are unknown. Here, we found a positive correlation between NDR1 and PD-L1 expression in PCa. NDR1 significantly inhibits CD8 + T cell infiltration and function, thereby promoting immune escape in prostate cancer.More importantly, NDR1 inhibition significantly enhanced CD8 + T cell activation, which enhanced the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-L1. Mechanistic studies revealed that NDR1 inhibits ubiquitination-mediated PD-L1 degradation via the deubiquitinase USP10, upregulates PD-L1, and promotes PCa immune escape. Thus, our study suggests a unique PD-L1 regulatory mechanism underlying PCa immunotherapy failure. The significance of NDR1 in PCa immune escape and its mechanism of action were clarified, and combined NDR1/PD-L1 inhibition was suggested as an approach to boost PCa immunotherapy effectiveness.

Gasdermin D promotes development of intestinal tumors through regulating IL-1ß release and gut microbiota composition.

The interplay between gut microbiota and host is crucial for maintaining host health. When this balance is broken, various diseases can arise, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanism by which gut microbiota and host interactions mediate CRC development remains unclear. Here, we found that Gasdermin D (GSDMD), an inflammasome effector responsible for forming membrane pores to mediate cell pyroptosis, was upregulated in both human and mouse intestinal tumor samples. GSDMD deficiency significantly suppressed intestinal tumor development in Apcmin/+ mice, a spontaneous CRC mouse model. Apcmin/+Gsdmd-/- mice exhibited reduced IL-1ß release in the intestine, and the administration of recombinant mouse IL-1ß partially restored intestinal tumor development in Apcmin/+Gsdmd-/- mice. Moreover, 16s rRNA sequencing showed a substantial increase in Lactobacillus abundance in the feces of Apcmin/+Gsdmd-/- mice compared to Apcmin/+ mice. Concurrently, Kynurenine (Kyn), a metabolite derived from host tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, was significantly decreased in the feces of Apcmin/+Gsdmd-/- mice, as shown by metabolite analysis. Additionally, Kyn levels were inversely correlated with Lactobacillus abundance. Furthermore, the administration of exogenous Kyn also promoted intestinal tumor development in Apcmin/+Gsdmd-/- mice. Thus, GSDMD promotes spontaneous CRC development through increasing IL-1ß release and Kyn production. Our data suggest an association between GSDMD, gut microbiota, the host Trp/Kyn pathway, and CRC development.

Oncoprotein LAMTOR5-mediated CHOP silence via DNA hypermethylation and miR-182/miR-769 in promotion of liver cancer growth.

C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) triggers the death of multiple cancers via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of CHOP in liver cancer remain elusive. We have reported that late endosomal/lysosomal adapter, mitogen-activated protein kinase and mTOR activator 5 (LAMTOR5) suppresses apoptosis in various cancers. Here, we show that the transcriptional and posttranscriptional inactivation of CHOP mediated by LAMTOR5 accelerates liver cancer growth. Clinical bioinformatic analysis revealed that the expression of CHOP was low in liver cancer tissues and that its increased expression predicted a good prognosis. Elevated CHOP contributed to destruction of LAMTOR5-induced apoptotic suppression and proliferation. Mechanistically, LAMTOR5-recruited DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to the CpG3 region (-559/-429) of the CHOP promoter and potentiated its hypermethylation to block its interaction with general transcription factor IIi (TFII-I), resulting in its inactivation. Moreover, LAMTOR5-enhanced miR-182/miR-769 reduced CHOP expression by targeting its 3'UTR. Notably, lenvatinib, a first-line targeted therapy for liver cancer, could target the LAMTOR5/CHOP axis to prevent liver cancer progression. Accordingly, LAMTOR5-mediated silencing of CHOP via the regulation of ER stress-related apoptosis promotes liver cancer growth, providing a theoretical basis for the use of lenvatinib for the treatment of liver cancer.

Transport of polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics under the action of agricultural chemicals: Role of pesticide adjuvants and neonicotinoid active ingredients.

Understanding the impact of various agricultural chemical components on the fate and transport of microplastics (MPs) in the subsurface is essential. In this study, column experiments on saturated porous media were conducted to explore the influence of the coexistence environment of pesticide adjuvants (surfactants) and active ingredients (neonicotinoids) on the transport of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) MPs. An anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)), a nonionic surfactant (nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-40)), and three neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, dinotefuran, and nitenpyram) could independently increase MP migration by 9.31%-61.01% by improving the hydrophilicity. Acetamiprid or dinotefuran reduced the adhesion work of the binary system by competing with SDS for adsorption sites, thereby inhibiting PE mobility. However, nitenpyram in the mixture was not easily adsorbed on the surface of PE MPs together with SDS because of nitenpyram's high hydrophilicity. Neonicotinoid molecules could not reduce the hydrophilic modification of SDS on PP MPs by competing for adsorption sites. Owing to their weak charge and adhesion work of nonionic surfactants (-4.80 mV and 28.45 kT for PE and -8.21 mV and 17.64 kT for PP), neonicotinoids tended to occupy the adsorption sites originally belonging to NP-40. The long molecular chain of NP-40 made it difficult for high-concentration neonicotinoids to affect the adhesion on MPs. In addition, NP-40 was harder to peel off from the MP surface than SDS, leading to a larger MP transport ability in the sand column.

Effects of dietary selenized glucose on intestinal microbiota and tryptophan metabolism in rats: Assessing skatole reduction potential.

3-Methylindole (Skatole), a degradation product of tryptophan produced by intestinal microbial activity, significantly contributes to odor nuisance. Its adverse effects on animal welfare, human health, and environmental pollution have been noted. However, it is still unclear whether the intestinal microbiota mediates the impact of selenium (Se) on skatole production and what the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. A selenized glucose (SeGlu) derivative is a novel organic selenium compound. In this study, a diverse range of dietary SeGlu-treated levels, including SeGlu-deficient (CK), SeGlu-adequate (0.15 mg Se per L), and SeGlu-supranutritional (0.4 mg Se per L) conditions, were used to investigate the complex interaction of SeGlu on intestinal microbiome and serum metabolome changes in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The study showed that SeGlu supplementation enhanced the antioxidant ability in rats, significantly manifested in the increases of the activity of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), while no change in the level of malonaldehyde (MDA). Metagenomic sequencing analysis verified that the SeGlu treatment group significantly increased the abundance of beneficial microorganisms such as Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, and Alloprevotella while reducing the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Bacteroides and Alistipes significantly. Further metabolomic analysis revealed phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis changes in the SeGlu treatment group. Notably, the biosynthesis of indole, a critical pathway, was affected by SeGlu treatment, with several crucial enzymes implicated. Correlation analysis demonstrated strong associations between specific bacterial species - Treponema, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcus, and changes in indole and derivative concentrations. Moreover, the efficacy of SeGlu-treated fecal microbiota was confirmed through fecal microbiota transplantation, leading to a decrease in the concentration of skatole in rats. Collectively, the analysis of microbiota and metabolome response to diverse SeGlu levels suggests that SeGlu is a promising dietary additive in modulating intestinal microbiota and reducing odor nuisance in the livestock and poultry industry.

Lipid droplet accumulation in Wdr45-deficient cells caused by impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagic degradation of Fasn.

BACKGROUND: ß-Propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in WDR45. The impairment of autophagy caused by WDR45 deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of BPAN; however, the pathomechanism of this disease is largely unknown. Lipid dyshomeostasis is involved in neurogenerative diseases, but whether lipid metabolism is affected by Wdr45 deficiency and whether lipid dyshomeostasis contributes to the progression of BPAN are unclear. METHODS: We generated Wdr45 knockout SN4741 cell lines using CRISPR‒Cas9-mediated genome editing, then lipid droplets (LDs) were stained using BODIPY 493/503. Chaperone-mediated autophagy was determined by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The expression of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) was detected by western blot in the presence or absence of the lysosomal inhibitor NH4Cl and the CMA activator AR7. The interaction between Fasn and HSC70 was analyzed using coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay. Cell viability was measured by a CCK-8 kit after treatment with the Fasn inhibitor C75 or the CMA activator AR7. RESULTS: Deletion of Wdr45 impaired chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), thus leading to lipid droplet (LD) accumulation. Moreover, Fasn can be degraded via CMA, and that defective CMA leads to elevated Fasn, which promotes LD formation. LD accumulation is toxic to cells; however, cell viability was not rescued by Fasn inhibition or CMA activation. Inhibition of Fasn with a low concentration of C75 did not affect cell viability but decreases LD density. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that Fasn is essential for cell survival but that excessive Fasn leads to LD accumulation in Wdr45 knockout cells.

The Enigma of Tau Protein Aggregation: Mechanistic Insights and Future Challenges.

Tau protein misfolding and aggregation are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and over twenty neurodegenerative disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms of tau aggregation in vivo remain incompletely understood. There are two types of tau aggregates in the brain: soluble aggregates (oligomers and protofibrils) and insoluble filaments (fibrils). Compared to filamentous aggregates, soluble aggregates are more toxic and exhibit prion-like transmission, providing seeds for templated misfolding. Curiously, in its native state, tau is a highly soluble, heat-stable protein that does not form fibrils by itself, not even when hyperphosphorylated. In vitro studies have found that negatively charged molecules such as heparin, RNA, or arachidonic acid are generally required to induce tau aggregation. Two recent breakthroughs have provided new insights into tau aggregation mechanisms. First, as an intrinsically disordered protein, tau is found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) both in vitro and inside cells. Second, cryo-electron microscopy has revealed diverse fibrillar tau conformations associated with different neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, only the fibrillar core is structurally resolved, and the remainder of the protein appears as a "fuzzy coat". From this review, it appears that further studies are required (1) to clarify the role of LLPS in tau aggregation; (2) to unveil the structural features of soluble tau aggregates; (3) to understand the involvement of fuzzy coat regions in oligomer and fibril formation.

Chemical Derivatization and Paper Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Fast Screening of Retinoic Acid in Cosmetics.

As a prescription drug, retinoic acid is listed as a banned cosmetic additive in the EU and China regulations. Currently, spectrophotometric methods, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and HPLC-MS/MS, are commonly used for the determination of retinoic acid. As these conventional methods require complex pretreatment and are time-consuming, chemical derivatization combined with paper spray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the fast detection of retinoic acid in cosmetics. N,N-dimethylpiperazine iodide (DMPI) was utilized as a derivatization reagent. Carboxylic acid in retinoic acid was derivatized to carry a positive charge and was subjected to mass spectrometry analysis. Results showed that compared with non-derivatized compounds, the detection limit was increased by about 50 times. The linearity in the range of 0.005-1 µg·mL-1 was good. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.0013 µg·mL-1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.0043 µg·mL-1. The recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 95-105%, and the RSDs were below 5%. Derivatization and paper spray ionization MS render a quick, sensitive, and accurate method for the detection of retinoic acid in a complex matrix.

Decoding Cosmetic Complexities: A Comprehensive Guide to Matrix Composition and Pretreatment Technology.

Despite advancements in analytical technologies, the complex nature of cosmetic matrices, coupled with the presence of diverse and trace unauthorized additives, hinders the application of these technologies in cosmetics analysis. This not only impedes effective regulation of cosmetics but also leads to the continual infiltration of illegal products into the market, posing serious health risks to consumers. The establishment of cosmetic regulations is often based on extensive scientific experiments, resulting in a certain degree of latency. Therefore, timely advancement in laboratory research is crucial to ensure the timely update and adaptability of regulations. A comprehensive understanding of the composition of cosmetic matrices and their pretreatment technologies is vital for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of cosmetic detection. Drawing upon the China National Medical Products Administration's 2021 Cosmetic Classification Rules and Classification Catalogue, we streamline the wide array of cosmetics into four principal categories based on the following compositions: emulsified, liquid, powdered, and wax-based cosmetics. In this review, the characteristics, compositional elements, and physicochemical properties inherent to each category, as well as an extensive overview of the evolution of pretreatment methods for different categories, will be explored. Our objective is to provide a clear and comprehensive guide, equipping researchers with profound insights into the core compositions and pretreatment methods of cosmetics, which will in turn advance cosmetic analysis and improve detection and regulatory approaches in the industry.

Efficacy of Danzhixiaoyao tablets combined with methylcobalamin tablets in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: an open-label, randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and tolerability of danzhixiaoyao pills in the accurate treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). METHOD: Collect a total of 78 patients (75 female patients and 3 male patients) from the oral mucosa department who were considered eligible fromOctober 2020 to October 2022.The patients were randomized and divided into trial group and control group.The trail group received danzhixiaoyao pills and mecobalamine tablets while the control group was given mecobalamine tablets.The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome integral and adverse reactions were performed at baseline and after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of treatment. Descriptive statistics, including the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Chi-square test for median comparisons between different times, were used. RESULT: 1.After treatment, the VAS, BDI,OHIP-14, and TCM syndrome integral in the trial group had a significant decrease than the control group(P< 0.05).However, there was no statistical difference in the BAI scores between the two groups (P> 0.05). 2.According to the efficacy determination criteria , the total effective rate of the test group was 73.68% , the control group was 52.94% and the recurrence rate was 0. There was a significant difference between the two groups (Z=-2.688, P < 0.05). The results showed that the curative effect of test group was better than that of control group.3. No adverse effects occurred in patients in either group. CONCLUSION: Danzhixiaoyao pills has demonstrated to have a positive effect in relieving BMS symptoms and in improving a patient's overall quality of life with no AEs compared with the control group. The efficacy evaluation systems that can be verified and complementary in this study provide a perfect, effective and referential evaluation system for the use of Chinese patent medicine in the treatment of oral mucosal diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry name: Chinese Clinical trail Registry Registration number: ChiCTR2000038189 Date of Registration: 2020-09-13 Please visit ( https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=61462 ) to the protocol.

Latent Profile Analysis of Self-Stigma Among Individuals With Schizophrenia and Its Relationship With Illness Perception.

PURPOSE: To investigate self-stigma among individuals with schizophrenia, identify potential categories of self-stigma, and analyze the association between self-stigma categories and dimensions of disease perception. METHOD: Convenience sampling was used to select individuals with schizophrenia (N = 216) in psychiatric hospitals. A General Demographic Information Questionnaire, the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory, and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire were used for data collection. A latent profile analysis was performed on self-stigma characteristics of participants, and potential categories of influencing factors and their relationship with illness perception were examined. RESULTS: Participants were classified into three potential categories: low self-stigma-low resistance (19.4%), medium self-stigma (55.6%), and high self-stigma-high discrimination (25%). Compared with the low self-stigma-low resistance group, those with higher illness representation and illness understanding scores were more likely to be classified as medium self-stigma, and emotional representation was the strongest predictor for high self-stigma-high discrimination. CONCLUSION: Self-stigma among participants was mostly medium to high. Self-stigma of individuals with schizophrenia demonstrates group heterogeneity; therefore, nurses should formulate targeted interventions based on the characteristics of each category to achieve precise interventions and reduce self-stigma. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

Dynamic functional connectivity reveals hyper-connected pattern and abnormal variability in freezing of gait of Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Freezing of gait (FOG) is an intractable and paroxysmal gait disorder that seriously affects the quality of life of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Emerging studies have reported abnormal brain activity of distributed networks in FOG patients, whereas ignoring the intrinsic dynamic fluctuations of functional connectivity. The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) of PD-FOG. METHODS: In total, 52 PD patients with FOG (PD-FOG), 73 without FOG (PD-NFOG) and 38 healthy controls (HCs) received resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Sliding window method, k-means clustering and graph theory analysis were employed to retrieve dynamic characteristics of PD-FOG. Partial correlation analysis was conducted to verify whether the dFNC was related to freezing gait severity. RESULTS: Seven brain networks were identified and configured into seven states. Compared to PD-NFOG, significant spatial pattern was identified for state 2 in freezers, showing increased functional coupling between default mode network (DMN) and basal ganglia network (BG), as a concrete manifestation of increased precuneus-caudate coupling. The mean dwell time and fractional window of state 2 had a positive correlation with FOG severity. Furthermore, PD-FOG group exhibited lower variance in nodal efficiency of independent components (IC) 7 (left precuneus). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that aberrant coupling of precuneus-caudate and disrupted variability of precuneus efficiency might be associated to the neural mechanisms of FOG.

Branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase kinase regulates vascular permeability and angiogenesis to facilitate tumor metastasis in renal cell carcinoma.

Branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is the rate-limiting enzyme of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. In the last six years, BCKDK has been used as a kinase to promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascularized tumor. A high degree of vascularization promotes tumor metastasis. Our objective is to explore the relationship between BCKDK and RCC metastasis and its specific mechanism. In our study, BCKDK is highly expressed in renal clear cell carcinoma and promotes the migration of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Exosomes from ccRCC cells can promote vascular permeability and angiogenesis, especially when BCKDK is overexpressed in ccRCC cells. BCKDK can also augment the miR-125a-5p expression in ccRCC cells and derived exosomes, thereby decreasing the downstream target protein VE-cadherin level, weakening adhesion junction expression, increasing vascular permeability, and promoting angiogenesis in HUVECs. The novel BCKDK/Exosome-miR-125a-5p/VE-cadherin axis regulates intercellular communication between ccRCC cells and HUVECs. BCKDK plays a critical role in renal cancer metastasis, may be used as a molecular marker of metastatic ccRCC, and even may become a potential target of clinical anti-vascular therapy for ccRCC.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 mediates arginine symmetric dimethylation of influenza A virus PB2 and supports viral replication.

Influenza A virus (IAV) relies on intricate and highly coordinated associations with host factors for efficient replication and transmission. Characterization of such factors holds great significance for development of anti-IAV drugs. Our study identified protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a novel host factor indispensable for IAV replication. Silencing PRMT5 resulted in drastic repression of IAV replication. Our findings revealed that PRMT5 interacts with each protein component of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) and promotes arginine symmetric dimethylation of polymerase basic 2 (PB2). Overexpression of PRMT5 enhanced viral polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner, emphasizing its role in genome transcription and replication of IAV. Moreover, analysis of PB2 protein sequences across various subtypes of IAVs demonstrated the high conservation of potential RG motifs recognized by PRMT5. Overall, our study suggests that PRMT5 supports IAV replication by facilitating viral polymerase activity by interacting with PB2 and promoting its arginine symmetric dimethylation. This study deepens our understanding of how IAV manipulates host factors to facilitate its replication and highlights the great potential of PRMT5 to serve as an anti-IAV therapeutic target.

Cortical Disinhibition Drives Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease and an Exploratory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of the primary motor cortex, participating in regulation of posture and gait, is implicated in freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: The aim was to reveal the mechanisms of "OFF-period" FOG (OFF-FOG) and "levodopa-unresponsive" FOG (ONOFF-FOG) in PD. METHODS: We measured the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) indicators and gait parameters in 21 healthy controls (HCs), 15 PD patients with ONOFF-FOG, 15 PD patients with OFF-FOG, and 15 PD patients without FOG (Non-FOG) in "ON" and "OFF" medication conditions. Difference of TMS indicators in the four groups and two conditions and its correlations with gait parameters were explored. Additionally, we explored the effect of 10 Hz repetitive TMS on gait and TMS indicators in ONOFF-FOG patients. RESULTS: In "OFF" condition, short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) exhibited remarkable attenuation in FOG patients (both ONOFF-FOG and OFF-FOG) compared to Non-FOG patients and HCs. The weakening of SICI correlated with impaired gait characteristics in FOG. However, in "ON" condition, SICI in ONOFF-FOG patients reduced compared to OFF-FOG patients. Pharmacological treatment significantly improved SICI and gait in OFF-FOG patients, and high-frequency repetitive TMS distinctly improved gait in ONOFF-FOG patients, accompanied by enhanced SICI. CONCLUSIONS: Motor cortex disinhibition, represented by decreased SICI, is related to FOG in PD. Refractory freezing in ONOFF-FOG patients correlated with the their reduced SICI insensitive to dopaminergic medication. SICI can serve as an indicator of the severity of impaired gait characteristics in FOG and reflect treatments efficacy for FOG in PD patients. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Effects of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules in adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019: an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial, Lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) capsule was effective for accelerating symptom recovery among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the lack of blinding and limited sample sizes decreased the level of clinical evidence. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of LHQW capsule in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in adults with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (17 sites from China, Thailand, Philippine and Vietnam). Patients received standard-of-care alone or plus LHQW capsules (4 capsules, thrice daily) for 14 days. The primary endpoint was the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of nine major symptoms. RESULTS: The full-analysis set consisted of 410 patients in LHQW capsules and 405 in placebo group. LHQW significantly shortened the primary endpoint in the full-analysis set (4.0 vs. 6.7 days, hazards ratio: 1.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.39-1.90). LHQW capsules shortened the median time to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of stuffy or runny nose (2.8 vs. 3.7 days), sore throat (2.0 vs. 2.6 days), cough (3.2 vs. 4.9 days), feeling hot or feverish (1.0 vs. 1.3 days), low energy or tiredness (1.3 vs. 1.9 days), and myalgia (1.5 vs. 2.0 days). The duration to sustained clinical improvement or resolution of shortness of breath, headache, and chills or shivering did not differ significantly between the two groups. Safety was comparable between the two groups. No serious adverse events were reported. INTERPRETATION: LHQW capsules promote recovery of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 via accelerating symptom resolution and were well tolerated. Trial registration ChiCTR2200056727 .