A hybrid demultiplexing strategy that improves performance and robustness of cell hashing.

Cell hashing, a nucleotide barcode-based method that allows users to pool multiple samples and demultiplex in downstream analysis, has gained widespread popularity in single-cell sequencing due to its compatibility, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. Despite these advantages, the performance of this method remains unsatisfactory under certain circumstances, especially in experiments that have imbalanced sample sizes or use many hashtag antibodies. Here, we introduce a hybrid demultiplexing strategy that increases accuracy and cell recovery in multi-sample single-cell experiments. This approach correlates the results of cell hashing and genetic variant clustering, enabling precise and efficient cell identity determination without additional experimental costs or efforts. In addition, we developed HTOreader, a demultiplexing tool for cell hashing that improves the accuracy of cut-off calling by avoiding the dominance of negative signals in experiments with many hashtags or imbalanced sample sizes. When compared to existing methods using real-world datasets, this hybrid approach and HTOreader consistently generate reliable results with increased accuracy and cell recovery.

Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channels by antimalarial hydroxychloroquine alleviates TRPV3-dependent dermatitis.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channel (TRPV3) is closely associated with skin inflammation, but there is a lack of effective and specific inhibitors for clinical use. In this study, we identified antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a selective TRPV3 inhibitor following the prediction by network pharmacology data analysis. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, HCQ inhibited the current of the TRPV3 channel, with an IC50 of 51.69 ± 4.78 µM. At the single-channel level, HCQ reduced the open probability of TRPV3 and decreased single-channel conductance. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that residues in the pore domain were critical for the activity of HCQ. In vivo, HCQ effectively reduced carvacrol-induced epidermal thickening, erythema, and desquamation. Additionally, the serum immunoglobulin E and inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were markedly decreased in the dorsal skin tissues in the HCQ treatment group, as compared to the model group. Our results suggested the antimalarial HCQ may represent a potential alleviator for treating skin inflammation by inhibiting TRPV3 channels.

Cleavage-Stage Embryo Segmentation Using SAM-Based Dual Branch Pipeline: Development and Evaluation with the CleavageEmbryo Dataset.

MOTIVATION: Embryo selection is one of the critical factors in determining the success of pregnancy in in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures. Using artificial intelligence to aid in embryo selection could effectively address the current time-consuming, expensive, subjectively influenced process of embryo assessment by trained embryologists. However, current deep learning-based methods often focus on blastocyst segmentation, grading, or predicting cell development via time-lapse videos, often overlooking morphokinetic parameters or lacking interpretability. Given the significance of both morphokinetic and morphological evaluation in predicting the implantation potential of cleavage-stage embryos, as emphasized by previous research, there is a necessity for an automated method to segment cleavage-stage embryos to improve this process. RESULTS: In this article, we introduce the SAM-based Dual Branch Segmentation Pipeline for automated segmentation of blastomeres in cleavage-stage embryos. Leveraging the powerful segmentation capability of SAM, the instance branch conducts instance segmentation of blastomeres, while the semantic branch performs semantic segmentation of fragments. Due to the lack of publicly available datasets, we construct the CleavageEmbryo dataset, the first dataset of human cleavage-stage embryos with pixel-level annotations containing fragment information. We train and test a series of state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms on CleavageEmbryo. Our experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing algorithms in terms of objective metrics (mAP 0.748 on blastomeres, Dice 0.694 on fragments) and visual quality, enabling more accurate segmentation of cleavage-stage embryos. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The code and sample data in this study can be found at: Https://github.com/12austincc/Cleavage-StageEmbryoSegmentation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Brain Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices Influences Impulsivity in Delay Discounting Choices.

Intertemporal decision-making is pivotal for human interests and health. Recently, studies instructed participants to make intertemporal choices for both themselves and others, but the specific mechanisms are still debated. To address the issue, in the current study, the cost-unneeded conditions (i.e., "Self Immediately - Self Delay" and "Other Immediately - Other Delay" conditions) and the cost-needed conditions (i.e., "Self Immediately - Other Delay" and "Self Delay - Other Immediately" conditions) were set with the identity of OTHER being a stranger. We manipulated the magnitude of reward (Experiment 1) and disrupted the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; Experiment 2). We found that both the behavioral and rTMS manipulations increased smaller but sooner choice probability via reducing self-control function. The reduced self-control function elicited by rTMS affected both self- and other-related intertemporal choices via increasing the choice preference for smaller but sooner reward options, which may help people deeply understand the relationship between self- and other-related intertemporal choices in processing mechanism, especially when the OTHER condition is set as a stranger.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Parkinson's Disease by Promoting METTL9-Catalyzed Histidine Methylation of Nuclear Factor-κВ.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment on Parkinson's disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration was used establish PD mice model. The number of neurons is determined by TH staining. mRNA expression is detected by RT-qPCR. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. Gene expression is determined by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The functions of neurons are determined by TUNEL and flow cytometry assay. The binding sites of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) RELA on the promoter of NLRP3 are predicted by JASPAR and verified by luciferase and ChIP assays. The results showed that EA treatment improves motor dysfunction in patients with PD. In vivo assays show that MPTP administration induces the loss of neurons in mice, which is restored by EA treatment. Moreover, EA treatment alleviates motor deficits in MPTP-induced PD mice. EA treatment also inhibits the enrichment of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lactodehydrogenase and suppresses neuronal pyroptosis. EA treatment increases the expression of METTL9. However, METTL9 deficiency dampens the effects of EA treatment and induces neuronal pyroptosis. Additionally, METTL9 promotes histidine methylation of NF-κB RELA, resulting the inhibition of epigenetic transcription of NLRP3. EA treatment restores neuronal function and improves motor dysfunction via promoting METTL9 histidine methylation of NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling.

Disentangling the Inverse LDL-C-hemorrhagic Stroke Association in Chinese Adults with Hypertension: Findings from the Chinese Multi-Provincial Cohort Study.

Why lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was associated with a decreased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk but an increased hemorrhagic stroke (HS) risk in hypertensive adults remains unclear. We examined whether the inverse LDL-C-HS association partly arises from its effect on ASCVD. We estimated separable effects of LDL-C on HS outside (i.e., separable direct effect) or only through its effect on ASCVD (i.e., separable indirect effect) in hypertensive adults from the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study. We quantified such effects using numbers needed to treat (NNT) to prevent or cause an extra HS based on the restricted mean event-free time till a 25-year follow-up. LDL-C $<$ 70 mg/dL was not associated with an increased HS risk compared to LDL-C $\ge$ 70 mg/dL regarding total and separable direct effects. However, a small separable indirect effect (i.e., NNT to harm: 9722 participants) was noted and validated via a series of sensitivity analyses. Moreover, modified effects were observed, particularly in the 35-49-year age group, men, and those with SBP $\ge$ 140 mm Hg. These results suggest the inverse LDL-C-HS association in hypertensive adults is partly due to its effect on ASCVD. A better understanding of such associations would provide more enlightening into stroke prevention.

Conjunctival microvascular alteration in patients with coronary artery disease assessed using optical coherence tomographic angiography.

BACKGROUND: To quantify conjunctival microvascular characteristics obtained by optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) and investigate their relationship with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 103 consecutive CAD patients confirmed by coronary angiography and 125 non-CAD controls. The temporal conjunctivas along the limbus of each participant were scanned using OCTA. Quantification of conjunctival microvasculature was performed by AngioTool software. The severity of the disease was evaluated using SYNTAX and Gensini scores. RESULTS: Compared to the controls, the CAD group exhibited significantly lower vessel area density (30.22 ± 3.34 vs. 26.70 ± 4.43 %, p < 0.001), lower vessel length density (6.39 ± 0.77 vs. 5.71 ± 0.89/m, p < 0.001), lower junction density (3.44 ± 0.56 vs. 3.05 ± 0.63/m, p < 0.001), and higher lacunarity (0.11 ± 0.03 vs. 0.14 ± 0.05, p < 0.001). Among all participants, lower vessel area density, lower vessel length density, lower junction density, and higher lacunarity were associated with greater odds of having CAD; the adjusted ORs (95 % confidence intervals) per one SD decrease were 2.71 (1.71, 4.29), 2.51(1.61, 3.90), 2.06 (1.39, 3.05), and 0.36 (0.23, 0.58), respectively. Among CAD patients, junction density was negatively associated with the Gensini score (r = -0.359, p = 0.037) and the Syntax score (r = -0.350, p = 0.042) in women but not in men (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival microvascular characteristics were significantly associated with the presence of CAD. Junction density significantly associated with the severity of CAD among women patients.

Development and validation of a novel colonoscopy withdrawal time indicator based on YOLOv5.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The study aims to introduce a novel indicator, effective withdrawal time (WTS), which measures the time spent actively searching for suspicious lesions during colonoscopy and to compare WTS and the conventional withdrawal time (WT). METHODS: Colonoscopy video data from 472 patients across two hospitals were retrospectively analyzed. WTS was computed through a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and manual verification. The results obtained through WTS were compared with those generated by the AI system. Patients were categorized into four groups based on the presence of polyps and whether resections or biopsies were performed. Bland Altman plots were utilized to compare AI-computed WTS with manually verified WTS. Scatterplots were used to illustrate WTS within the four groups, among different hospitals, and across various physicians. A parallel box plot was employed to depict the proportions of WTS relative to WT within each of the four groups. RESULTS: The study included 472 patients, with a median age of 55 years, and 57.8% were male. A significant correlation with manually verified WTS (r = 0.918) was observed in AI-computed WTS. Significant differences in WTS/WT among the four groups were revealed by the parallel box plot (P < 0.001). The group with no detected polyps had the highest WTS/WT, with a median of 0.69 (interquartile range: 0.40, 0.97). WTS patterns were found to be varied between the two hospitals and among senior and junior physicians. CONCLUSIONS: A promising alternative to traditional WT for quality control and training assessment in colonoscopy is offered by AI-assisted computation of WTS.

Causal role of immune cells in alopecia areata: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has highlighted an association between alopecia areata (AA) and the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege, however, the causal linkage to specific immune cell traits remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the causal influence of immune cell traits on AA utilizing a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS: Leveraging GWAS summary statistics of 731 immunological traits (n = 3757) and AA data (n = 211,428), MR analyses were conducted employing inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger regression methodologies. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken using Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and MR-PRESSO analysis. A reverse MR analysis was performed for immune cell traits identified in the initial MR analysis. RESULTS: Our study unveiled multiple immune traits associated with AA. Protective associations were observed for CD62L- CD86+ myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), TD CD4+%CD4+ T cells, and others, with ORs ranging from 0.63 to 0.78. Conversely, traits like CD62L on CD62L+ plasmacytoid DCs, HLA-DR on CD14- CD16+ monocytes, HLA-DR on monocytes, and others, were determined to augment the risk of AA, with ORs ranging from 1.13 to 1.46. Reverse MR analysis signified a reduction in BAFF-R on IgD-CD24-B cells post-AA onset (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-1.00), with no identified heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy among the instrumental variables (IVs). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggests that CD62L on certain subpopulations of DCs and HLA-DR on monocytes may epitomize risk factors for AA, offering potential therapeutic targets for alleviating AA.

Transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 circumvents oxidative stress in primary human melanocytes.

BACKGROUND: Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) serves as a pivotal reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensor in cells, which is implicated in the regulation of autophagy. However, its function in melanocyte autophagy under oxidative stress remains elusive. METHODS: The expression and ion channel function of TRPML1 were investigated using immunofluorescence and calcium imaging in primary human melanocytes (MCs). After activating TRPML1 with MLSA1 (TRPML1 agonist), autophagy-related molecules were investigated via western blot. ROS level, apoptosis- and autophagy-related molecules were investigated after pretreatment with MLSA1. After interference with TRPML1 expression, mitochondrial structures were visualized by electron microscopy with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2）treatment. RESULTS: TRPML1 was expressed and functionally active in primary human MCs, and its activation promotes elevated expression of LC3-II and reduced apoptosis and ROS levels under oxidative stress. TRPML1 downregulation caused mitochondrial swelling and disruption of cristae structures under oxidative stress in primary human MCs. CONCLUSIONS: TRPML1 might mediate lysosomal autophagy in primary human MCs under oxidative stress, participating in mechanisms that maintain the oxidative and antioxidant systems in balance.

The perceived controllability of negatively-valenced episodic future thinking modulates delay discounting.

Intertemporal decision-making is important for both economy and physical health. Nevertheless, in daily life, individuals tend to prefer immediate and smaller rewards to delayed and larger rewards, which is known as delay discounting (DD). Episodic future thinking (EFT) has been proven to influence DD. However, there is still no inconsistent conclusion on the effect of negative EFT on DD. Considering the perceived controllability of negative EFT may address the issue (Controllability refers to the extent to which progress and result of an event could be controlled by ourselves). In the current study, we manipulated EFT conditions (baseline, neutral EFT, negative-controllable EFT and negative-uncontrollable EFT), delayed time (i.e. 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 3 years) and reward magnitude (small, large). We mainly found that when experiencing negative-uncontrollable EFT compared to negative-controllable EFT in the delayed time of 6 months with large rewards, individuals chose more delayed rewards, suggesting that negative-uncontrollable EFT effectively reduced DD under conditions of both large-magnitude reward and longer delayed time. The current study provides new insight for healthy groups on optimising EFT. In that case, individuals are able to gain long-term benefits in financial management and healthcare.

Adsorption and Aggregation Behaviors of Oleyl Alcohol-Based Extended Surfactant and Its Mixtures.

An oleyl alcohol-based extended surfactant, sodium oleyl polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide sulfate (OE3P3S), was synthesized and identified using FT-IR and 1H NMR. The adsorption and aggregation behaviors of OE3P3S and its mixture with cationic surfactant alkyltrimethylammoniumbromide (ATAB) were investigated under different molar ratios. The static surface tension analysis indicated that the critical micellization concentration (cmc) and the critical surface tension (γcmc) of OE3P3S were 0.72 mmol/L, and 36.16 mN/m, respectively. The cmc and γcmc values of the binary system were much lower than that of the individual component. And the cmc values of OE3P3S/ATAB = 6:4 mixtures decreased with an increase in the chain length of the cationic surfactant in the binary system. It was found from the dynamic surface tension that there was a slower diffusion rate in the binary system compared to the pure surfactant, and the adsorption processes for OE3P3S/ATAB = 6:4 were mixed diffusion-kinetic adsorption mechanisms. With a combination of DLS data and TEM measurements, formations of vesicles in OE3P3S/ATAB = 6:4 solutions appeared to occur at a concentration of 0.05 mmol/L. By studying the formation of liquid crystal structures in an emulsion prepared with OE3P3S as the surfactant, it was found that the oil-in-water emulsion is birefringent with a Maltese cross texture, and the rheological properties revealed its predominant viscoelastic behavior and shear thinning properties.

Amino Acid-Derived Supramolecular Assembly and Soft Materials.

Amino acids (AAs), serving as the primary monomer of peptides and proteins, are widely present in nature. Benefiting from their inherent advantages, such as chemical diversity, low cost, ease of modification, chirality, biosafety, and bio-absorbability, AAs have been extensively exploited to create self-assembled nanostructures and supramolecular soft materials. In this review article, we systematically describe the recent progress regarding amino acid-derived assembly and functional soft materials. A brief background and several classified assemblies of AAs and their derivatives (chemically modified AAs) are summarized. The key non-covalent interactions to drive the assembly of AAs are emphasized based on the reported systems of self-assembled and co-assembled AAs. We discuss the molecular design of AAs and the general rules behind the hierarchical nanostructures. The resulting soft materials with interesting properties and potential applications are demonstrated. The conclusion and remarks on AA-based supramolecular assemblies are also presented from the viewpoint of chemistry, materials, and bio-applications.

[Exploration of Application of Essential Principles of Safety and Performance of Medical Devices and IVD Medical Devices: Take Artificial Joint Products as Example].

Through the effective application of Essential Principles of Safety and Performance of Medical Devices and IVD Medical Devices (EP), to continuously improve the corresponding management tools to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medical device in the quality management system, risk management system, evaluation of safety and effectiveness for the supervision departments and manufacturers. The current status of the application of EP and the application issues are analyzed in the study. Take artificial joint products for example, the idea of using EP in quality management system, risk management system and evaluation of safety and effectiveness is investigated, and several thoughts are proposed. Supervision departments should strengthen the unified understanding of EP, develop requirements according to the classification of medical device，and refine specific execution requirements.

Lipoprotein(a) Is Associated With the Progression and Vulnerability of New-Onset Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque.

BACKGROUND: Although important progress has been made in understanding Lp(a) (lipoprotein[a])-mediated stroke risk, the contribution of Lp(a) to the progression of vulnerable plaque features associated with stroke risk remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate whether Lp(a) is associated with carotid plaque progression, new-onset plaque features, and plaque vulnerability in a prospective community-based cohort study. METHODS: Baseline Lp(a) levels were measured using latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay among 804 participants aged 45 to 74 years and free of cardiovascular disease in the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study-Beijing project. Carotid atherosclerosis was measured twice by B-mode ultrasonography over a 10-year interval during the 2002 and 2012 surveys to assess the progression of total, vulnerable and stable plaques, and plaque vulnerability. The total plaque area and plaque vulnerability score were calculated. RESULTS: The median baseline Lp(a) level was 10.20 mg/dL (interquartile range, 6.20 to 17.18 mg/dL). Modified Poisson regression analysis showed that Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL was significantly associated with 10-year progression of total carotid plaque (relative risk [RR], 1.41 [95% CI, 1.21-1.64]; E-value=2.17), vulnerable plaque (RR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.54-2.41]), and stable plaque (RR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.11-2.07]) compared with Lp(a) <50 mg/dL. Moreover, among participants without plaque at baseline, Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL was related to an increased total plaque area (ß=0.36 [95% CI, 0.06-0.65]; P=0.018) and increased plaque vulnerability score (ß=0.30 [95% CI, 0.01-0.60]; P=0.045) in multivariable linear regression. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated Lp(a) levels were associated with 10-year carotid plaque progression and plaque vulnerability, providing a basis for Lp(a) as a treatment target for stroke prevention.

CMTM6 overexpression confers trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer is characterized by invasive growth, rapid metastasis and chemoresistance. Trastuzumab is an effective treatment for HER2+ breast cancer; however, trastuzumab resistance leads to cancer relapse and metastasis. CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 6 (CMTM6) has been considered as a new immune checkpoint for tumor-induced immunosuppression. The role of CMTM6 in trastuzumab resistance remains unknown. Here, we uncover a role of CMTM6 in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast cancer. CMTM6 expression was upregulated in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast cancer cell. Patients with high CMTM6 expressing HER2+ breast cancer had worse overall and progression-free survival than those with low CMTM6 expression. In vitro, CMTM6 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and migration of HER2+ breast cancer cells, and promoted their apoptosis, while CMTM6 overexpression reversed these effects. CMTM6 and HER2 proteins were co-localized on the surface of breast cancer cells, and CMTM6 silencing reduced HER2 protein levels in breast cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that CMTM6 directly interacted with HER2 in HER2+ breast cancer cells, and CMTM6 overexpression inhibited HER2 ubiquitination. Collectively, these findings highlight that CMTM6 stabilizes HER2 protein, contributing to trastuzumab resistance and implicate CMTM6 as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for overcoming trastuzumab resistance in HER2+ breast cancer.

Design and synthesis of pseudo-rutaecarpines as potent anti-inflammatory agents via regulating MAPK/NF-κB pathways to relieve inflammation-induced acute liver injury in mice.

Pseudo-natural products (PNPs) design strategy provides a great valuable entrance to effectively identify of novel bioactive scaffolds. In this report, novel pseudo-rutaecarpines were designed via the combination of several privileged structure units and 46 target compounds were synthesized. Most of them display moderate to potent inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production and low cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 macrophage. The results of the anti-inflammatory efficacy and action mechanism of compounds 7l and 8c indicated that they significantly reduced the release of IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF-α. Further studies revealed that they can strongly inhibit the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways. The LPS-induced acute liver injury mice model studies not only confirmed their anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo but also could effectively relieve the liver injury in mice. The results suggest that compounds 7l and 8c might serve as lead compounds to develop therapeutic drugs for treatment of inflammation.

Absorbance Measurements From Normal-hearing Ears in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016 and 2017-2020.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize absorbance and impedance angles from normal-hearing ears within the 2015-2016 and 2017-2020 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). DESIGN: Two publicly available NHANES datasets were analyzed. Ears meeting criteria for normal hearing and valid absorbance and impedance angle measurements were identified. Measurements were summarized via descriptive statistics within categories of age cohort, race/ethnicity cohort, sex (male, female), and ear (left, right). RESULTS: A total of 7029 ears from 4150 subjects, ages 6 to 80 years, met inclusion criteria. Differences between subgroups within all categories (age, race/ethnicity, sex, and ear) were fractions of the sample SDs. The largest differences occurred between age cohorts younger than 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: The NHANES absorbance and impedance angle measurements are consistent with published literature. These results demonstrate that trained professionals, using the Titan instrument in a community setting inclusive of all demographics, produce comparable measurements to those in laboratory settings.

Association of neighborhood physical activity facilities with incident cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: The availability of physical activity (PA) facilities in neighborhoods is hypothesized to influence cardiovascular disease (CVD), but evidence from individual-level long-term cohort studies is limited. We aimed to assess the association between neighborhood exposure to PA facilities and CVD incidence. METHODS: A total of 4658 participants from the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study without CVD at baseline (2007-2008) were followed for the incidence of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Availability of PA facilities was defined as both the presence and the density of PA facilities within a 500-m buffer zone around the participants' residential addresses. Time-dependent Cox regression models were performed to estimate the associations between the availability of PA facilities and risks of incident CVD, CHD, and stroke. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, there were 518 CVD events, 188 CHD events, and 355 stroke events. Analyses with the presence indicator revealed significantly lower risks of CVD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.80, 95% confidence interval ([CI] 0.65-0.99) and stroke (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.97) in participants with PA facilities in the 500-m buffer zone compared with participants with no nearby facilities in fully adjusted models. In analyses with the density indicator, exposure to 2 and ≥ 3 PA facilities was associated with 35% (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.47-0.91) and 28% (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.92) lower risks of CVD and 40% (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.90) and 38% (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.84) lower risks of stroke compared with those without any PA facilities in 500-m buffer, respectively. Effect modifications between presence of PA facilities and a history of hypertension for incident stroke (P = 0.049), and a history of diabetes for incident CVD (P = 0.013) and stroke (P = 0.009) were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Residing in neighborhoods with better availability of PA facilities was associated with a lower risk of incident CVD. Urban planning intervention policies that increase the availability of PA facilities could contribute to CVD prevention.

The generally useful estimate of solvent systems method facilitates off-line two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography for isolating compositions from Siraitia grosvenorii roots.

Solvent system selection is a crucial and the most time-consuming step for successful countercurrent chromatography separation. A thin-layer chromatography-based generally useful estimate of solvent systems method has been developed to simplify the solvent system selection. We herein utilized the method to select a solvent system for off-line two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography to separate chemical compositions from a complex fraction of the Siraitia grosvenorii root extract. The first-dimensional countercurrent separation using chloroform/methanol/water (10:5.5:4.5, v/v/v) yielded four compounds with high purity and three mixture fractions (Fr I, III, and VII). The second-dimensional countercurrent separation conducted on Fr I, III, and VII using the hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:6:4, 3:7:3:7, v/v/v) and chloroform/methanol/water (10:9:6, v/v/v) solvent systems, respectively, produced another four compounds. Four triterpenoids and four lignans were finally isolated, including two novel compounds. Hence, the generally useful estimate of solvent systems method is a feasible and efficient approach for selecting an applicable solvent system for separating complex samples. In addition, the off-line two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography method can improve both the peak resolution and the capacity of countercurrent chromatography.