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1.
J Biomed Opt ; 27(7)2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35043610

RESUMO

SIGNIFICANCE: Time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) has been considered as the gold standard of noninvasive optical brain imaging devices. However, due to the high cost, complexity, and large form factor, it has not been as widely adopted as continuous wave NIRS systems. AIM: Kernel Flow is a TD-fNIRS system that has been designed to break through these limitations by maintaining the performance of a research grade TD-fNIRS system while integrating all of the components into a small modular device. APPROACH: The Kernel Flow modules are built around miniaturized laser drivers, custom integrated circuits, and specialized detectors. The modules can be assembled into a system with dense channel coverage over the entire head. RESULTS: We show performance similar to benchtop systems with our miniaturized device as characterized by standardized tissue and optical phantom protocols for TD-fNIRS and human neuroscience results. CONCLUSIONS: The miniaturized design of the Kernel Flow system allows for broader applications of TD-fNIRS.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodos
2.
J Exp Med ; 211(8): 1533-49, 2014 Jul 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25002752

RESUMO

In the human disorder multiple sclerosis (MS) and in the model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), macrophages predominate in demyelinated areas and their numbers correlate to tissue damage. Macrophages may be derived from infiltrating monocytes or resident microglia, yet are indistinguishable by light microscopy and surface phenotype. It is axiomatic that T cell-mediated macrophage activation is critical for inflammatory demyelination in EAE, yet the precise details by which tissue injury takes place remain poorly understood. In the present study, we addressed the cellular basis of autoimmune demyelination by discriminating microglial versus monocyte origins of effector macrophages. Using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we show that monocyte-derived macrophages associate with nodes of Ranvier and initiate demyelination, whereas microglia appear to clear debris. Gene expression profiles confirm that monocyte-derived macrophages are highly phagocytic and inflammatory, whereas those arising from microglia demonstrate an unexpected signature of globally suppressed cellular metabolism at disease onset. Distinguishing tissue-resident macrophages from infiltrating monocytes will point toward new strategies to treat disease and promote repair in diverse inflammatory pathologies in varied organs.


Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Inflamação/patologia , Microglia/patologia , Monócitos/patologia , Animais , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C , Forma Celular , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/genética , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/patologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Homeostase/genética , Humanos , Inflamação/genética , Cinética , Macrófagos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/ultraestrutura , Monócitos/ultraestrutura , Nós Neurofibrosos/patologia , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Fatores de Tempo
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