Evaluation of the periodontal viruses in cardiovascular patients associated with periodontitis.

OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed in evaluating the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in periodontitis and/or coronary artery disease (CAD) patients to compare with their healthy controls and insist their significance in the same. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred and forty patients were divided into 4 groups. Non-periodontitis+non-cardiac (NP+NC) = 60 patients, periodontitis+non-cardiac patients (P+NC) = 60 patients, non-periodontitis+cardiac patients (NP+C) = 60 patients, and periodontitis+cardiac (P+C) = 60 patients. Demographic variables, cardiac and periodontal parameters were recorded. EBV, CMV, and HSV were evaluated in the subgingival plaque samples using RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and compared between the groups. The results were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test, Pearson's chi-square, Turkey post hoc analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The demographic variables did not differ significantly between the groups, except for age. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, and random blood sugar were significantly higher in NP+C and P+C (p ≤ 0.05). The plaque index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss (p ≤ 0.05) were significantly higher in P+NC and P+C. EBV and CMV were significantly higher in the two periodontitis groups P+NC and P+C (p-value = 0.000). HSV was significantly higher in the two cardiac groups (NP+C and P+C) (p≤0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between EBV and CAL (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that higher prevalence of EBV and CMV was found in groups with periodontitis patients. This indicates the significant role of the viruses in periodontitis as confirmed by association between EBV and CAL. The viruses were said to be highest in periodontitis patients with CAD. This could pave a new link in the risk of CAD in periodontitis patients.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles From Marine Actinobacterium Micromonospora sp. and Their Bioactive Potential.

Background The biosynthesis of nanoparticles represents a rapid, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and straightforward technology. This approach allows for the production of nanoparticles with a wide range of chemical compositions, sizes, shapes, high uniformity, and scalability. One of the principal advantages of biogenic nanoparticles is their water solubility and compatibility with biological systems. Biologically synthesized nanoparticles have demonstrated superior efficiency compared to conventionally synthesized particles. Among biosynthesis, microbial-mediated biosynthesis is a promising one that has a selectively reducing ability on specific metal ions through electron transfer.  Objectives Evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticle synthesized by actinobacteria Micromonospora sp. which is isolated from marine environment. Materials and methods In this study, actinobacteria were isolated from the marine sediment using the spread plate method. The isolates were identified based on morphological observation, cell wall amino acids, sugar analysis, and micromorphological analysis. The silver nanoparticle synthesis from microbes and their inhibition against clinical pathogens have been evaluated by the disc diffusion method. Antioxidant efficiency was evaluated in terms of total antioxidant activity through ammonium molybdenum assay. Results A total of five isolates were isolated from the sediment sample. The cell-free extract of MBIT-MSA4 can synthesize silver nanoparticles that have potential antimicrobial activity against the clinical pathogens Streptococcus mutans at a zone of inhibition 6 mm, 10 mm inhibition zone of Klebsiella pneumonia, and 8 mm zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. Also, it has significant antioxidant activity up to 73% of free radical inhibition. Conclusion Marine microbial-mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles have potential antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and inhibit the oxidation process through antioxidant activity. This enhanced efficient biosynthesised nanoparticle has significantly reduced the concentration of free radicals caused by pathogens.

Development of the Antioxidant Property of Seagrass Extract-Based Hydrogel for Dental Application.

Background Seagrass is rich in antioxidants, which can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the oral cavity. Free radicals can contribute to oxidative stress, inflammation, and various oral health issues. Incorporating seagrass extract into a hydrogel can enhance its antioxidant capacity, providing a protective effect for oral tissues. The hydrogel, composed of a biocompatible base, ensures that the material is well-tolerated by oral tissue. This is crucial for any dental application to avoid adverse reactions. Aim This work aimed to develop an antioxidant hydrogel that incorporates seagrass extract, with a specific emphasis on its possible use in dentistry. Methods A seagrass sample was collected, and its bioactive compounds were extracted through the utilization of methanol, and subsequent filtration was done. The resulting seagrass filtrate was then integrated into a hydrogel, which was synthesized using polyacrylamide and sodium alginate. Antioxidant hydrogel underwent testing for antioxidant activity through both the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Besides, the hydrogel functional groups were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while its crystalline structure was examined using X-ray diffraction analysis. Conclusion Seagrass extract provides inherent antioxidant properties, and incorporating this bioactive extract into the hydrogel imparts antioxidant features. The hydrogel's controlled-release property ensures both safety and efficiency. Antioxidant hydrogel for dental applications holds the potential to improve oral health.

Computational Exploration of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human hRAS Gene: Implications and Insights.

Background A group of genes called oncogenes includes the Harvey rat sarcoma virus (hRAS) gene. Along with hRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (kRAS) and neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (nRAS) genes belong to the Rat sarcoma (Ras) family of oncogenes. These three genes result in Rho guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) as their protein product. Instructions for producing the protein hRAS, which is mainly involved in controlling cell division, are provided by the hRAS gene. The hRAS protein transfers signals from outside through a process called signal transduction. Because the hRAS protein is a GTPase, it changes the chemical guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) into guanosine diphosphate (GDP). GTP and GDP molecules operate as switches to turn on and off the hRAS. This study aimed to anticipate the structure and stability of the protein resulting from missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human hRAS genes. Methodology To investigate the possible negative effects associated with these SNPs, bioinformatic analysis is typically essential. The following tools were employed for forecasting harmful SNPs: Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER), non-synonymous SNP by Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN), and non-synonymous SNP by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Annotation Platform (SNAP). Results The present study identified a total of 11 SNPs using the SIFT approach, which were shown to have functional significance. Only two of these 11 SNPs were determined to be tolerable, whereas nine were shown to be detrimental. Among the 11 SNPs analyzed, seven (Q61H, Q99H, K117R, A121D, A146V, R169W, R169Q) were classified as possibly damaging,and four (G13V, Q22K, Q61K, Q13V) were categorized as probably benign according to the predictions made by PANTHER tools. Therefore, the seven SNPs were identified as high-risk SNPs. Conclusions Given that SNPs have the potential to be candidates for cellular alterations brought on by mutations that are associated with cancer, this study provides vital information about how SNPs might be utilized as a diagnostic marker for cancer.

Isolation of Secondary Metabolites From Marine Actinobacterium of Microbispora sp.T3S11 and Their Antibacterial Activities.

Introduction Marine actinobacteria are promising sources of novel bioactive compounds due to their distinct ecological niches and diverse secondary metabolite production capabilities. Among these, Microbispora sp. T3S11 is notable for its unique spore chain structure, which allows for both morphological and genetic identification. Despite its potential, little is understood about the secondary metabolites produced by this strain. In this study, we hope to fill this gap by extracting and analyzing the antibacterial activities of secondary metabolites from Microbispora sp. T3S11, which will be the first time its bioactive compound profile is investigated. Aim To evaluate the antibacterial activity of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine actinobacterium Microbispora sp. T3S11. Materials and methods The antibacterial assays were carried out on agar plates containing the appropriate media for each pathogen. Sterile filter paper disks were impregnated with secondary metabolites extracted from Microbispora sp. T3S11 and placed on the surface of agar plates inoculated with the appropriate pathogens. Similarly, disks containing tetracycline were used as a positive control. The plates were then incubated at the appropriate temperature for each pathogen, and the zones of inhibition around the disks were measured to determine the extracted metabolites' antibacterial activity. Result Secondary metabolites had antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Klebsiella pneumonia, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The inhibition of S. mutans was 7.5 mm and 8.5 mm at 75 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Klebsiella pneumonia zones measured 7 mm and 7.5 mm, while MRSA zones measured 7.6 mm and 8.5 mm at the same concentrations. Tetracycline, the standard antibiotic, had larger inhibition zones: 22 mm for S. mutans and Klebsiella pneumonia and 16 mm for MRSA, indicating variable susceptibility. Conclusion We conclude that the secondary metabolites extracted from Microbispora sp. T3S11 exhibits high antibacterial activity. This could be attributed to the presence of various active compounds.

Computational Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human HIC1 Gene.

Background A putative tumor suppressor gene called HIC1 (hypermethylated in cancer) is situated at 17p13.3, a locus where the allelic loss occurs often in human malignancies, including breast cancer. Hypermethylated in cancer 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIC1 gene and it's a Homo sapiens (Human). This gene functions as a growth regulatory and tumor repressor gene. The molecular function of HIC1 gene includes DNA-binding transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, DNA binding, histone deacetylase binding, protein binding, metal ion binding, nucleic acid binding, DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific, DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific. The biological process of HIC1 gene includes multicellular organism development, negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator regulation of transcription, DNA-templated, negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II, Wnt signaling pathway, transcription, DNA-templated, intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus. The study aimed to predict the stability and structure of the protein that will arise from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human HIC1 gene. Methodology To investigate the possible negative effects associated with these SNPs, bioinformatic analysis is typically essential. The following tools were employed for forecasting harmful SNPs: scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER), nonsynonymous SNP by Protein Variation Effect Analyzer (PROVEAN), and nonsynonymous SNP by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Annotation Platform (SNAP). Results The present study identified a total of 36 SNPs using the SIFT approach, which were shown to have functional significance. Twenty-six were determined to be tolerable, whereas 10 were shown to be detrimental. Out of 20 SNPs, seven (P370A, P646S, R654P, A476T, S400S, D666N, D7V) SNPs were predicted as "Possibly damaging" and seven (L9F, G468R, G490R, L482R, S12W, G489D, S12P) were identified as "probably benign", and six (R725G, G620S, A56V, E463D, D394N, L338V) were identified as "probably damaging" according to the predictions made by PANTHER tools. The majority of the pixels on the strip were red, indicating that the gene changes may have dangerous consequences. These results highlight the need for more research to fully comprehend how these mutations affect the hic1 protein's function, which is essential for the emergence of different types of cancer. Conclusion The current research has provided us with essential information about how SNPs might be used as a diagnostic marker for cancer, given that SNPs may be candidates for cellular changes caused by mutations linked to cancer.

Anticancer Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract on KB Cell Lines.

Background The value and use of medicinal plants, including the widespread cultivation of Rosmarinus officinalis, have increased rapidly. R. officinalis, a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean, has received attention for its potential therapeutic benefits. This study evaluates R. officinalis anticancer activity using human epithelial carcinoma (KB) cell lines derived from nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma. The KB cell line is known for its increased sensitivity to specific chemotherapeutic agents (CA), making it a useful model in cancer research. The impact of R. officinalis is assessed using comprehensive analyses of cell viability and gene expression. Aim This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of R. officinalis on KB cell lines. Materials and methods The R. officinalis leaf extract was separated and used to treat KB cell lines. The cell viability of treated KB cells was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) and tumor-inducing metalloproteins (TIMP-1) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) genes. The statistical analysis was performed. Results This study analyzes the anticancer properties of R. officinalis on KB cell lines. The results show that increasing the concentration of rosemary extract reduces cell viability in malignant cells. Furthermore, the R. officinalis effect on the apoptotic signaling system is demonstrated by a decrease in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA expressions, as observed by RT-PCR analysis. Conclusion Patients looking for natural anticancer treatments may benefit from biogenically prepared anticancer drugs. The current research focuses on R. officinalis as a potential alternative to chemically synthesized anticancer drugs.

Biosynthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles From Actinobacterium Streptomyces Species and Their Biological Potential.

BACKGROUND: In today's world, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms are a major concern. There is solid evidence that metal nanoparticles (NPs) tend to have antimicrobial properties. The most effective substitute for antibiotic resistance is the incorporation of metal NPs. The antibacterial properties of NPs are currently being explored and shown to be successful. Zinc (Zn) NPs that are biosynthesized from marine Actinobacterium proved to be more biocompatible, bioactive, and affordable.  Aim: This study aims to investigate the synthesis of ZnNPs from Actinobacterium Streptomyces species and their antimicrobial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study uses natural, considerably safer processes to synthesize ZnNPs from marine Actinobacteria with little to no negative side effects. It involves sample collection, identification, and isolation of Actinobacterium Streptomyces species. The isolated sample was air-dried, and extracts of ZnNPs were taken. Among the isolates from marine sediment, two Actinobacteria that generate bioactive secondary metabolites-Streptomyces species (MOSEL-ME28) and Rhodococcus rhodochrous (MOSEL-ME29)-were selected for extracellular synthesis of ZnNPs. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized ZnNPs from marine Actinobacteria was analyzed against Staphylococcus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus mutans. The results were statistically analyzed and graphs were created. RESULTS: ZnNPs obtained from Actinobacterium Streptomyces species exhibited antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus (MRSA), Klebsiella, and Streptococcus mutans. At 280 nm wavelength, analysis of the UV spectrum showed a notable absorbance value of 1.8. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus MRSA, Klebsiella species, and Streptococcus mutans was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition in diameter. The zones of inhibition were 8, 8, and 7 mm on the evaluation for Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus, and Klebsiella species, respectively, at a dose of 75 µg/mL. When the dosage was increased to 100 µg/mL, the inhibition zones were found to be 9.5, 9, and 7.5 mm for the respective bacterial strains. CONCLUSION: ZnNPs are biosynthesized from marine Actinobacterium Streptomyces species in this research study. They have a significant antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and negative bacteria. This indicates that ZnNPs have enormous antimicrobial potential and have an extensive spectrum of applications. However, clinical trials must be completed before it can be used safely on patients.

Anti-inflammatory Properties of Strontium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized From Suaeda monoica Saltmarsh.

Background Currently, nanotechnology is a rapidly advancing field of research. Because of their nanoscale dimensions, nanoparticles (NPs) find application in a wide range of industries, including engineering and medicine. The leaves of Suaeda monoica have anti-inflammatory qualities. The purpose of this study was to create SrO NPs isolated from the leaves of S. monoica aqueous extract and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory efficacy. The S. monoica saltmarsh, commonly known as South-Indian Seepweed, is a mangrove-associated plant and has been used as traditional medicine for decades with multifunctional biological activity. Objectives The aim of our study is to biosynthesize strontium oxide NPs from S. monoica saltmarsh and to see whether they have any anti-inflammatory properties. Materials and methods In the present study, the pharmacological significance was studied using crude extract and synthesized SrO NPs from S. monoica. The synthesized SrO NPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry. The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay was analyzed using egg albumin denaturation. SrO NPs' peak observance was found at 630 nm, and a graph was plotted for the zone of inhibition vs concentration and compared with the standard.  Results It was observed that the color of the SrO NPs deepened during the synthesis process. Furthermore, at a wavelength of 630 nm, the UV spectrum analysis showed a noteworthy absorption value of 1.4. The activity of inflammatory enzymes is significantly impacted by the anti-inflammatory properties of SrO NPs in the protein denaturation inhibition test. Conclusions The application of SrO NPs in the synthesis process has the potential to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of Suaeda monoica as evidenced by the observed increase in anti-inflammatory capacity and defense against infections and injury.

Molecular Docking of Seaweed-Derived Drug Fucoxanthin Against the Monkeypox Virus.

Background The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is classified as a zoonotic virus of the Poxviridae family, resulting from the MPXV strain of the Orthopoxvirus genus. Seaweeds, or marine macroalgae, are abundant reservoirs of bioactive compounds that demonstrate diverse biological properties, such as antiviral actions. In the field of computational analysis, in silico analysis refers to the use of computer-based methods to study and assess biological systems and processes. To forecast the binding affinity and interaction between the discovered chemical and the target proteins of the MPXV, a molecular docking analysis was conducted. Aim The research aims to conduct an in silico examination of a protein-ligand interaction of a drug produced from seaweed that targets the MPXV.  Methodology Protein Data Bank (PDB) and PubChem databases provided MPXV methyltransferase and fucoxanthin ligand compounds. AutoDockTools 1.5.7 calculated the molecular docking using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm. Autogrid created a grid box around target 8B07 active site hotspot residues. Each docked molecule's docking parameters were obtained from 100 docking experiments with a maximum of 2.5 × 106 energy evaluations, a 0.02 mutation rate, and a 0.8 crossover rate. The population comprised 250 randomly selected volunteers. PyMOL was utilized to observe ligand fragment interactions. Results The binding energy of the ligand fucoxanthin was -5.46 kcal/mol. Fucoxanthin interacts with receptor molecules via hydrogen bonding at the amino acid level: Chain A: PHE188 and TYR189; and Chain B: LYS33, GLN37, GLY38, GLY96, ARG97, PHE115, PRO202, and SER203. The higher the negative docking score, the stronger the binding affinity between the receptor and ligand molecules, indicating that bioactive substances are more effective. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that fucoxanthin, a pharmaceutical derivative generated from seaweed, had antiviral activity against the MPXV. This conclusion was reached based on protein-ligand interactions.

The Oncolytic Effect of Aerva lanata on Osteosarcoma Cell Lines via the Apoptotic Signaling Pathway.

Introduction Osteosarcoma, a malignant bone tumor, poses significant treatment challenges, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Aerva lanata (A. lanata), a medicinal plant with traditional use in various healthcare systems, has anti-cancer properties. This study looks at the oncolytic effect of A. lanata extract on osteosarcoma cell lines (sarcoma osteogenic-Saos2). Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the oncolytic effect of Aerva lanata on Saos2 cell lines through the apoptotic signaling pathway. Materials and methods A. lanata extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction, and its cytotoxic effects on Saos2 cells were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of gene activity was used to assess the extract's effect on apoptotic signaling pathways. Results The MTT assay demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in Saos2 proliferation following treatment with A. lanata extract at concentrations ranging from 50 µg to 200 µg. The standard deviations observed ranged from 1.414 to 7.071. Gene expression analysis revealed that the extract led to a reduction in the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of the anti-apoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), with standard deviations ranging from 1 to 0.535. Conversely, it induced an increase in the mRNA levels of the tumor suppressor protein p53, with standard deviations ranging from 1 to 1.835. These findings suggest that the extract modulates the apoptotic pathways of the Bcl2 and p53 genes.  Conclusion A. lanata extract exhibits promising anti-cancer activity against Saos2 osteosarcoma cell lines, inducing apoptosis by downregulating Bcl2 and increasing p53. The study's findings suggest that A. lanata may be useful as a natural treatment for osteosarcoma.

Fabrication and Partial Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles From Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Leaves and Their Antibacterial Efficacy Against Oral Bacteria.

BACKGROUND: Scientists are currently investigating ecologically sound and enduring techniques for nanoparticle production. Utilizing natural sources such as plant extracts provides an environmentally friendly and economically efficient method. Avicennia marina, also referred to as the gray mangrove, is predominantly located in coastal regions. The leaves of this plant may contain bioactive metabolites that can be used to synthesize nanoparticles. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using A. marina leaf extract and subsequently assess their antibacterial properties against oral pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present research involved the successful synthesis of AgNPs using an environmentally sustainable method employing the leaf extract of A. marina. The reduction of Ag ions to AgNPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy. This analytical technique revealed the presence of a distinct surface plasmon resonance peak at approximately 420 nm, which is indicative of the formation of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) operating within the frequency range of 500-3500 cm-1 and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology of the image indicated agglomeration of the nanoparticles, with distinct particles ranging from 10 to 20 nm and dense rod-shape, which was carried out from Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. In energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), a strong signal and maximum formation percentage were received at 42.7%, assigned to the element silver. RESULTS: AgNPs showed significant antibacterial efficacy against both gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans, and gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella sp. In general, the use of A. marina leaf extract for the green synthesis of AgNPs is a viable and environmentally friendly approach for producing nanoparticles that exhibit favorable biological properties. Consequently, these nanoparticles hold considerable appeal as potential candidates for a range of biomedical applications, particularly as antibacterial agents. CONCLUSION: The synthesis of AgNPs using A. marina leaf extract shows great potential in the field of creating nanomaterials that are compatible with biological systems and is promising for a wide range of clinical applications. Nevertheless, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive scientific research and rigorous clinical trials to effectively apply these discoveries to real-world medical interventions, while prioritizing patient safety and therapeutic effectiveness.

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles From Cymodocea Serrulata Leaf Extract and Their Biological Activities.

Introduction The utilization of Cymodocea serrulata for the eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles, which contain distinguishable nanostructures, presents a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for producing zinc nanoparticles. The production process of zinc nanoparticles are rich in phytochemicals, which can serve as stabilizing and reducing agents. Zinc nanoparticles can easily pass through bacterial cell walls and reach all cellular components. C. serrulata, is a small submerged angiosperm commonly found in submerged and tidal coastal environments. Aim Analysis of the biological activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles made from C. serrulata leaf extract. Materials and Methods Dry leaves of C. serrulata were ground into a powder, which was then placed into a conical flask and filled with water. Subsequently, the color of the mixture turned black. Next, a 20 mm piece of ZnO was dissolved in a 60 ml sample of distilled water to prepare the metal solution. Following this, a wavelength scan ranging from 200 to 700 nm was conducted using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. After shaking the solution for an hour, a final reading was taken across the UV spectrum. The synthetic sample should also be centrifuged to remove any pellets and subsequently dried in a hot air oven. Result Using nanoscale profiling, the average particle size was measured and found to be less than 100 nm, specifically UV spectrum analysis revealed a notable absorbance value of 47.0 nm, at different angles within the peak height. The wavelength range of the zinc nanoparticles was observed to be between 250 and 350 nm. Conclusion The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs have been demonstrated through in vitro investigations, indicating their potential application in in vivo studies.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti-oxidant Activities of Suaeda monoica Extract for Its Potential Application.

BACKGROUND:  An assessment of Suaeda monoica extract's antimicrobial and antioxidant properties was undertaken in light of its possible application as an oral care product. The maintenance of optimal dental health is just as important as overall wellness. Food particles become trapped in the mouth cavity, making it easy for oral bacteria to infect. AIM:  The study sought to ascertain the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of salt marsh Suaeda monoica extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Leaves of Suaeda monoica, collected, dried and powdered, were dissolved in 70% methanol and the extract of 25-100 µg/ml was analyzed for antioxidant activity through total antioxidant assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and total reducing power. Suaeda monoica antibacterial activity was also performed and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 75 µg/ml, 100µg/ml, and 150 µg/ml concentrations and tetracycline in 10mcg/disc as a control against three different oral pathogens: Staphylococcus mutans, Streptococcus aureus, and Klebsiella spp. RESULTS:  At varying concentrations of 75 mg/ml to 150 mg/ml, Suaeda monoica extracts are efficacious with varying concentrations against the investigated bacterial strains. In the present study, in the DPPH assay, total reducing power, and total antioxidant activity assay, there was an increase in inhibitory percentage as the concentration increased from 25-100 µg/ml, showing maximum inhibition at 100 µg/ml concentration. CONCLUSION:  The results of the investigation show that Suaeda monoica has significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner and can be potentially used as an oral care agent after it is assessed for clinical use.

The Synthesis of FeS and Investigation on Electrochemical Sensing Toward Neuroprotector.

Background Electrochemical sensing is a versatile field that uses electrochemistry concepts to detect and measure various substances. It finds applications in clinical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Scientists are currently working on creating reliable electrochemical sensing devices that can accurately detect ascorbic acid. Iron sulfide (FeS) has emerged as a promising material for these sensors due to its excellent electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, and stability.  Materials and methods The FeS nanoparticles were synthesized through the hydrothermal method of synthesis. The glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a surface area of 0.071 cm2 was modified with FeS before the working electrode was mechanically polished with 1 µm, 0.3 µm, and 0.05 µm alumina pastes for mirror finishing. Then it was subjected to ultrasonication in double distilled water for a few minutes to clean the surface of GCE. The FeS suspension was prepared by dispersing 5 mg of FeS in 10 mL of ethanol during 20 minutes of ultrasonic agitation then the GCE was coated with 10 µL of the suspension by drop coating method and dried in air. Results In this study, FeS nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrothermal method of synthesis, and it was tested for their electrochemical sensing properties by various tests. Based on the field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis, scan rate effect test, cyclic voltammetric test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis done and results obtained, it was seen that the synthesized FeS nanoparticles are highly pure and have a crystalline structure. FeS has an even morphology. The synthesized particles also showed highly sensitive and specific sensing toward ascorbic acid when compared to unmodified 10.1 µA electrodes with a sensing value of 12.51 µA, thereby fulfilling the aim of this study. Conclusion Based on the outcomes of the diverse tests carried out, it is evident that the sample displayed a high crystalline nature as indicated by the XRD test. Additionally, the sample exhibited a uniform morphology, exceptional stability, and remarkable sensitivity. The developed FeS-based electrochemical sensor was found to be exceptionally pure and showed excellent performance, showcasing both high sensitivity and selectivity toward ascorbic acid.

Synthesis of Copper Molybdate and Its Electrochemical Sensing of Paracetamol.

Background In recent years, significant advancements have been made in various scientific sectors, particularly in healthcare and pharmaceutical research. This progress has been driven by the development of enhanced sensing materials and methodologies. Electrochemical sensing has become an important tool in detecting and analyzing drug molecules due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid response times. Among various drugs, paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is widely used for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. Accurate detection of paracetamol is crucial due to its widespread use and potential for overdose, which can lead to severe liver damage. Copper molybdate (CuMoO4) is a transition metal oxide that has garnered attention for its excellent electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability. These properties make it a promising candidate for use in electrochemical sensors. The ability of CuMoO4 to act as a sensor material is enhanced by its unique structural and morphological characteristics, which can be tailored during synthesis. Aim This study aimed to synthesize CuMoO4 and investigate its electrochemical sensing capability for the detection of drug molecules, specifically paracetamol. Materials and method CuMoO4 was synthesized using a precipitation method that did not involve any surfactants. This approach was chosen to simplify the synthesis process and avoid potential contamination from surfactants. The morphology of the synthesized CuMoO4 nanoparticles was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the purity of the CuMoO4 nanomaterial. Structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). To evaluate the electrochemical sensing capability of CuMoO4 for paracetamol, Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed. DPV is a sensitive electrochemical technique that can detect changes in current response corresponding to the presence of analytes. Results The synthesized CuMoO4 exhibited a rock-like structure, as revealed by FE-SEM imaging. This morphology is advantageous for electrochemical applications due to the increased surface area available for interaction with analytes. EDX confirmed the purity of the CuMoO4 nanomaterial, showing no significant impurities. XRD analysis indicated that the CuMoO4 nanoparticles were crystalline in nature, which is beneficial for consistent and reproducible electrochemical behavior. The DPV analysis demonstrated that the CuMoO4 sensor exhibited a linear increase in current response with increasing concentrations of paracetamol. This linear relationship indicates that CuMoO4 is capable of detecting paracetamol effectively, with a strong and quantifiable signal response. Conclusion The CuMoO4 nanomaterial was successfully synthesized using a simple precipitation method and was characterized by its rock-like morphology and crystalline structure. Electrochemical testing using DPV showed that CuMoO4 has excellent sensing capabilities for detecting paracetamol, with a clear and linear current response. These findings suggest that CuMoO4 is a promising electrochemical sensing material for drug detection, potentially offering a reliable and efficient method for monitoring paracetamol and possibly other pharmaceuticals in various settings.

Electrochemical Detection of Ascorbic Acid by Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode.

Background  The article delineates a strategy for detecting ascorbic acid (AA) through the use of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on an electrode. The Fe2O3 nanoparticles demonstrated effective electrocatalysis in the oxidation of AA, resulting in increased peak currents. The sensor showcased a wide linear detection range, a low detection limit, and high selectivity towards interferents, making it suitable for accurate AA measurement in food analysis and medical diagnostics applications. This emphasizes the potential of Fe2O3 nanoparticle-based sensors for precise AA detection. Aim The primary aim of this research is to develop an electrochemical sensing technique for the identification of ascorbic acid, with the use of Fe2O3 nanoparticles as the sensing matrix. Materials and methods The synthesis process involved the utilization of FeCl3.6H2O, ammonia solution, ethanol, and double-distilled water. FeCl3.6H2O was dissolved in ammonia water to produce a brown precipitate for the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Subsequently, the brown precipitate underwent hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C, resulting in the formation of a red product. Following centrifugation, washing, and drying steps, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. These nanoparticles were then utilized to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Prior to the modification, the GCE underwent polishing and cleaning procedures, after which it was coated with a suspension containing 5 mg of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in 10 mL of ethanol. The coated electrode was dried and deemed ready for application in electrochemical sensing. Results The hydrothermal method was employed in this research to synthesize Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which were subsequently subjected to a series of experiments to evaluate their electrochemical sensing capabilities. The resulting Fe2O3 nanoparticles were determined to possess a high level of purity and a crystalline structure through various analyses, including field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), cyclic voltammetric testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analysis, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the current response of the Fe2O3-modified electrode towards ascorbic acid. The morphology of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles was observed to be uniform. The synthesized particles successfully fulfilled the study's objective by exhibiting remarkably sensitive and selective sensitivity towards ascorbic acid. Conclusion Our study underscores the potential of utilizing Fe2O3 nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensing to detect ascorbic acid, as evidenced by the notably high sensitivity of ascorbic acid towards Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The distinctive properties of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, which include their large surface area, efficient electron transport, and straightforward manufacturing process, significantly enhance the sensor's performance. Further research is crucial to exploring the wide-ranging applications of the sensor in fields such as food safety, environmental monitoring, and biological diagnostics and to overcome any existing limitations.

Anti-metastatic Effect of Heliotropium bacciferum on MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line.

Background Heliotropium bacciferum, often known as wild heliotrope or wild quailplant, is a flowering plant from the borage family. This study examines the anti-metastatic impact of H. bacciferum on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells and its ability to disrupt signaling pathways. Aim To explore the anti-metastatic effect of H. bacciferum on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Materials and methods For this research, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were used. Cells were cultured and subjected to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, as well as gene expression analysis for glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3ß), wingless-related integration site 2 (Wnt2), and ß-catenin. The plant extract was tested to determine if it successfully blocked the signalling pathway or not.  Results The MTT test was performed to study the cytotoxic impact of H. bacciferum. At an increasing concentration of 100 µg/mL, the extract inhibited growth by 55%, whereas at 150 µg/mL, it inhibited growth by 52.5%. Maximum inhibition was seen at 150 µg/mL. H. bacciferum suppressed the GSK3ß and Wnt2 signaling pathways in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, acting as an anti-metastatic and anticancer agent. The heliotrine compound in H. bacciferum showed high binding energy to metastatic targets such as GSK3ß, Wnt2, and ß-catenin. Moreover, chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties also support the study. Conclusion In this study, we can infer that H. bacciferum has a favourable anticancer impact on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and may be utilised as an anticancer drug against breast cancer cells. It can also be further evaluated for different breast cancers and cell lines.

Merremia emarginata Extract Potentiates the Inhibition of Human Colon Cancer Cells (HT-29) via the Modulation of Caspase-3/Bcl-2-Mediated Pathways.

Background This study investigates Merremia emarginata's curative effectiveness against colon cancer cells. M. emarginata, often known as Elika jemudu, is a Convolvulaceae family plant. The inhibitory ability of anticancer herbal extracts against cancer cell growth and mediators is tested.  Aim This study aims to evaluate the potent anticancer activity of M. emarginata against colon cancer cell line (HT-29). Materials and methods M. emarginata leaves were gathered and processed using solvent extraction. Anticancer activity on colon cancer cells was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and cysteine aspartic acid protease-3 (caspase 3), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) mRNA expressions. The data was reported as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments done in triplicate. The statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with a p-value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results The cell viability test showed a gradual decrease in cell growth and proliferation as the concentration increased. The ethanolic extract of M. emarginata was found to be cytotoxic against colon caller cell lines. The extract was able to induce apoptosis of cancer as revealed by Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and caspase-3 (p<0.05 and p<0.001) signaling pathways. Conclusion M. emarginata extracts showed good anticancer activity against colon cancer cell lines. Further work is required to establish and identify the chemical constituent responsible for its anticancer activity.

Sensing of Quercetin With Cobalt-Doped Manganese Nanosystems by Electrochemical Method.

BACKGROUND: The pressing need for precise, quick, and affordable detection of diverse biomolecules has led to notable developments in the realm of biosensors. Quercetin, a biomolecule rich in flavonoids predominantly found in our diet, is sensed by the electrochemical method. The electrochemical properties show remarkable improvement when Mn2O3 (MO) is doped with cobalt (Co).  Aim: This study aimed to investigate the biomolecule sensing of quercetin using Co-doped MO by electrochemical method.  Materials and methods: Co-doped MO nanospheres were prepared by hydrothermal method. The crystal structure of the synthesized material was evaluated by using X-ray diffraction analysis. The sample morphology was assessed by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. The cyclic voltammetry technique was used for the detection of quercetin biomolecules.  Results: The synthesized Co-doped MO appeared to be spherical in morphology in FE-SEM. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the only presence of Co, Mn, and O, which confirmed the purity of the sample. The modified electrode sensed the biomolecule with a higher current of 7.35 µA than the bare glassy carbon electrode of 6.1 µA. CONCLUSION: The Co-doped MO exhibited enhanced conductivity, reactivity, and electrochemical performance. This tailored approach will help in the optimization of material properties toward specific biomolecule sensing applications.