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1.
Neurobiol Dis ; 184: 106201, 2023 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37321420

RESUMO

Neurobiological disorders are highly prevalent medical conditions that contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a technique that measures gene expression in individual cells. In this review, we survey scRNA-seq studies of tissues from patients suffering from neurobiological disease. This includes postmortem human brains and organoids derived from peripheral cells. We highlight a range of conditions, including epilepsy, cognitive disorders, substance use disorders, and mood disorders. These findings provide new insights into neurobiological disease in multiple ways, including discovering novel cell types or subtypes involved in disease, proposing new pathophysiological mechanisms, uncovering novel drug targets, or identifying potential biomarkers. We discuss the quality of these findings and suggest potential future directions and areas open for additional research, including studies of non-cortical brain regions and additional conditions such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and sleeping disorders. We argue that additional scRNA-seq of tissues from patients suffering from neurobiological disease could advance our understanding and treatment of these conditions.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade , Transtornos do Humor , Humanos , Transtornos do Humor/genética , Encéfalo , Biomarcadores , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos
2.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 61: 128614, 2022 04 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35151865

RESUMO

High rates of recurrence and treatment resistance in the most common malignant adult brain cancer, glioblastoma (GBM), suggest that monotherapies are not sufficiently effective. Combination therapies are increasingly pursued, but the possibility of adverse drug-drug interactions may preclude clinical implementation. Developing single molecules with multiple targets is a feasible alternative strategy to identify effective and tolerable pharmacotherapies for GBM. Here, we report the development of a novel, first-in-class, dual aurora and lim kinase inhibitor termed F114. Aurora kinases and lim kinases are involved in neoplastic cell division and cell motility, respectively. Due to the importance of these cellular functions, inhibitors of aurora kinases and lim kinases are being pursued separately as anti-cancer therapies. Using in vitro and ex vivo models of GBM, we found that F114 inhibits GBM proliferation and invasion. These results establish F114 as a promising new scaffold for dual aurora/lim kinase inhibitors that may be used in future drug development efforts for GBM, and potentially other cancers.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Aurora Quinase A/antagonistas & inibidores , Aurora Quinase B/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Quinases Lim/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Aurora Quinase A/metabolismo , Aurora Quinase B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Quinases Lim/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas
3.
Neurobiol Dis ; 145: 105060, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32877743

RESUMO

Clinical studies have shown that treating many primary brain tumors is challenging due in part to the lack of safe and effective compounds that cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) (Tan et al., 2018). However, if we were to imagine that we have ideal BBB penetrant compounds that target brain tumor cells selectively, recent studies suggest that those compounds may still not be effective due to the heterogenous nature of the tumors. In other words, there are many subsets of cells within a brain tumor, and compounds that target all those different populations are needed. This is a considerable challenge. Targeting of the cell-of-origin of these brain tumors is equally important. And yet another impediment we face is that brain tumor cells-of-origin may be protean and are able to differentiate into other cell types to drive recurrence. Therefore, an ideal BBB-penetrant compound targeting a cell-of-origin in a brain tumor may be ineffective due to the cell's ability to differentiate into another resistant cell type. One possible means of combating the plastic nature of these cells is targeting epigenetic pathways used by the cells to differentiate into other cell types along with standard treatment regimens. We summarize here some of the epigenetic pathways that have been shown to be active in three different primary brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM), medulloblastoma (MB), and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). We also compare recent single-cell RNA sequencing analyses of these tumors in order to identify common epigenetic pathways to treat the respective cells-of-origin for these tumors. Lastly, we discuss possible combination therapies that may be generalizable for treating these and other brain tumors using multi-omics approaches. While our focus on these three tumor types is not exhaustive and certainly other brain tumors can have similar mechanisms, there has been significant recent evidence linking epigenetics, plasticity, and intratumor heterogeneity in these tumors.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Epigênese Genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Diferenciação Celular , Humanos
4.
Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer ; 1879(6): 189182, 2024 Sep 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39293549

RESUMO

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary adult brain tumor. Despite standard-of-care treatment, which consists of surgical resection, temozolomide (TMZ) treatment, and radiotherapy, the prognosis for GBM patients remains poor with a five-year survival rate of 5 %. With treatment, the median survival time is 14 months, suggesting the dire need for new, more effective therapies. Glutaminolysis, the metabolic pathway by which cells can convert glutamine to ATP, is essential for the survival of GBM cells and represents a putative target for treatment. Glutamine replenishes tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates through glutaminolysis. The first step of glutaminolysis, the deamination of glutamine, can be carried out by either glutaminase 1 (GLS) or glutaminase 2 (GLS2). However, it is becoming increasingly clear that these enzymes have opposing functions in GBM; GLS induces deamination of glutamine, thereby acting in an oncogenic fashion, while GLS2 has non-enzymatic, tumor-suppressive functions that are repressed in GBM. In this review, we explore the important role of glutaminolysis and the opposing roles of GLS and GLS2 in GBM. Further, we provide a detailed discussion of GLS2's newly discovered non-enzymatic functions that can be targeted in GBM. We conclude by considering therapeutic approaches that have emerged from the understanding of GLS and GLS2's opposing roles in GBM.

5.
bioRxiv ; 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38853982

RESUMO

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer. PDAC's poor prognosis and resistance to immunotherapy are attributed in part to its dense, fibrotic tumor microenvironment (TME), which is known to inhibit immune cell infiltration. We recently demonstrated that PDAC patients with higher natural killer (NK) cell content and activation have better survival rates. However, NK cell interactions in the PDAC TME have yet to be deeply studied. We show here that NK cells are present and active in the human PDAC TME. Methods: We used imaging mass cytometry (IMC) to assess NK cell content, function, and spatial localization in human PDAC samples. Then, we used CellChat, a tool to infer ligand-receptor interactions, on a human PDAC scRNAseq dataset to further define NK cell interactions in PDAC. Results: Spatial analyses showed for the first time that active NK cells are present in the PDAC TME, and both associate and interact with malignant epithelial cell ducts. We also found that fibroblast-rich, desmoplastic regions limit NK cell infiltration in the PDAC TME. CellChat analysis identified that the CD44 receptor on NK cells interacts with PDAC extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen, fibronectin and laminin expressed by fibroblasts and malignant epithelial cells. This led us to hypothesize that these interactions play roles in regulating NK cell motility in desmoplastic PDAC TMEs. Using 2D and 3D in vitro assays, we found that CD44 neutralization significantly increased NK cell invasion through matrix. Conclusions: Targeting ECM-immune cell interactions may increase NK cell invasion into the PDAC TME.

6.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 9284, 2024 04 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38654040

RESUMO

Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are therapeutic targets in several cancers including the most common malignant adult brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). Multiple small molecule inhibitors of BET proteins have been utilized in preclinical and clinical studies. Unfortunately, BET inhibitors have not shown efficacy in clinical trials enrolling GBM patients. One possible reason for this may stem from resistance mechanisms that arise after prolonged treatment within a clinical setting. However, the mechanisms and timeframe of resistance to BET inhibitors in GBM is not known. To identify the temporal order of resistance mechanisms in GBM we performed quantitative proteomics using multiplex-inhibitor bead mass spectrometry and demonstrated that intrinsic resistance to BET inhibitors in GBM treatment occurs rapidly within hours and involves the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) protein. Additionally, small molecule inhibition of BET proteins and FGFR1 simultaneously induces synergy in reducing GBM tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Further, FGFR1 knockdown synergizes with BET inhibitor mediated reduction of GBM cell proliferation. Collectively, our studies suggest that co-targeting BET and FGFR1 may dampen resistance mechanisms to yield a clinical response in GBM.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Proteínas que Contêm Bromodomínio , Proliferação de Células , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Glioblastoma , Receptor Tipo 1 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patologia , Glioblastoma/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor Tipo 1 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Humanos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Camundongos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteômica/métodos , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores
7.
J Clin Invest ; 134(15)2024 Jun 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38885332

RESUMO

Most children with medulloblastoma (MB) achieve remission, but some face very aggressive metastatic tumors. Their dismal outcome highlights the critical need to advance therapeutic approaches that benefit such high-risk patients. Minnelide, a clinically relevant analog of the natural product triptolide, has oncostatic activity in both preclinical and early clinical settings. Despite its efficacy and tolerable toxicity, this compound has not been evaluated in MB. Utilizing a bioinformatic data set that integrates cellular drug response data with gene expression, we predicted that Group 3 (G3) MB, which has a poor 5-year survival, would be sensitive to triptolide/Minnelide. We subsequently showed that both triptolide and Minnelide attenuate the viability of G3 MB cells ex vivo. Transcriptomic analyses identified MYC signaling, a pathologically relevant driver of G3 MB, as a downstream target of this class of drugs. We validated this MYC dependency in G3 MB cells and showed that triptolide exerts its efficacy by reducing both MYC transcription and MYC protein stability. Importantly, Minnelide acted on MYC to reduce tumor growth and leptomeningeal spread, which resulted in improved survival of G3 MB animal models. Moreover, Minnelide improved the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy, further highlighting its potential for the treatment of MYC-driven G3 MB.


Assuntos
Diterpenos , Compostos de Epóxi , Meduloblastoma , Fenantrenos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Fenantrenos/farmacologia , Diterpenos/farmacologia , Compostos de Epóxi/farmacologia , Meduloblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Meduloblastoma/genética , Meduloblastoma/patologia , Meduloblastoma/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Cerebelares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cerebelares/genética , Neoplasias Cerebelares/patologia , Neoplasias Cerebelares/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Organofosfatos
8.
J Clin Invest ; 133(13)2023 07 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37395282

RESUMO

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancestral viral relics that constitute nearly 8% of the human genome. Although normally silenced, the most recently integrated provirus HERV-K (HML-2) can be reactivated in certain cancers. Here, we report pathological expression of HML-2 in malignant gliomas in both cerebrospinal fluid and tumor tissue that was associated with a cancer stem cell phenotype and poor outcomes. Using single-cell RNA-Seq, we identified glioblastoma cellular populations with elevated HML-2 transcripts in neural progenitor-like cells (NPC-like) that drive cellular plasticity. Using CRISPR interference, we demonstrate that HML-2 critically maintained glioblastoma stemness and tumorigenesis in both glioblastoma neurospheres and intracranial orthotopic murine models. Additionally, we demonstrate that HML-2 critically regulated embryonic stem cell programs in NPC-derived astroglia and altered their 3D cellular morphology by activating the nuclear transcription factor OCT4, which binds to an HML-2-specific long-terminal repeat (LTR5Hs). Moreover, we discovered that some glioblastoma cells formed immature retroviral virions, and inhibiting HML-2 expression with antiretroviral drugs reduced reverse transcriptase activity in the extracellular compartment, tumor viability, and pluripotency. Our results suggest that HML-2 fundamentally contributes to the glioblastoma stem cell niche. Because persistence of glioblastoma stem cells is considered responsible for treatment resistance and recurrence, HML-2 may serve as a unique therapeutic target.


Assuntos
Retrovirus Endógenos , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Glioblastoma/genética , Nicho de Células-Tronco , Provírus/genética
9.
World Neurosurg ; 162: 47-56, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35314408

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are present in 70% of World Health Organization grade II and III gliomas. IDH mutation induces accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate. Therefore, therapies targeting reversal of epigenetic dysregulation in gliomas have been suggested. However, the utility of epigenetic treatments in gliomas remains unclear. Here, we present the first clinical systematic review of epigenetic therapies in treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas and highlight their safety and efficacy. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases from 2000 to January 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened to include clinical usage of epigenetic therapies in case reports, prospective case series, or clinical trials. Primary and secondary outcomes included safety/tolerability of epigenetic therapies and progression-free survival/overall survival, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 133 patients across 8 clinical studies were included in our analysis. IDH inhibitors appear to have the best safety profile, with an overall grade 3/grade 4 adverse event rate of 9%. Response rates to IDH-mutant inhibitors were highest in nonenhancing gliomas (stable disease achieved in 55% of patients). In contrast, histone deacetylase inhibitors demonstrate a lower safety profile with single-study adverse events as high as 28%. CONCLUSION: IDH inhibitors appear promising given their benign toxicity profile and ease of monitoring. Histone deacetylase inhibitors appear to have a narrow therapeutic index, as lower concentrations do not appear effective, while increased doses can produce severe immunosuppressive effects. Preliminary data suggest that epigenetic therapies are generally well tolerated and may control disease in certain patient groups, such as those with nonenhancing lesions.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioma , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Epigênese Genética/genética , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/genética , Glioma/patologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Humanos , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/genética , Mutação/genética
10.
Mol Cancer Res ; 20(11): 1598-1610, 2022 11 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35925047

RESUMO

Dysregulation of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling drives the growth of distinct cancer subtypes, including medulloblastoma (MB). Such cancers have been treated in the clinic with a number of clinically relevant SHH inhibitors, the majority of which target the upstream SHH regulator, Smoothened (SMO). Despite considerable efficacy, many of these patients develop resistance to these drugs, primarily due to mutations in SMO. Therefore, it is essential to identify druggable, signaling components downstream of SMO to target in SMO inhibitor resistant cancers. We utilized an integrated functional genomics approach to identify epigenetic regulators of SHH signaling and identified a novel complex of Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), and GLI proteins. We show that this complex is distinct from previously described UHRF1/DNMT1 complexes, suggesting that it works in concert to regulate GLI activity in SHH driven tumors. Importantly, we show that UHRF1/DNMT1/GLI complex stability is targeted by a repurposed FDA-approved therapy, with a subsequent reduction in the growth of SHH-dependent MB ex vivo and in vivo. IMPLICATIONS: This work describes a novel, druggable UHRF1/DNMT1/GLI complex that regulates SHH-dependent tumor growth, and highlights an FDA-approved drug capable of disrupting this complex to attenuate tumor growth.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Cerebelares , Meduloblastoma , Humanos , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Receptor Smoothened/genética , Receptor Smoothened/metabolismo , Meduloblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Meduloblastoma/genética , Meduloblastoma/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Neoplasias Cerebelares/metabolismo , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo
11.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 23370, 2021 12 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34862404

RESUMO

Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins have emerged as therapeutic targets in multiple cancers, including the most common primary adult brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). Although several BET inhibitors have entered clinical trials, few are brain penetrant. We have generated UM-002, a novel brain penetrant BET inhibitor that reduces GBM cell proliferation in vitro and in a human cerebral brain organoid model. Since UM-002 is more potent than other BET inhibitors, it could potentially be developed for GBM treatment. Furthermore, UM-002 treatment reduces the expression of cell-cycle related genes in vivo and reduces the expression of invasion related genes within the non-proliferative cells present in tumors as measured by single cell RNA-sequencing. These studies suggest that BET inhibition alters the transcriptional landscape of GBM tumors, which has implications for designing combination therapies. Importantly, they also provide an integrated dataset that combines in vitro and ex vivo studies with in vivo single-cell RNA-sequencing to characterize a novel BET inhibitor in GBM.


Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/efeitos dos fármacos , Glioblastoma/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Invasividade Neoplásica , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto
12.
Nat Commun ; 9(1): 5315, 2018 12 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30552330

RESUMO

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary adult brain tumor. Despite extensive efforts, the median survival for GBM patients is approximately 14 months. GBM therapy could benefit greatly from patient-specific targeted therapies that maximize treatment efficacy. Here we report a platform termed SynergySeq to identify drug combinations for the treatment of GBM by integrating information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS). We identify differentially expressed genes in GBM samples and devise a consensus gene expression signature for each compound using LINCS L1000 transcriptional profiling data. The SynergySeq platform computes disease discordance and drug concordance to identify combinations of FDA-approved drugs that induce a synergistic response in GBM. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that combining disease-specific gene expression signatures with LINCS small molecule perturbagen-response signatures can identify preclinical combinations for GBM, which can potentially be tested in humans.


Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/genética , Transcriptoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Combinação de Medicamentos , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Biblioteca Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Família Multigênica , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/normas
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