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1.
J Cogn Neurosci ; 35(12): 1936-1959, 2023 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37713673

RESUMO

Trust plays an important role during adolescence for developing social relations. Although prior developmental studies give us insight into adolescents' development of differentiation between close (e.g., friends) and unknown (e.g., unknown peers) targets in trust choices, less is known about the development of trust to societal targets (e.g., members of a community organization) and its underlying neural mechanisms. Using a modified version of the Trust Game, our preregistered fMRI study examined the underlying neural mechanisms of trust to close (friend), societal (community member), and unknown others (unknown peer) during adolescence in 106 participants (aged 12-23 years). Adolescents showed most trust to friends, less trust to community members, and the least trust to unknown peers. Neural results show that target differentiation in adolescents' trust behavior is associated with activity in social brain regions implicated during mentalizing, reward processing, and cognitive control. Recruitment of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and OFC was higher for closer targets (i.e., friend and community member). For the mPFC, this effect was most pronounced during no trust choices. Trust to friends was additionally associated with increased activity in the precuneus and bilateral temporal parietal junction. In contrast, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex were most active for trust to unknown peers. The mPFC showed increased activity with age and consistent relations with individual differences in feeling needed/useful.


Assuntos
Amigos , Confiança , Humanos , Adolescente , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo , Grupo Associado , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos
2.
J Res Adolesc ; 33(4): 1422-1434, 2023 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37731185

RESUMO

Using a newly developed version of the Trust Game among 196 adolescents aged 11-20 years, this study examined whether adolescents distinguish between trust and reciprocity to unknown peers, friends, and community members. We also tested for effects of age, gender, and individual differences in attending to others' emotions, emotional support to friends, societal contributions, and institutional and interpersonal trust beliefs. Results indicated that adolescents showed the least trust and reciprocity to unknown peers, more to a community member, and most to friends. Reciprocity increased with age, and individual differences in societal contributions and interpersonal trust were positively related to trust and reciprocity. This study was the first to show that community members are a specific target in adolescents' social world.


Assuntos
Relações Interpessoais , Confiança , Adolescente , Humanos , Emoções , Amigos , Grupo Associado , Confiança/psicologia , Criança , Adulto Jovem
3.
J Res Adolesc ; 33(1): 74-91, 2023 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35799311

RESUMO

This study aimed to examine changes in depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of 1,339 adolescents (9-18 years old, 59% female) from three countries. We also examined if age, race/ethnicity, disease burden, or strictness of government restrictions moderated change in symptoms. Data from 12 longitudinal studies (10 U.S., 1 Netherlands, 1 Peru) were combined. Linear mixed effect models showed that depression, but not anxiety, symptoms increased significantly (median increase = 28%). The most negative mental health impacts were reported by multiracial adolescents and those under 'lockdown' restrictions. Policy makers need to consider these impacts by investing in ways to support adolescents' mental health during the pandemic.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Masculino , Pandemias , Depressão/epidemiologia , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Etnicidade
4.
Communic Res ; 50(2): 131-156, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36874391

RESUMO

In this study, we examined whether adolescents helped others during the COVID-19 pandemic and how stories in the media inspired them in doing so. Using an online daily diary design, 481 younger adolescents (M = 15.29, SD = 1.76) and 404 older adolescents (M = 21.48, SD = 1.91) were followed for 2 weeks. Findings from linear mixed effects models demonstrated that feelings of being moved by stories in the media were related to giving emotional support to family and friends, and to helping others, including strangers. Exposure to COVID-19 news and information was found to spark efforts to support and help as well and keeping physical distance in line with the advised protective behaviors against COVID-19. Moreover, helping others was related to increased happiness. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the potential role of the media in connecting people in times of crisis.

5.
Dev Cogn Neurosci ; 60: 101204, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36736019

RESUMO

Adolescence is characterized by impulsivity but also by increased importance of friendships. This study took the novel perspective of testing temporal discounting in a fMRI task where choices could affect outcomes for 96 adolescents (aged 10-20-years) themselves and their best friend. Decisions either benefitted themselves (i.e., the Self Immediate - Self Delay' condition) or their friend (i.e., 'Friend Immediate - Friend Delay' condition); or juxtaposed rewards for themselves and their friends (i.e., the 'Self Immediate - Friend Delay' or 'Friend Immediate - Self Delay' conditions). We observed that younger adolescents were more impulsive; and all participants were more impulsive when this was associated with an immediate benefit for friends. Individual differences analyses revealed increased activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex extending in the ventral striatum for immediate relative to delayed reward choices for self. Temporal choices were associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, insula, and ventral striatum, but only activity in the right inferior parietal lobe was associated with age. Finally, temporal delay choices for friends relative to self were associated with increased activity in the temporo-parietal junction and precuneus. Overall, this study shows a unique role of the social context in adolescents' temporal decision making.


Assuntos
Desvalorização pelo Atraso , Humanos , Adolescente , Amigos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Recompensa , Comportamento Impulsivo
6.
Adv Child Dev Behav ; 63: 149-190, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35871821

RESUMO

Adolescent development is often regarded as a period of social sensitivities, given that brain development continues into the early 20s in interplay with social experiences. In this review, we present adolescence as a unique window for prosocial development; that is, behavior that benefits others. We present evidence for multiple pathways of neural sensitivity that contribute to key developmental processes related to prosocial behaviors, including valuing, perspective taking, and goal-flexibility. Yet, these processes are dependent on several contextual factors including recipients, audience effects, and strategic motivations. Next, we present intervention findings suggesting that prosocial experiences within these various contexts are crucial for adolescents developing into engaged and contributing members of society. These findings suggest a new interpretation of the elevated socio-affective sensitivity and emerging socio-cognitive development in adolescence, focusing on opportunities rather than risks.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Altruísmo , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Cognição , Humanos , Motivação , Comportamento Social
7.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 7458, 2022 05 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35523982

RESUMO

Prosocial actions are a building block for developing mature and caring social relations. However, the global pandemic may hamper adolescents' prosocial actions. In this preregistered study, we examined the extent to which adolescents provided daily emotional support during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 10-25-year-old high school and university students participated at three timepoints (N = 888 at the first timepoint (May 2020); 494 at the second timepoint (Nov 2020) and 373 at the third timepoint (May 2021)). At the first and second timepoint, participants completed 2 weeks of daily diaries on providing emotional support. At all timepoints, participants performed Dictator Games to measure giving to peers, friends and COVID-19 targets (medical doctors, COVID-19 patients, individuals with a poor immune system). Across the three timepoints, adolescents gave more to COVID-19 targets than peers and friends, but giving to COVID-19 target was highest in the beginning of the pandemic (first timepoint relative to second and third timepoint). Results from the first timepoint showed that emotional support directed to friends peaked in mid-adolescence, whereas emotional support towards family members showed a gradual increase from childhood to young adulthood. Furthermore, daily emotional support increased between the first and second timepoint. Daily emotional support to friends predicted giving behavior to all targets, whereas emotional support to family was specifically associated with giving to COVID-19 targets. These findings elucidate the relation between daily actions and prosocial giving to societally-relevant targets in times of crisis, underlying the importance of prosocial experiences during adolescence.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , COVID-19 , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Criança , Amigos , Humanos , Pandemias , Grupo Associado , Adulto Jovem
8.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 11563, 2021 06 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34078968

RESUMO

Adolescence is a formative period for socio-emotional development which is threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current longitudinal study examined two aims: (1) the short- and long-term effects of the pandemic on young people's mood (i.e. vigor, tension, and depression levels) and emotional reactivity (i.e. fluctuations in daily mood), and (2) the impact of stressors on mood, emotional reactivity, self-oriented (i.e. maladaptive behavior towards COVID-19 rules) and other-benefitting behaviors (i.e. behavior aimed at helping and comforting others). We conducted an online two-week daily diary study among 462 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 15.27 years, 64% females) and 371 young adults (Mage = 21.49 years, 81% females) in May 2020, with a follow-up in November 2020 (N = 238 and 231, respectively adolescents and young adults). In May 2020, young adults and older relative to younger adolescents showed higher levels and more fluctuations in tension and depression and lower levels of vigor. Vigor levels decreased and tension and depression levels increased between May 2020 and November 2020, especially for younger adolescents. There were positive associations between instability of negative emotions (i.e. tension and depression fluctuations) and the exposure to stressors (i.e. family stress and inequality of online homeschooling) in the adolescent sample. Together, this study demonstrates vulnerability regarding young people's mood and emotional reactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for adolescents who experience more stressors.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Afeto , COVID-19 , Emoções , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , COVID-19/psicologia , Criança , Depressão/psicologia , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Países Baixos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
9.
PLoS One ; 15(10): e0240349, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33027308

RESUMO

Adolescence is a formative phase for social development. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated regulations have led to many changes in adolescents' lives, including limited opportunities for social interactions. The current exploratory study investigated the effect of the first weeks of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on Dutch adolescents' (N = 53 with attrition, N = 36 without attrition) mood, empathy, and prosocial behavior. Longitudinal analyses comparing pre-pandemic measures to a three-week peri-pandemic daily diary study showed (i) decreases in empathic concern, opportunities for prosocial actions, and tension, (ii) stable levels of social value orientation, altruism, and dire prosociality, and (iii) increased levels of perspective-taking and vigor during the first weeks of lockdown. Second, this study investigated peri-pandemic effects of familiarity, need, and deservedness on giving behavior. To this end, we utilized novel hypothetical Dictator Games with ecologically valid targets associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescents showed higher levels of giving to a friend (a familiar other, about 51% of the total share), a doctor in a hospital (deserving target, 78%), and individuals with COVID-19 or a poor immune system (targets in need, 69 and 63%, respectively) compared to an unfamiliar peer (39%) This suggests that during the pandemic need and deservedness had a greater influence on adolescent giving than familiarity. Overall, this study demonstrates detrimental effects of the first weeks of lockdown on adolescents' empathic concern and opportunities for prosocial actions, which are important predictors of healthy socio-emotional development. However, adolescents also showed marked resilience and a willingness to benefit others as a result of the lockdown, as evidenced by improved perspective-taking and mood, and high sensitivity to need and deservedness in giving to others.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Afeto , Altruísmo , Betacoronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/psicologia , Empatia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/psicologia , Adolescente , COVID-19 , Criança , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Diários como Assunto , Feminino , Amigos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Grupo Associado , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Quarentena/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto Jovem
10.
J Intell ; 7(3)2019 Aug 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31461991

RESUMO

Analogical reasoning is assumed to play a large role in learning and problem solving in everyday and school settings. It was examined whether a newly developed dynamic test of analogical reasoning would be sufficiently difficult for identifying young gifted children's potential for solving analogies. The study included 74 gifted (n = 31) and average-ability (n = 43) children between 7 and 8 years old. Employing a pre-test-training-post-test format, in which half of the children received a graduated prompts training and the other half received a control task between pre-test and post-test, it was investigated (1) whether trained children would improve more in accuracy from pre-test to post-test than their untrained peers, and whether (2) gifted and average-ability children would demonstrate differences in their level of improvement from pre-test to post-test, and (3) their needs for instruction during training. The results indicated that dynamically tested children improved more than those in the control condition. In addition, the dynamic test seemed sufficiently difficult for the gifted children: regardless of whether they were trained, gifted children demonstrated superior accuracy scores than their average-ability agemates at pre-test and post-test, but similar levels of improvement. They were also found to need fewer instructions during training.

11.
Acta Psychol (Amst) ; 196: 87-95, 2019 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31005781

RESUMO

This study investigated the potential of dynamic testing of geometric analogical reasoning in differentiating between the potential for learning of gifted and average-ability children (aged 9-10 years old). In doing so, it was analysed whether planning, a higher-order executive function, was related to outcomes of the dynamic test, and to instructional needs during training. Employing a pretest-training-post-test control group design, participants were split into four subgroups: gifted dynamic testing (n = 24), gifted control (n = 26), average-ability dynamic testing (n = 48) and average-ability control (n = 50). The results revealed that children who were dynamically tested progressed more in accuracy from pre-test to post-test than their peers who received practice opportunities only. Gifted children outperformed their average-ability peers in accuracy, but showed similar levels of improvement after training or practice only. Moreover, gifted children showed they needed fewer prompts during training than their average-ability peers. Planning was found to be related only to pre-test accuracy, and the number of prompts needed at the first training session, but not to post-test accuracy or the number of prompts needed at the second training session. In the discussion, educational implications of the findings were discussed.


Assuntos
Criança Superdotada/psicologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Resolução de Problemas/fisiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória
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