Informed Consent: The Surgical Patient's Experience in a Tertiary Hospital in Northwest Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining informed consent (IC) before a surgical procedure is the cornerstone of medical practice. The practice of IC continues to evolve as litigations increase. Most studies on patients' perspectives of IC are either old or were done in southern Nigeria. This study assessed the surgical patients' IC experience in a tertiary hospital in northwest Nigeria. METHODS: This cross-sectional study assessed 244 consecutive patients who had elective surgeries in surgical departments of a tertiary hospital. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect data regarding their perception of the meaning of IC, the process of obtaining it, satisfaction with how it was obtained, and factors associated with satisfaction on how consent was obtained. RESULTS: Most were females (61.9%); their mean age was 34.8±14.3 years; 52.9% and 61.9% of respondents did not believe that IC enables patient-clinician shared decision-making or patient's self-decision making, respectively. Most were allowed to ask questions (83.2%), received information on the surgical procedure (91.4%), diagnosis (97.9%); however, 38.5% and 48.8% did not receive information about surgical procedures' immediate and long-term complications, respectively. Surgical procedure explanation was mostly provided by Resident Doctors (53.7%). Most (88.9%) were satisfied with how IC was obtained; satisfaction was associated with being allowed to ask questions, receiving explanations on diagnosis, surgical-procedure, complications of surgery, available alternative treatments, and when the resident/ consultants gave the explanation (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Deficiencies exist in the process of getting IC. Satisfaction with this process was high though associated with following the recommended strategies. Improving the IC process will require appropriate interventions in this and similar settings.

CONTEXTE: Obtention du consentement éclairé (CI) avant une intervention chirurgicale la procédure est la pierre angulaire de la pratique médicale. La pratique de l'IC continue d'évoluer à mesure que les litiges augmentent. La plupart des études sur les patients les perspectives d'IC sont soit anciennes, soit ont été faites dans le sud du Nigeria.Cette étude a évalué l'expérience IC des patients chirurgicaux dans un tertiaire hôpital dans le nord-ouest du Nigeria. MÉTHODES: Cette étude transversale a évalué 244 études consécutives les patients qui ont subi des chirurgies non urgentes dans les services chirurgicaux d'un tertiaire hôpital. Des questionnaires prétestés ont été utilisés pour recueillir des données concernant leur perception de la signification de l'IC, le processus d'obtention,la satisfaction à l'égard de la façon dont il a été obtenu et les facteurs associés à la satisfaction quant à la façon dont le consentement a été obtenu. RÉSULTATS: La plupart étaient des femmes (61,9 %); leur âge moyen était de 34,8 ±14,3 ansannées; 52,9 % et 61,9 % des répondants ne croyaient pas que l'IC permettait la prise de décision partagée patientclinicien ou l'auto-décision du patientfaire, respectivement. La plupart ont été autorisés à poser des questions (83,2 %),reçu de l'information sur l'intervention chirurgicale (91,4 %), le diagnostic(97,9%); toutefois, 38,5 % et 48,8 % n'ont pas reçu d'information sur les complications immédiates et à long terme des interventions chirurgicales, respectivement. L'explication de la procédure chirurgicale a été principalement fournie par médecins résidents (53,7 %). La plupart (88,9 %) étaient satisfaits de la façon dont IC a été obtenu; la satisfaction était associée au fait d'être autorisé àposer des questions, recevoir des explications sur le diagnostic, la procédure chirurgicale,complications de la chirurgie, traitements alternatifs disponibles et quandle résident/les consultants ont donné l'explication (tous P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Des lacunes existent dans le processus d'obtention de l'IC.La satisfaction à l'égard de ce processus était élevée, bien qu'elle soit associée à en suivant les stratégies recommandées. L'amélioration du processus de CI permettra nécessitent des interventions appropriées dans ce contexte et dans des contextes similaires. Mots-clés: Consentement éclairé, Kano, expérience du patient, chirurgiepatients, hôpital tertiaire.

Determinants of utilization of papanicolaou smear among outpatient clinic attendees in north-eastern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The utilization of cervical cancer screening services is very poor in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed at establishing the determinants of the awareness of cervical cancer, Papanicolaou smear and its utilization among outpatient clinic attendees in north-eastern Nigeria. METHODOLOGY: Cross sectional study among outpatient clinic attendees in two tertiary institutions in north-eastern Nigeria. RESULTS: A total of 235 women of reproductive age were interviewed during the study period. Sixty two (62%) were aware of cervical cancer, while 44.3% were aware of screening with Pap smear. However, overall, only 11.5% had ever been screened for cervical cancer before our study. More than half (54%) of the respondents did not state any reason for not doing the test. Compared with women who were not screened, screened women were aged 30 years and above with a mean age of 29.7 +/- 7.6 years (p = 0.021), better educated (p = 0.046), multiparous and employed outside home (p = 0.000). Determinants of awareness of cervical cancer and Pap smear were higher level of education (O.R. 7.80, 95% CI: 7.2-9.4; O.R. 5.12, 95%; CI: 5.0-6.4) and being civil servants (O.R. 2.01, 95% CI: 2.5-3.0; O.R. 3.23, 95%; CI: 2.9-4.7) respectively, while utilization of Pap smear depended on the age (O.R. 3.25, 95%; CI: 2.7-4.0) and higher educational status (O.R. 2.87, 95%; CI: 2.9-3.2). CONCLUSION: The utilization of Pap smear among women studied is very low. But the reasons advanced for poor utilization are modifiable. Efforts at addressing these reasons might improve the take up rate of cervical cancer screening in North-eastern Nigeria.

Perforated peptic ulcer (PPU) in pregnancy during Ramadan fasting.

BACKGROUND: Perforated Peptic Ulcer (PPU) is extremely rare in pregnancy. We report a case of perforated peptic ulcer in pregnancy during Ramadan fasting. PATIENT AND METHODS: The patient is a 16 years old primigravida who presented with features of peritonitis at 28weeks of gestation while fasting during Ramadan. Ultrasound scan reported a singleton live fetus at 28 weeks gestation. At laparotomy via upper midline incision; a 1 cm roundish perforation located on the duodenum anteriorly was found with about a litre of gastric juice mixed with blood and food particles in the peritoneal cavity. The perforation was close transversely with omental patch (Modified Graham's patch) and peritoneal lavage done with warm saline. She had a preterm delivery of a 1 kg baby 3 days post-operatively by a spontaneous vaginal delivery, but the baby died 3 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Perforated Peptic Ulcer(PPU) though rare in pregnancy can occur and fasting can be a risk factor.

Hydatidiform mole as seen in a university teaching hospital: a 10-year review.

SUMMARY: Hydatidiform mole (HM), is a known cause of early pregnancy wastage and has the risk of malignant potential. This is a retrospective study of 71 patients who were managed for hydatidiform mole at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, (UMTH) Maiduguri over a 10-year period, from January 1996 to December 2005, inclusive. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, clinical presentations and histological types of HM. Case records of 71 histologically confirmed HM were studied. Their sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentations and histology reports were obtained and analysed. The institutional incidence of molar pregnancy was 3.8/1,000 deliveries. Histological findings showed partial mole in 51 (71.8%) cases and complete mole in 20 (28.2%) cases. The peak age-specific incidence rate was 17.5 years. The leading presenting clinical feature was abnormal vaginal bleeding seen in 100%. No case of invasive mole was found. Maternal complications included severe haemorrhage requiring blood transfusion (30.0%) and infections (15.5%). There was no maternal death. In conclusion, the incidence of partial hydatidiform mole was found to be higher than that of complete variety in our environment and the identified risk factors were young age, low parity and previous history of HM.

A 10-year Review of the Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome of Asherman's Syndrome at a Center with Limited Resources.

BACKGROUND: Many women suffer from some degree of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) presenting with various clinical symptoms and signs. Hysteroscopy is the mainstay of diagnosis, classification, and treatment of the IUA. AIM: This study was undertaken to review the clinical features and treatment outcome in patients diagnosed with Asherman's syndrome at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH), Maiduguri, over a 10 years period, 1997-2006. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of cases of Asherman's syndrome managed at the UMTH over a 10-year period, from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2006. Case records of the patients were retrieved from medical records' Department. Sociodemographic and clinical information relating to clinical presentations, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collated. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 Statistical Computer Package (SPSS Inc., IL, USA 2006). Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used for inferential statistics. RESULTS: Asherman's syndrome constituted 8.1% (81/996) of all gynecological operations in UMTH during the study period. The case records retrieval rate was 96.3% (78/81 folders). Most of the patients, 59% (46/78) were in their third decade and majority 85.9% (67/78) were married. The most common risk factor was pregnancy-associated, accounting for 61.5% (48/78). Infertility and hypomenorrhea were the most common mode of presentations in 55.1% (43/78) and 32.1% (25/78) of cases, respectively. Most of the patients 85.9% (67/78) were treated by blind dilatation and curettage (D/C), Foley's catheter insertion and estrogen-progesterone combination. Correction of menses was seen in 37.2% (29/78) of the patients while the pregnancy rate was 32.1% (25/78). On binary logistic regression age of the respondents, multigravidity, and previous pelvic surgeries for pregnancy (C/S and D/C for abortion) emerged as the only respondent's related risk factors associated with the development of Asherman's syndrome. CONCLUSION: Asherman's syndrome is relatively common due to complications of pregnancy and delivery, and blind D/C has a relatively poor outcome. Age of the respondents, multigravidity, and previous pelvic surgeries for pregnancy (C/S and D/C for abortion) were associated with the development of Asherman's syndrome. Therefore, other methods of adhesiolysis such as hysteroscopic adhesiolysis should be explored.