Melatonin Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents: An Exploration of Caregiver and Pharmacist Perspectives.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the perspectives and experiences of Australian caregivers and community pharmacists about pediatric melatonin use. METHODS: A convenience sample of caregivers with children (aged 11-16 years) using melatonin as a sleep aid and community pharmacists (including pharmacist interns) were recruited. Participants first completed an online survey followed by an online semi-structured interview. Interviews were guided by a schedule of questions for the respective participant groups, broadly exploring their beliefs about melatonin, experiences in using/supplying melatonin, and perceived facilitators/barriers for melatonin use. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the Framework Approach. RESULTS: Fourteen caregivers of predominantly neurodiverse adolescents and 24 community pharmacists were interviewed. While melatonin was perceived by caregivers of both typically developing and neurodiverse dependants as safer than pharmacological sleep aids, treatment was only initiated after trialling non-pharmacological strategies first. Pharmacists expressed concerns around the ambiguities in practice and the limited scope of existing resources for guiding pediatric melatonin use. Caregivers frequently deferred to the information available online to procure products or self-adjust doses and dosing schedules. Both pharmacists and caregivers emphasized the need for more affordable and age-appropriate proprietary formulations that are readily accessible. CONCLUSION: Melatonin is administered predominantly by caregivers of neurodiverse adolescents to address their sleep disturbances. The findings underscore the need for reliable, evidence-based information to guide safe and appropriate use of melatonin in pediatric populations. Patient education is also warranted to address maladaptive medication-administration practices. Lastly, there is a need for stronger regulatory oversight of melatonin products to ensure their quality and safety of use.

Polypharmacy and trajectories of health-related quality of life in older adults: an Australian cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important outcome measure when considering medical treatment; however, the impact of polypharmacy on trajectories of HRQoL over time is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between polypharmacy status and trajectories of HRQoL in older adults. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study of 2181 community-dwelling adults, 65 years and older, who participated in the 2013 to 2017 waves of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. Polypharmacy was defined as the regular use of ≥ 5 prescription medications. Polypharmacy status was categorised into no polypharmacy, in 2013 only (baseline only polypharmacy), in 2017 only (incident polypharmacy) or at both time points (persistent polypharmacy). HRQoL was assessed through the SF-36 questionnaire generating two summary scores: physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). Linear mixed-effects models stratified according to polypharmacy status and change in comorbidities were used to assess trajectories of HRQoL. RESULTS: Older adults with persistent polypharmacy had lowest scores for HRQoL measures from 2013 to 2017. After adjusting for all covariates, those with incident polypharmacy had the steepest annual decline in both the PCS and MCS: - 0.86 in PCS and - 0.76 in MCS for those with decreasing or stable comorbidities, and - 1.20 in PCS and - 0.75 in MCS for those with increasing comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy was associated with poorer HRQoL, even after adjusting for confounders. Incident polypharmacy was found to be associated with a clinically important decline in HRQoL and this should be considered when prescribing additional medication to older adults.

Validating a model for medication-related dental outcomes in older people.

OBJECTIVES: To externally validate a model for medication-related dental outcomes in (a) a general older population with dementia and (b) a matched population without dementia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This validation study used population-based data from seven Swedish national registers (2008-2017). Individuals aged 60+ with dementia were matched to those without dementia on age, gender, and county of residence at the date of diagnosis (index date). The exposure was continuous use of xerogenic medications during the 3-year period before index date. The primary outcome was the number of tooth extraction and restorative procedures within 3 years after index date. RESULTS: A total of 334,220 individuals were included in the final sample. In the dementia cohort, the use of urological drugs (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13), respiratory medicines (IRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17), and proton-pump inhibitors (IRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.13) was associated with the primary outcome. In the non-dementia cohort, respiratory medicines (IRR 1.03, CI 1.00-1.05), proton-pump inhibitors (IRR 1.06, CI 1.04-1.08), opioids (IRR 1.05, CI 1.03-1.07), and antidepressants (IRR 1.06, CI 1.04-1.08) were associated with the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were differences in prescription patterns, the model performed similarly in both those with and without dementia.

Mapping of truncated O-glycans in cancers of epithelial and non-epithelial origin.

BACKGROUND: Novel immunotherapies targeting cancer-associated truncated O-glycans Tn (GalNAcα-Ser/Thr) and STn (Neu5Acα2-6GalNacα-Ser/Thr) are promising strategies for cancer treatment. However, no comprehensive, antibody-based mapping of truncated O-glycans in tumours exist to guide drug development. METHODS: We used monoclonal antibodies to map the expression of truncated O-glycans in >700 tissue cores representing healthy and tumour tissues originating from breast, colon, lung, pancreas, skin, CNS and mesenchymal tissue. Patient-derived xenografts were used to evaluate Tn expression upon tumour engraftment. RESULTS: The Tn-antigen was highly expressed in breast (57%, n = 64), colorectal (51%, n = 140) and pancreatic (53%, n = 108) tumours, while STn was mainly observed in colorectal (80%, n = 140) and pancreatic (56%, n = 108) tumours. We observed no truncated O-glycans in mesenchymal tumours (n = 32) and low expression of Tn (5%, n = 87) and STn (1%, n = 75) in CNS tumours. No Tn-antigen was found in normal tissue (n = 124) while STn was occasionally observed in healthy gastrointestinal tissue. Surface expression of Tn-antigen was identified across several cancers. Tn and STn expression decreased with tumour grade, but not with cancer stage. Numerous xenografts maintained Tn expression. CONCLUSIONS: Surface expression of truncated O-glycans is limited to cancers of epithelial origin, making Tn and STn attractive immunological targets in the treatment of human carcinomas.

Do Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Prevent or Delay Psychotropic Prescribing in People With Dementia? Analyses of the Swedish Dementia Registry.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) use prevents or delays subsequent initiation of psychotropic medications in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). METHODS: Cohort study of 17,763 people with AD and LBD, without prior psychotropic use at time of dementia diagnosis, registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry from 2007 to 2015. Propensity score-matched regression models were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between time-dependent AChEI use and risk of psychotropic initiation. RESULTS: Compared with matched comparators, AChEI users had a lower risk of antipsychotic (HR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.75-0.95) and anxiolytic (HR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.72-0.80) initiation. In subanalyses, this association remained significant at higher AChEI doses, and in AD but not LBD. There were no associations between AChEI use and initiation of antidepressants or hypnotics. CONCLUSION: AChEI use may be associated with lower risk of antipsychotic and anxiolytic initiation in AD, particularly at higher doses. Further investigation into aceytylcholinesterase inhibitors in behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia management in LBD is warranted.

Smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, and obesity among middle-aged and older adults in China: cross-sectional findings from the baseline survey of CHARLS 2011-2012.

BACKGROUND: Prevention and control of cardiometabolic conditions and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China may contribute to sustainable CVD reduction globally, given the fact that one-fifth of the worldwide population is in China. Knowing the distribution of behavioral risk factors (e.g., smoking and physical inactivity), especially at a national level in China, would be extremely relevant to the field of public health and CVD prevention. The objectives of this study were to investigate the nationwide prevalence of obesity, smoking, heavy drinking, and physical inactivity in Chinese adults, and further explore whether cardiometabolic conditions would modify the distribution of behavioral risk factors. METHODS: This population-based study is based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2012), including 17,302 adults (≥45 years, mean age 59.67 years, female 51.66%) from 25 provinces in China. Data on demographics, lifestyle factors, health status and history of diseases were collected via structured interviews and laboratory tests. Smoking, heavy drinking, obesity, and physical inactivity were defined following standard guidelines. We performed descriptive analysis and logistic regressions in this study. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of heavy drinking, obesity, current smoking, and physical inactivity among middle-aged and older adults was 7.23% (95% confidence interval 6.53-7.29%), 11.53% (10.43-12.62%), 27.46% (26.30-28.62%), and 44.06% (41.19-46.92%), respectively. The prevalence varied between rural and urban areas as well as among geographic areas, with higher prevalence in the Northern and Northeastern regions. Heavy drinking and obesity were significantly associated with incident hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol; while current smoking was significantly associated with incident hypertension. Compared with healthy individuals, participants who self-reported a diagnosis of hypertension, high cholesterol, or diabetes were less likely to smoke currently and drink alcohol heavily, but more likely to be physically inactive and obese. CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese middle-aged and older adults, the prevalence of behavioral risk factors varies by geographic region. Further effort is required to improve physical activity and fitness for Chinese adults, especially those with cardiometabolic conditions.

Multiple antihypertensive use and risk of mortality in residents of aged care services: a prospective cohort study.

AIMS: The objective of this study is to investigate the association between multiple antihypertensive use and mortality in residents with diagnosed hypertension, and whether dementia and frailty modify this association. METHODS: This is a two-year prospective cohort study of 239 residents with diagnosed hypertension receiving antihypertensive therapy across six residential aged care services in South Australia. Data were obtained from electronic medical records, medication charts and validated assessments. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality and the secondary outcome was cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. Inverse probability weighted Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality. Covariates included age, sex, dementia severity, frailty status, Charlson's comorbidity index and cardiovascular comorbidities. RESULTS: The study sample (mean age of 88.1 ± 6.3 years; 79% female) included 70 (29.3%) residents using one antihypertensive and 169 (70.7%) residents using multiple antihypertensives. The crude incidence rates for death were higher in residents using multiple antihypertensives compared with residents using monotherapy (251 and 173/1000 person-years, respectively). After weighting, residents who used multiple antihypertensives had a greater risk of mortality compared with monotherapy (HR 1.40, 95%CI 1.03-1.92). After stratifying by dementia diagnosis and frailty status, the risk only remained significant in residents with diagnosed dementia (HR 1.91, 95%CI 1.20-3.04) and who were most frail (HR 2.52, 95%CI 1.13-5.64). Rate of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations did not differ among residents using multiple compared to monotherapy (rate ratio 0.73, 95%CI 0.32-1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple antihypertensive use is associated with an increased risk of mortality in residents with diagnosed hypertension, particularly in residents with dementia and among those who are most frail.

Labeling Carboxyl Groups of Surface-Exposed Proteins Provides an Orthogonal Approach for Cell Surface Isolation.

Quantitative profiling of cell surface proteins is critically important for the understanding of cell-cell communication, signaling, tissue development, and homeostasis. Traditional proteomics methods are challenging for cell surface proteins due to their hydrophobic nature and low abundance, necessitating alternative methods to efficiently identify and quantify this protein group. Here we established carboxyl-reactive biotinylation for selective and efficient biotinylation and isolation of surface-exposed proteins of living cells. We assessed the efficiency of carboxyl-reactive biotinylation for plasma membrane proteins by comparing it with a well-established protocol, amine-reactive biotinylation, using SILAC (stable isotope labeling in cell culture). Our results show that carboxyl-reactive biotinylation of cell surface proteins is both more selective and more efficient than amine-reactive biotinylation. We conclude that it is a useful approach, which is partially orthogonal to amine-reactive biotinylation, allowing us to cast a wider net for a comprehensive profiling of cell surface proteins.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and risk of stroke and death in people with dementia.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) use and risk of ischemic stroke and death in people with dementia. METHODS: A cohort study of 44,288 people with dementia registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry from 2007 to 2014. Propensity score-matched competing risk regression models were used to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between time-dependent AChEI use and risk of stroke and death. RESULTS: Compared with matched controls, AChEI users had a lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.95) and all-cause death (hazard ratio: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.80). After considering competing risk of death, high doses (≥1.33 defined daily doses) of AChEI remained significantly associated with reduced stroke risk. DISCUSSION: The use of AChEIs in people with dementia may be associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke and death. These results call for a closer examination of the cardiovascular effects of AChEIs.

Polypharmacy and medication regimen complexity as factors associated with staff informant rated quality of life in residents of aged care facilities: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between polypharmacy with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and medication regimen complexity with HRQoL in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 383 residents from six Australian RACFs was conducted. The primary exposures were polypharmacy (≥9 regular medications) and the validated Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). The outcome measure was staff informant rated quality of life assessed using the Quality of Life Alzheimer's disease (QoL-AD) scale. Covariates included age, sex, Charlson's comorbidity index, activities of daily living, and dementia severity. Logistic quantile regression was used to characterize the association between polypharmacy and QoL-AD (model 1) and MRCI and QoL-AD (model 2). RESULTS: The median age of the 383 residents was 88 years and 297 (78 %) residents were female. In total, 63 % of residents were exposed to polypharmacy and the median MRCI score (range) was 43.5 (4-113). After adjusting for the covariates, polypharmacy was not associated with either higher or lower QoL-AD scores (estimate -0.02; 95 % confidence interval (CI) -0.165, 0.124; p = 0.78). Similarly, after adjusting for the covariates, MRCI was not associated with either higher or lower QoL-AD scores (estimate -0.0009, 95 % CI -0.005, 0.003; p = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that polypharmacy and medication regimen complexity are not associated with staff informant rated HRQoL. Further research is needed to investigate how specific medication classes may impact change in quality of life over time.

The association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in residential aged care facilities: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) for their sedative and anxiolytic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in residents of RACFs. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 383 participants was conducted in six Australian RACFs. Night-time sleep quality, day-time drowsiness and day-time napping behavior were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality. Covariates included pain, dementia severity, depression, insomnia and other sedative use. RESULTS: Of the 383 residents (mean age 87.5 years, 77.5% female), 96(25.1%) used a benzodiazepine on a regular basis. Residents who used long-acting benzodiazepines on a regular basis had higher night-time sleep quality than non-users (AOR = 4.00, 95%CI 1.06 - 15.15). Residents who used short-acting benzodiazepines on a PRN only basis had longer daytime napping times than non-users (AOR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.01 - 3.08). No benzodiazepine category was associated with day-time drowsiness. CONCLUSIONS: The association between benzodiazepine use and sleep quality is dependent on the half-life and prescribing pattern of the benzodiazepine. Short-acting PRN benzodiazepines were associated with lower night time sleep quality and longer day-time napping compared to long-acting regular benzodiazepines. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these findings reflect channeling of short-acting agents to residents at higher risk of sleep disorders.

Attitudes toward and use of complementary and alternative medicine among Hispanic and white mothers.

CONTEXT: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has become more prevalent in the United States. Little is known, however, regarding the ethnic and language differences of mothers as related to their beliefs about and use of CAM. OBJECTIVE: This study intended to examine the differences in CAM beliefs and use in English- and Spanish-speaking Hispanic and white mothers of children undergoing surgery. DESIGN: The research team employed a cross-sectional survey design. SETTING: Mothers were recruited from the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in Southern California, and they completed the study's surveys on the day of their children's outpatient surgery. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 206 mothers participated: (1) 42 English-speaking, non-Hispanic white (ESW) women; (2) 92 English-speaking Hispanic (ESH) women; and (3) 72 Spanish-speaking Hispanic (SSH) women. OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed (1) the Holistic and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Questionnaire (HCAMQ), which captured beliefs about holistic health measures and about the validity of CAM; and (2) a checklist identifying past and present use of 27 different CAM therapies. RESULTS: The research team analyzed and controlled for demographic differences using linear regression, and the analysis revealed significant group differences in CAM use (P < .0001). ESW mothers and ESH mothers used more CAM than SSH mothers (P = .02). No significant differences were observed between groups for CAM related beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: After controlling for socioeconomic status, the research team found that SSH mothers used less CAM compared to ESH and ESW mothers. Employment of culturally specific measures of CAM use may be necessary to understand fully the differences in CAM use between Spanish- and English-speaking mothers as well as to understand the medical conditions that prompt CAM use.

Pharmacy 3D printing.

A significant limitation of the 'one size fits all' medication approach is the lack of consideration for special population groups. 3D printing technology has revolutionised the landscape of pharmaceuticals and pharmacy practice, playing an integral role in enabling on-demand production of customised medication. Compared to traditional pharmaceutical processes, 3D printing has major advantages in producing tailored dosage forms with unique drug release mechanisms. Moreover, this technology has enabled the combination of multiple drugs in a single formulation addressing key issues of medication burden. Development of 3D printing in pharmacy applications and large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing has substantially increased in recent years. This review focuses on the emergence of extrusion-based 3D printing, particularly semi solid extrusion, fused deposition modelling and direct powder extrusion, which are currently the most commonly studied for pharmacy practice. The concept of each technique is summarised, with examples of current and potential applications. Next, recent advancements in the 3D printer market and pharmacist perceptions are discussed. Finally, the benefits, challenges and prospects of pharmacy 3D printing technology are highlighted, emphasising its significance in changing the future of this field.

The association between patient self-reported experiences with medication discharge counselling and hospital readmissions: A cross-sectional analysis of a population-based survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between patient-reported experiences with new medication discharge counselling and readmission to hospital or emergency department (ED) visits within 30 days of discharge. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study of patient-reported experiences from 8715 patients who reported being prescribed a new medication at discharge from a public hospital. Completeness of medication counselling was assessed based on (i) explanation of medication purpose, (ii) explanation of medication side effects, (iii) patient involvement in decision to use medication, (iv) provision of contradictory information. Multilevel models were used to estimate self-reported 30-day readmission or ED visit related to care received using adjusted odds ratios (AORs). RESULTS: Patients who were explained medication purpose were half as likely to report a readmission (AOR 0.54, 95%CI 0.31-0.93) or ED visit (AOR 0.65, 95%CI 0.48-0.87) within 30 days of discharge. Conversely, those who reported receiving contradictory information were more likely to report a readmission (AOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.16-2.26) and ED visit (AOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.41-2.34). CONCLUSION: Patients who reported receiving comprehensive counselling on new medications were less likely to report being readmitted or visiting an ED within 30 days of discharge.

The outcomes of considering goals of care in medication reviews for older adults: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: This is a systematic review of prescribing, clinical, patient-reported, and health utilization outcomes of goal-directed medication reviews in older adults. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases to identify studies examining outcomes of goal-directed medication reviews in humans, with mean/median age ≥ 60 years and in English. RESULTS: Seventeen out of 743 articles identified were included. Whilst there were inconsistent findings regarding changes in the number of medications between groups or post-intervention in one group (n = 6 studies), studies found reductions in drug-related problems (n = 2) and potential to reduce anticholinergics and sedatives (n = 2). Two out of seven studies investigating clinical outcomes found improvements, such as reduced hospital readmissions and improved depression severity. One study found 75% of patients achieved ≥ 1 goals and another found 43% of goals were achieved at six months. Four out of five studies found significant improvements in patient-reported quality of life between groups (n = 2) or post-intervention in one group (n = 2). Both studies investigating cost-effectiveness reported the intervention was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of positive impact on medication rationalization, quality of life and cost-effectiveness, supporting goal-directed medication reviews. Larger, longitudinal studies, exploring patient-focused outcomes may provide further insights into the ongoing impact of goal-directed medication reviews.

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Drug-Related Readmissions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are at an increased risk of drug-related problems, especially following discharge from hospital. Drug-related readmissions place a large burden on the patient and the healthcare system. However, previous studies report inconsistent results on the prevalence and associated risk factors for drug-related hospital readmissions in older adults. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the prevalence of drug-related readmissions in older adults aged 65 years and older and investigate the drug classes, preventability and risk factors most associated with these readmissions. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to answer our objectives. A search of four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus) was conducted. Three authors independently performed title and abstract screening, full-text screening and data extraction of all included studies. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled prevalence of drug-related readmissions across all studies, and a subgroup analysis was performed to explore heterogeneity among studies reporting on adverse drug reaction-related readmissions. RESULTS: A total of 1978 studies were identified in the initial search, of which four studies were included in the final synthesis. Three studies focused on readmissions due to adverse drug reactions and one study focused on readmissions due to drug-related problems. A pooled prevalence of 9% (95% confidence interval 2-18) was found for drug-related readmissions across all studies, and a pooled prevalence of 6% (95% confidence interval 4-10) was found for adverse drug reaction-related readmissions. Three studies explored the preventability of readmissions and 15.4-22.2% of cases were deemed preventable. The drug classes most associated with adverse drug reaction readmissions included anticoagulants, antibiotics, psychotropics and chemotherapy agents. Polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications) and several comorbidities such as cancer, liver disease, ischaemic heart disease and peptic ulcer disease were identified as risk factors for drug-related readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: Almost one in ten older adults discharged from hospital experienced a drug-related hospital readmission, with one fifth of these deemed preventable. Several comorbidities and the use of polypharmacy and high-risk drugs were identified as prominent risk factors for readmission. Further research is needed to explore possible causes of drug-related readmissions in older adults for a more guided approach to the development of effective medication management interventions.

Prescribing patterns in people living with dementia in the community: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of and factors associated with medication use in people living with dementia in the community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a randomised controlled trial known as the Interdisciplinary Home-bAsed Reablement Program (I-HARP) between 2018 and 2021 in Sydney, Australia. Participants included people with mild-moderate dementia and their carers. Medication use was classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes, while potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) were defined using 2019 Beer's Criteria and 2024 Australian list. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with use of medication classes. RESULTS: A total of 130 people with dementia and their carers were included. Of the people with dementia, 35% were using antidementia medication, 48% psychotropics, 76% PIMs and 65% polypharmacy (≥5 medications). Polypharmacy was associated with the use of psychotropics (adjusted OR [aOR]: 5.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.94-13.39) and PIMs (aOR: 17.38, 95% CI: 5.12-59.02). Higher education level was associated with lower odds of psychotropic use (aOR: .33, 95% CI: .15-.76), and age over 80 years was associated with lower odds of antidementia medication use (aOR: .29; 95% CI: .12-.72). CONCLUSIONS: The use of PIMs, psychotropics and polypharmacy were common in this sample of people with dementia living in the community. Associations were seen between participant characteristics and medication use. Future research should focus on reviewing PIMs and polypharmacy in people with dementia living in the community to assess the impact on health outcomes.

Recent applications of three-dimensional bioprinting in drug discovery and development.

The ability of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting to fabricate biomimetic organ and disease models has been recognised to be promising for drug discovery and development as 3D bioprinted models can better mimic human physiology compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models. This is useful for target selection where disease models can be studied to understand disease pathophysiology and identify disease-linked compounds. Lead identification and preclinical studies also benefit from 3D bioprinting as 3D bioprinted models can be utilised in high-throughput screening (HTS) systems and to produce efficacy and safety data that closely resembles clinical observations. Although no published applications of 3D bioprinting in clinical trials were found, there are two clinical trials planning to evaluate the predictive ability of 3D bioprinted models by comparing human and model responses to the same chemotherapy. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest applications of 3D bioprinting in drug discovery and development.

A need to integrate pharmacological management for multimorbidity into dementia guidelines in Australia.

Introduction: Pharmacological management is a vital aspect of dementia care. Suboptimal medication prescribing and adverse drug reactions are major causes for ongoing concerns for the quality of care. This review aims to investigate the existence and comprehensiveness of Australian guidelines dedicated to supporting dementia care in the context of pharmacological management. Methods: Guideline registries and databases (EMBASE and CINAHL) were searched to identify Australian guidelines addressing pharmacological management in dementia care and to uncover barriers and considerations associated with guideline implementation. Results: Seven Australian guidelines were identified. Barriers to effective implementation were identified at individual, provider, and system levels. None of the identified guidelines provided comprehensive guidance on management of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. Discussion: Although Australian guidelines are available to guide pharmacological management in dementia, several barriers impede their effective implementation. There is an urgent need for updated guidelines that address the management of multimorbidity and polypharmacy in people living with dementia.

The association between patient-reported experiences with hospital food services and recovery outcomes - A population survey of patients from 75 public hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The quality of food service is vital to patients' experiences in care and recovery in hospitals. This study aimed to identify opportunities for improving hospital food services to enhance overall patient experiences and outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study uses the Adult Admitted Patient Survey in 2019. Adult patients discharged from acute or rehabilitation care across 75 public hospitals were surveyed about their in-hospital experiences, including ratings of hospital food services, overall ratings of hospital care, complications acquired, and delayed discharge due to feeling unwell. Population weighting was applied in descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses. We used adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the association between hospital food service and the overall rating of hospital care and two recovery outcomes. RESULTS: Eight in ten participants (weighted, 16,919/21,900) consumed food in a hospital [mean age: 60.6 years (SE:0.5; SD: 18.3), 53% female]. Compared to a fair rating, adults who rated "poor/very poor" of hospital food service were 2.7 times more likely to report dissatisfaction with overall care in the hospital [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) (95% CI): 2.73 (1.49, 4.99)], 1.4 times more likely to report complications [AOR:1.43 (1.11, 1.83)] and 1.9 times more likely to report delayed discharge [AOR 1.85 (1.30, 2.62)]. More moderate ratings were associated with attenuation of risk for these outcomes. Furthermore, the magnitude of the effect for these associations was more substantial among patients from non-English-speaking backgrounds (n = 1,759) after controlling for patient characteristics. Food service attributes, including received food as ordered, food delivered within reach, the taste of the meals, and meal interruption, were significant factors for the outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of patients' positive experiences of hospital food service in recovery outcomes and identify several food service indicators that can be used to monitor and improve patient experiences and recovery outcomes in hospitals.