Interaction of patient age and high-grade prostate cancer on targeted biopsies of MRI suspicious lesions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the interaction of patient age and Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score in determining the grade of prostate cancer (PCa) identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted biopsy in older men. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From a prospectively accrued Institutional Review Board-approved comparative study of MRI-targeted and systematic biopsy between June 2012 and December 2022, men with at least one PI-RADS ≥3 lesion on pre-biopsy MRI and no prior history of PCa were selected. Ordinal and binomial logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 2677 men met study criteria. The highest PI-RADS score was 3 in 1220 men (46%), 4 in 950 men (36%), and 5 in 507 men (19%). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) patient age was 66.7 (60.8-71.8) years, median (IQR) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 6.1 (4.6-9.0) ng/mL, median (IQR) prostate volume was 48 (34-68) mL, and median (IQR) PSA density was 0.13 (0.08-0.20) ng/mL/mL. Clinically significant (cs)PCa and high-risk PCa were identified on targeted biopsy in 1264 (47%) and 321 (12%) men, respectively. Prevalence of csPCa and high-risk PCa were significantly higher in the older age groups. On multivariable analyses, patient age was significantly associated with csPCa but not high-risk PCa; PI-RADS score and the interaction of age and PI-RADS score were significantly associated with high-risk PCa but not csPCa. CONCLUSION: In our cohort, the substantial rate of high-risk PCa on MRI-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsies in older men, and its significant association with MRI findings, supports the value of pre-biopsy MRI to localise disease that could cause cancer mortality even in older men.

Predictors of Contralateral Disease in Men With Unilateral Lesions on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate predictors of contralateral clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in men with biopsy-proven unilateral lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: We retrospectively identified men with no prior diagnosis of PCa with unilateral biopsy-confirmed csPCa within PI-RADS 2-5 lesions within our institutional biopsy database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify clinical predictors of contralateral disease. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety men met study inclusion criteria, of which 385 men (78.6%) had no contralateral csPCa and 105 men (21.4%) had contralateral csPCa (Fig. 1). Prior negative biopsy (OR 0.34 [0.14, 0.75], P = .012), prostate-specific antigen density (OR 18.8 [2.77, 249], P = .017), and tumor location in the transverse plane ("Posterior": OR 1.93 [1.02, 3.87], P = .048; "Throughout Transverse Plane": OR 6.56 [2.26, 19.6], P < .001) were significantly associated with contralateral csPCa in multivariate logistic regression models. However, there appear to be no attributes within the MRI-targeted tumor that reliably predict contralateral csPCa (Table 2). CONCLUSION: Approximately 20% of men with unilateral MRI findings and csPCa on targeted biopsy were found to have contralateral csPCa on systematic biopsy (SB). Prior negative biopsy was associated with a decreased odds of contralateral csPCa. Prostate-specific antigen density and tumor in the posterior aspect of or throughout the transverse plane were associated with increased odds of contralateral csPCA. Consideration of these clinical factors may afford an opportunity to only use SB in cases in which the odds of contralateral csPCa are high.

Intraoperative margin assessment with near real time pathology during partial gland ablation of prostate cancer: A feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: In-field or in-margin recurrence after partial gland cryosurgical ablation (PGCA) of prostate cancer (PCa) remains a limitation of the paradigm. Stimulated Raman histology (SRH) is a novel microscopic technique allowing real time, label-free, high-resolution microscopic images of unprocessed, un-sectioned tissue which can be interpreted by humans or artificial intelligence (AI). We evaluated surgical team and AI interpretation of SRH for real-time pathologic feedback in the planning and treatment of PCa with PGCA. METHODS: About 12 participants underwent prostate mapping biopsies during PGCA of their PCa between January and June 2022. Prostate biopsies were immediately scanned in a SRH microscope at 20 microns depth using 2 Raman shifts to create SRH images which were interpreted by the surgical team intraoperatively to guide PGCA, and retrospectively assessed by AI. The cores were then processed, hematoxylin and eosin stained as per normal pathologic protocols and used for ground truth pathologic assessment. RESULTS: Surgical team interpretation of SRH intraoperatively revealed 98.1% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, 97.3% specificity for identification of PCa, while AI showed a 97.9% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity for identification of clinically significant PCa. 3 participants' PGCA treatments were modified after SRH visualized PCa adjacent to an expected MRI predicted tumor margin or at an untreated cryosurgical margin. CONCLUSION: SRH allows for accurate rapid identification of PCa in PB by a surgical team interpretation or AI. PCa tumor mapping and margin assessment during PGCA appears to be feasible and accurate. Further studies evaluating impact on clinical outcomes are warranted.

Lymph node dissection during the surgical treatment of renal cancer in the modern era: [review]

The increasing use of routine CT scan, along with advances in imaging technology, have facilitated the early diagnosis of incidental renal masses. This has resulted in the reduction in the rate of metastatic disease diagnosis. Although surgery remains the mainstay in the treatment of renal tumors, the decreasing incidence of lymph node involvement has created controversy regarding the importance and the ideal extent of lymph node dissection, formerly considered mandatory at the time of radical nephrectomy. In this review, we critically assessed the role of lymph node dissection at the time of radical nephrectomy. To date, randomized trials have failed to show a benefit of lymph node dissection when broadly employed. This is likely due to the low prevalence of lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation, the unpredictable pattern of lymph node metastasis from renal tumors, and the continued downward stage migration of the disease. As a result, lymph node dissection for renal cancer is currently not recommended in the absence of gross lymphadenopathy. In high risk patients, lymph node dissection may be considered, but it remains controversial and more clinical evidence is warranted. Extended lymph node dissection is still recommended in individuals with isolated gross nodal disease or those with lymphadenopathy at the time of cytoreductive surgery prior to systemic therapy. A practical approach is summarized in an algorithm form.