Endoscopic endonasal surgery for prolactinomas: prognostic factors for disease control and management of persistent disease.

Only a limited number of studies have focused on the results of the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach (EEA) for treatment of prolactinomas. We sought to assess the effectiveness of EEA for prolactinoma surgery, identify factors for disease remission, and present our approach for the management of persistent disease. Forty-seven prolactinomas operated over 10 years, with a mean follow-up of 59.9 months, were included. The primary endpoints were early disease remission and remission at last follow-up. Resistance/intolerance to DA were surgical indications in 76.7%. Disease remission was achieved in 80% of microprolactinomas and 100% of microprolactinomas enclosed by the pituitary. Early disease remission was correlated with female gender (p=0.03), lower preoperative PRL levels (p=0.014), microadenoma (p=0.001), lack of radiological hemorrhage (p=0.001), absence of cavernous sinus (CS) invasion (p<0.001), and extent of resection (EOR) (p<0.001). Persistent disease was reported in 48.9% of patients, with 47% of them achieving remission at last follow-up with DA therapy alone. Repeat EEA and/or radiotherapy were utilized in 6 patients, with 66.7% achieving remission. Last follow-up remission was achieved in 76.6%, with symptomatic improvement in 95.8%. Factors predicting last follow-up remission were no previous operation (p=0.001), absence of CS invasion (p=0.01), and EOR (p<0.001). Surgery is effective for disease control in microprolactinomas. In giant and invasive tumors, it may significantly reduce the tumor volume. A multidisciplinary approach may lead to long-term disease control in three-quarters of patients, with symptomatic improvement in an even greater proportion.

Reconstruction of an obliterated Eustachian tube: transnasal lighted guidewire catheter stenting.

An obliterated Eustachian tube (ET) is a rare occurrence that can lead to chronic otitis media (OM) and aural fullness even with treatment. Our study presents a review of the literature on methods of stenting the ET. We additionally present a case of a man with mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the ET who underwent a radical nasal pharyngectomy with reconstruction and adjuvant radiation, and who had symptoms of intolerable otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement to treat aural fullness and mucoid OM. We used a novel method of stenting the ET using a transnasal lighted guidewire catheter and steroid eluting stents placed along the entire medial ET. Previously described methods in the literature were unable to be used due to the complex middle ear anatomy filled with granulation tissue and the lack of a visible nasopharyngeal ET ostium available for straightforward placement of the stent. The procedure was successful, and postoperatively, the patient experienced decreased otorrhea.

Spontaneous sphenoid sinus meningocele with associated amenorrhea and headache: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Developmental meningoceles of the sphenoid sinus are uncommon. When encountered, they are often associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present the case of a 27-year-old female with a large meningocele eroding through the sella turcica and sphenoid sinus into the nasopharynx. The patient presented with intractable headaches and amenorrhea without CSF rhinorrhea. LESSONS: The patient underwent an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal reduction of the meningocele with reelevation of the pituitary gland and skull base reconstruction with abdominal fat graft and nasoseptal flap.

Practice Patterns Among Fellowship-Trained Rhinologists: A Survey of Past American Rhinologic Society Fellows.

BACKGROUND: The goals of this study were to understand the trends in recent and past rhinology fellows concerning their demographics, goals, and experiences. METHODS: An anonymous web-based survey was sent to graduates of the 35 rhinology fellowship programs. The survey included questions regarding the scope of practice, research contribution, societal involvement, fellow satisfaction with training, and current practice patterns. Chi-square testing and logistic regression were used to compare variables across cohorts: 0-5 years versus 6+ years from fellowship graduation, gender, and practice settings. RESULTS: Based on 171 respondents, we found no significant differences in 0-5 versus 6+ year graduates in their desire for an academic job post-fellowship. However, those who graduated 6+ years ago had significantly more success securing one (74% vs 96%, P = 0.004). Between males and females, there were no differences in goal of obtaining an academic job or success in obtaining an academic career. Females were more likely to report they attend academic society meetings regularly. Female rhinologists also reported less satisfaction with overall work-life balance and decreased satisfaction with clinical practice. Physicians in academic settings have poorer work-life balance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that finding an academic job may be more difficult for recent rhinology fellowship graduates, although still very possible for the majority of graduates. Understanding the reason for these changes may provide insight to current rhinology fellowship directors and trainees interested in pursuing fellowship training.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Induced Sinonasal Disease: Review of Literature and FDA Database.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a rapidly expanding class of oncologic therapies whose mechanism of action can result in unique immune-related adverse events (irAEs) not seen in other cancer therapeutics. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of sinonasal irAEs with these medications. METHODS: A case report of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) caused by an ICI is presented and was the impetus for this review. Review of the literature using Pubmed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was performed. Additionally, we searched the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database for sinonasal AEs in the 7 FDA-approved ICIs. RESULTS: We demonstrate an emerging scientific literature describing cases of CRS associated with multiple ICIs with a particular predilection toward TH2 driven phenotypes. Review of the FAERS also demonstrates a small percentage of patients who report sinonasal complaints after initiating ICI therapy. CONCLUSION: Sinonasal symptoms and the development of CRS, in particular, are not currently well recognized as potential irAEs for ICIs. Increased awareness and further study may help to elucidate if these are more common than currently reported and if irAE-related CRS is a unique phenotype.

CSF-Venous Fistula of the Clival Skull Base: A Unique Case Study and Literature Review.

An adolescent male presented with orthostatic headaches following head trauma. MRI showed cerebellar tonsil displacement and a bony defect in the clival skull base. Digital subtraction myelography (DSM) confirmed a cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula (CVF). This was repaired endoscopically. CVFs cause uncontrolled flow of CSF into the venous system resulting in symptoms of intracranial hypotension. They're often difficult to identify on initial imaging. This is the first reported CVF originating in the central skull base, and the first treated via endoscopic trans-nasal approach. CVFs may elude initial imaging, making DSM crucial for unexplained spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Laryngoscope, 134:645-647, 2024.

The utility and accuracy of ChatGPT in providing post-operative instructions following tonsillectomy: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility of answers generated by ChatGPT, a large language model, to common questions parents have for their children following tonsillectomy. METHODS: Twenty Otolaryngology residents anonymously submitted common questions asked by parents of pediatric patients following tonsillectomy. After identifying the 16 most common questions via consensus-based approach, we asked ChatGPT to generate responses to these queries. Satisfaction with the AI-generated answers was rated from 1 (Worst) to 5 (Best) by an expert panel of 3 pediatric Otolaryngologists. RESULTS: The distribution of questions across the five most common domains, their mean satisfaction scores, and their Krippendorf's interrater reliability coefficient were: Pain management [6, (3.67), (0.434)], Complications [4, (3.58), (-0.267)], Diet [3, (4.33), (-0.357)], Physical Activity [2, (4.33), (-0.318)], and Follow-up [1, (2.67), (-0.250)]. The panel noted that answers for diet, bleeding complications, and return to school were thorough. Pain management and follow-up recommendations were inaccurate, including a recommendation to prescribe codeine to children despite a black-box warning, and a suggested post-operative follow-up at 1 week, rather than the customary 2-4 weeks for our panel. CONCLUSION: Although ChatGPT can provide accurate answers for common patient questions following tonsillectomy, it sometimes provides eloquently written inaccurate information. This may lead to patients using AI-generated medical advice contrary to physician advice. The inaccuracy in pain management answers likely reflects regional practice variability. If trained appropriately, ChatGPT could be an excellent resource for Otolaryngologists and patients to answer questions in the postoperative period. Future research should investigate if Otolaryngologist-trained models can increase the accuracy of responses.

Treatment of unilateral olfactory neuroblastoma: Appropriate extent of surgical resection and potential for olfactory preservation.

Historically, comprehensive surgical resection for olfactory neuroblastoma has included the bilateral olfactory epithelium, cribriform plate, overlying dura, olfactory bulbs and tracts. This results in postoperative anosmia that may significantly impact a patient's quality of life without definitive added benefit in survival. The prevalence of occult intracranial disease is low, especially for Hyams grade I and II tumors. A unilateral approach sparing the contralateral cribriform plate and olfactory system can be considered for select cases of early stage, low-grade tumors when the disease does not cross midline to involve the contralateral olfactory cleft or septal mucosa and when midline dural margins can be cleared with frozen pathology. Approximately half of patients who undergo unilateral resection may have residual olfaction even with adjuvant unilateral radiation. Early data suggest favorable disease-free survival and overall survival for patients who underwent the unilateral approach; however, larger sample studies are needed to confirm comparability to bilateral resections regarding oncologic outcomes.

Sinonasal Tumors Masquerading as Invasive Fungal Sinusitis (IFS).

OBJECTIVES: Fungal tissue invasion in the setting of sinonasal malignancy has been rarely described in the literature. Only a handful of studies have discussed cases of suspected chronic and acute IFS (CIFS and AIFS, respectively), having an underlying undifferentiated sinonasal carcinoma, sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma, and NK/T-cell lymphoma. METHODS: Here, we describe 3 cases of carcinoma mimicking IFS from a single institution. RESULTS: Each of our patients presented with sinonasal complaints as an outpatient in the setting of immunosuppression. Intranasal biopsies consistently were predominated by necrotic debris, with and without fungal elements, ultimately leading to a delay of oncologic care. The final pathologies included NK/T-cell lymphoma and SNEC. All patients were followed by radiation and chemotherapy, with 1 case of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We aim to emphasize the importance of obtaining viable tissue as pathology specimens as the presence of necrosis with fungal elements may limit the diagnosis and ultimately delay the care of an underlying sinonasal carcinoma.

Gender-Specific Differences in Preoperative Concerns in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVES: Among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), gender differences in epidemiology as well as quality of life have been reported. However, whether gender differences in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) preoperative concerns exist is unclear. METHODS: CRS patients undergoing ESS at 3 tertiary care centers in Los Angeles completed the validated Western Surgical Concern Inventory - ESS assessing ESS preoperative concerns. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients included, female patients expressed greater concern than male patients in regard to nasal packing, undergoing anesthesia, impact of surgery on daily activities, and pain and discomfort following surgery. CONCLUSION: This study suggests there are gender differences in ESS preoperative concerns and otolaryngologists should be aware of these possible concerns during preoperative discussions.

Multi-Institutional Analysis of Insurance Denial Patterns Within Rhinology.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining insurance approval is a necessary component of healthcare in the United States and denials of these claims have been estimated to result in a loss of 3% to 5% of revenue. OBJECTIVE: Examine the trends in insurance denials for rhinological procedures. METHODS: A retrospective review of deidentified financial data of patients who were treated by participating physicians across 3 institutions from January 1, 2021, to June 30, 2023. The data was queried for rhinological and non-rhinological procedures via CPT codes. Cumulative insurance denials were calculated and stratified by procedure and insurance type. Write-offs were dollar amounts associated with final denials. RESULTS: A sample of 102,984 procedures and visits revealed a final denial rate between 2.2% and 2.9% across institutions (p = .72). The top three rhinological procedures for final write-offs were: nasal endoscopy (16.24%, $111,836.87), nasal debridement or polypectomy (6.48%, $79,457.51), and destruction of intranasal lesion (2.11%, $56,932.20). The write-off percentage for each procedure was highest among commercial insurance payers as opposed to Medicare or Medicaid. CONCLUSION: Final denial rates of rhinology procedures ranged between 2% and 3%. Common procedures such as nasal endoscopy and nasal debridement are among the highest written-off procedures. Insurance denials can lead to notable revenue loss. Rhinology practices must continue to remain knowledgeable of the changes and effects of insurance reimbursement on their practice.

Enhancing Health Literacy: Evaluating the Readability of Patient Handouts Revised by ChatGPT's Large Language Model.

OBJECTIVE: To use an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered large language model (LLM) to improve readability of patient handouts. STUDY DESIGN: Review of online material modified by AI. SETTING: Academic center. METHODS: Five handout materials obtained from the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) and the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery websites were assessed using validated readability metrics. The handouts were inputted into OpenAI's ChatGPT-4 after prompting: "Rewrite the following at a 6th-grade reading level." The understandability and actionability of both native and LLM-revised versions were evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Results were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS: The mean readability scores of the standard (ARS, American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery) materials corresponded to "difficult," with reading categories ranging between high school and university grade levels. Conversely, the LLM-revised handouts had an average seventh-grade reading level. LLM-revised handouts had better readability in nearly all metrics tested: Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (70.8 vs 43.9; P < .05), Gunning Fog Score (10.2 vs 14.42; P < .05), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (9.9 vs 13.1; P < .05), Coleman-Liau (8.8 vs 12.6; P < .05), and Automated Readability Index (8.2 vs 10.7; P = .06). PEMAT scores were significantly higher in the LLM-revised handouts for understandability (91 vs 74%; P < .05) with similar actionability (42 vs 34%; P = .15) when compared to the standard materials. CONCLUSION: Patient-facing handouts can be augmented by ChatGPT with simple prompting to tailor information with improved readability. This study demonstrates the utility of LLMs to aid in rewriting patient handouts and may serve as a tool to help optimize education materials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level VI.

Optimization of diagnostic and procedural codes to identify patients with acute invasive fungal sinusitis.

KEY POINTS: Acute invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS) is a rare disease with high mortality There is no designated International Classification of Diseases code for IFS We propose a novel method to identify IFS using optimized codes complemented by medications.

Development of the 12-Item Facial Complaints Evaluation Scale (FaCES-12).

OBJECTIVES: Chronic rhinosinusitis and related rhinologic disorders are common in routine otolaryngologic practice. Common presenting symptoms include nasal obstruction, facial pain, facial pressure, headache, and a subjective feeling of the face feeling "swollen," a perceptual distortion. No validated scale exists to assess facial pain in addition to perceptual distortion or headache. The objective was to develop a novel scale for assessment of facial symptoms experienced by patients presenting for rhinologic evaluation. METHODS: This was a prospective validation cross-sectional study. A patient questionnaire, the 12-item Facial Complaints Evaluation Scale (FaCES-12), was created to evaluate facial symptoms based on clinical experience and the literature, including severity and timing of facial pain, facial pressure, facial perceptual swelling, and headache. Each item was assessed utilizing an 11-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10 in severity. Data was collected prospectively from 210 patients in 1 private and 2 academic otolaryngologic practices from August to December 2019 along with the PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale 3a and 22-Item Sino-nasal Outcome Test. Construct validity was determined using Pearson correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and assessing test-retest scores. RESULTS: A new 12-item scale named FaCES-12 was developed. FaCES-12 demonstrated high reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of .94 and high test-retest reliability (r = .90). The scale revealed very strong correlation with the PROMIS Pain Intensity Scale 3a (r = .81) and moderate correlation with the Sino-nasal Outcome Test (r = .48). Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated the scale contained interrelated variables that measured unique components of facial sensations. CONCLUSION: The FaCES-12 is a valid and reliable instrument for use in the evaluation of facial symptoms. Further research into the application of this scale is warranted.

Sinonasal Symptom Correlation With the Postoperative Polyp Scale (POPS).

BACKGROUND: Commonly used endoscopic nasal polyp grading scales have been shown to correlate poorly with symptom scores and quality of life metrics. The recently described Postoperative Polyp Scale (POPS) is a grading system that more accurately characterizes polyp recurrence in postoperative sinus cavities by describing incremental recurrence in relation to the surgically opened sinus cavities. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine if the POPS correlated with sinonasal symptoms. METHODS: CRSwNP patients were prospectively administered SNOT-22 questionnaires and graded according to the POPS starting at their 1-month postoperative appointments. Total POPS scores (sum of each side) and Max POPS score (larger value of left and right) were correlated with SNOT-22 total scores and subdomains using Kendall correlation testing. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients were enrolled in the study. Both Total POPS or Max POPS were significantly correlated to the SNOT-22 total score (P < .001, P < .001), Rhinologic (P < .001, P < .001), Extra-Nasal Rhinologic (P < .001, P < .001), Ear/Facial (P < .001, P < .001), and Psychologic (P = .028, P = .017) subdomains. Kendall's tau indicated strong correlation (≥0.3) with Rhinologic subdomain, moderate correlation (.21-.29) with Extra-Nasal Rhinologic and Ear/Facial subdomains, and weak correlation (.1-.19) with Psychologic subdomain. CONCLUSION: Previous endoscopic nasal polyp grading scales poorly correlate with symptoms and patient reported outcome measures. The new POPS moderately correlates with the total SNOT-22 score and strongly correlates with the Rhinologic subdomain, indicating that it may have good potential as a tool to evaluate postoperative CRSwNP patients.

Current otolaryngologic applications of the novel self-assembling RADA-16 peptide matrix.

A novel bioresorbable agent on the market is PuraGel® (3-D Matrix, Tokyo, Japan), a RADA-16 product that acts as a synthetic hemostatic and space-filling gel that promotes wound healing and prevents adhesion formation. Given the reported benefits of accelerated wound healing and scar tissue prevention, there are multiple otolaryngologic applications where RADA-16 might improve outcomes. Our study highlights current utilization and associated post-operative complications with this product.

Histopathologic evaluation of Asian-American patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

KEY POINTS: Asian-American (AA) patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) have comparable rates of tissue eosinophilia compared to Caucasians when defined as >10 eosinophils/high-powered field (HPF). AA patients with CRSwNP have significantly higher incidence of mixed inflammation defined as >10 eosinophils/HPF and >10 neutrophils/HPF.

Features of Importance in Nasal Endoscopy: Deriving a Meaningful Framework.

OBJECTIVE: Critical components of the nasal endoscopic examination have not been definitively established for either the normal examination or for clinical disorders. This study aimed to identify concordance among rhinologists regarding the importance of examination findings for various nasal pathologies. STUDY DESIGN: A consortium of 19 expert rhinologists across the United States was asked to rank the importance of findings on nasal endoscopy for 5 different sinonasal symptom presentations. SETTING: An online questionnaire was distributed in July 2023. METHODS: The questionnaire utilized JotForm® software and featured 5 cases with a set of 4 identical questions per case, each covering a common indication for nasal endoscopy. Rankings were synthesized into Normalized Attention Scores (NASs) and Weighted Normalized Attention Scores (W-NASs) to represent the perceived importance of each feature, scaled from 0 to 1. RESULTS: General concordance was found for examination findings on nasal endoscopy within each case. The perceived features of importance differed between cases based on clinical presentation. For instance, in evaluating postnasal drip, the middle meatus was selected as the most important structure to examine (NAS, 0.73), with mucus selected as the most important abnormal finding (W-NAS, 0.66). The primary feature of interest for mucus was whether it was purulent or not (W-NAS, 0.67). Similar analyses were performed for features in each case. CONCLUSION: The implicit framework existing among rhinologists may help standardize examinations and improve diagnostic accuracy, augment the instruction of trainees, and inform the development of artificially intelligent algorithms to enhance clinical decision-making during nasal endoscopy.

A Case of Left Carotid Artery Injury.

Invasive pituitary adenomas can infiltrate the dura mater, sphenoid sinus, or cranial bone. Endoscopic transsphenoidal sinus surgery is considered the standard of care; however, several potential complications must be noted. These complications can include cerebrospinal fluid leaks, infection, bleeding, optic nerve damage, and endocrinological complications such as diabetes insipidus. We present a case of a 69-year-old female with multiple recurrent invasive pituitary adenomas who has previously undergone 5 transsphenoidal procedures. Intraoperatively, the patient suffered from a left-sided carotid artery injury that was repaired with a muscle graft. Management of carotid artery injury during transsphenoidal surgery is optimized in a step-by-step approach which includes early recognition of the injury, briefing the surgical team, immediate control using compression, use of additional tissue graft for wound repair, and postoperative care. Through the use of the approach mentioned above, we were able to control the complication successfully.

Improving the Accuracy of Maxillary Sinus Balloon Dilation Using Virtual Reality Navigation: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

BACKGROUND: The ability to reliably and accurately cannulate the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus during balloon sinus dilation (BSD) has been criticized. Conventional computed tomography (CT)-guided navigation systems are helpful when dilating other sinuses, but they fail to provide meaningful feedback to guide accurate dilation of the maxillary sinus. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the potential impact of a new navigation system with virtual reality (VR) functionality on successful BSD of the maxillary sinus. METHODS: Using the established methodology, a cadaveric evaluation of the accuracy of maxillary BSD with a VR-equipped navigation system and balloon was undertaken. The natural ostium was landmarked on CT images with a beacon, and a VR intrasinus camera view was used to guide balloon dilation by a team of 2 rhinologists. Following the procedure, uncinectomies were performed to directly assess the accuracy of dilation. Standardized video clips with a 30° endoscopic view of the area were reviewed by 3 blinded rhinologists from different institutions who were not part of the procedures. Dilation of the natural ostium was scored as "successful," "unsuccessful," or "unsure." RESULTS: Sixteen maxillary BSDs were completed in 8 cadavers using VR navigation. The medial wall of the maxillary sinus showing the natural ostium as well as any accessory ostia were readily visualized and labeled with a beacon in all cases using the 3D virtual rendering feature. Dilations were scored using a standardized rubric. Any "unsure" responses from the reviewers were categorized as "unsuccessful" for analysis purposes. The accuracy rate for dilation of the maxillary sinus natural ostium was 77%. Despite the use of cadaveric tissues, a fair interrater agreement (kappa 0.21) was achieved. CONCLUSION: Using VR navigation appears to improve the accuracy of cannulating the natural ostium during maxillary BSD, which could lead to better outcomes. Further study in live subjects is warranted.