Training peers to deliver mental health support to adults with type 1 diabetes using the REACHOUT mobile app.

AIMS: While peer support research is growing in the Type 1 diabetes (T1D) community, the peer supporter training (PST) process is rarely documented in detail. This study provides a comprehensive description of PST and evaluation for the REACHOUT mental health support intervention, and examines the feasibility and perceived utility of PST. METHODS: Fifty-three adults with T1D were recruited to participate in a 6-hour, zoom-based PST program for mental health support. The program was structured in three parts: (1) internal motivation, resilience and empathy; (2) mindfulness, emotions and diabetes distress; and (3) active listening and deferring clinical questions to professionals. Candidates were evaluated based on eight pre-established competency criteria during a 5-day support trial with an assigned standardized T1D participant. Perceived usefulness of training skills was also assessed 3 months into the REACHOUT mental health support intervention. RESULTS: Fifty-one of the fifty-three candidates who completed training achieved the criteria to graduate. Mean scores for the eight competency domains were: listens actively (4.55); asks open-ended questions (4.12); expresses empathy (4.42); avoids passing judgment (4.67); sits with strong emotions (4.44); refrains from giving advice (4.38); makes reflections (4.5); and defers medical questions (4.58). Of the skills learned during the PST, 95% rated interpreting and discussing diabetes distress profile and expressing empathy as moderately to extremely useful. CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrate that it is feasible to recruit and graduate the number of trainees needed using a rigorous process. Only by making training protocols available can the PST be replicated and translated to other T1D populations (e.g. adolescents, parents of children with T1D).

Systematic review of technology-mediated peer support interventions in paediatric type 1 diabetes care.

AIMS: There is increasing interest in the role of peer support in diabetes care. However, technology-mediated peer support in paediatric type 1 diabetes remains understudied.We aimed todescribe technology-mediated peer support interventions for children living with type 1 diabetes, their caregivers and healthcare providers. METHODS: CINAHL, Embase and MEDLINE (Ovid) were searched from Jan 2007 to June 2022. We included randomised and non-randomised trials with peer support interventions for children living with diabetes, their caregivers and/or healthcare providers. Studies examining clinical, behavioural or psychosocial outcomes were included. Quality was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS: Twelve of 308 retrieved studies were included, with a study duration range of 3 weeks to 24 months and most were randomised trials (n = 8, 66.67%). Four technology-based interventions were identified: phone-based text messages, video, web portal and social media, or a hybrid peer support model. Most (58.6%, n = 7) studies exclusively targeted children with diabetes. No significant improvement was observed in psychosocial outcomes (quality of life, n = 4; stress and coping, n = 4; social support, n = 2). Mixed findings were observed in HbA1c (n = 7) and 28.5% studies (n = 2/7) reported reduced incidence of hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Technology-mediated peer support interventions may have the potential to improve diabetes care and outcomes. However, further well-designed studies are necessary that address the needs of diverse populations and settings, and the sustainability of intervention effects.

Diabetes distress mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes: Findings from a multi-site diabetes peer support intervention.

AIMS: Diabetes distress is positively associated with HbA1c and may mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and HbA1c . This study examined these relationships in a geographically, socioeconomically, and ethnically diverse sample of adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Using data from five US sites evaluating peer support for diabetes management (n = 917), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) examined whether diabetes distress (four items from Diabetes Distress Scale) mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms (PHQ-8) and HbA1c . Sites compared interventions of varying content and duration with control conditions. Time from Baseline Assessment to Final Assessment varied from six to 18 months. Site characteristics were controlled by entering site as a covariate along with age, sex, education, diabetes duration, insulin use, and intervention/control assignment. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, and HbA1c were all intercorrelated cross-sectionally and from Baseline to Final Assessment (rs from 0.10 to 0.57; ps <0.05). In SEM analyses, diabetes distress at Final Assessment mediated the relationship between Baseline depressive symptoms and HbA1c at Final Assessment (indirect effect: b = 0.031, p < 0.001), controlling for Baseline HbA1c and covariates. Parallel analysis of whether depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between Baseline diabetes distress and HbA1c at Final Assessment was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In this diverse sample, diabetes distress mediated the influence of depressive symptoms on HbA1c but the reverse, depressive symptoms mediating the effect of distress, was not found. These findings add to the evidence that diabetes distress is a worthy intervention target to improve clinical status and quality of life among individuals with type 2 diabetes.

From clinic to community: A randomized controlled trial of a peer support model for adults with type 2 diabetes from specialty care settings in British Columbia.

AIMS: To examine the impact of a 12-month peer-led diabetes self-management support intervention delivered via telephone amongst adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from specialty care settings in British Columbia (BC). METHODS: One-hundred ninety-six adults with T2D were randomly assigned to either a 12-month Peer-Led, Empowerment-based, Approach, to Self-management Efforts in Diabetes (PLEASED) intervention or a usual care condition. PLEASED involved weekly telephone contacts from a peer leader (PL) in the first 3 months followed by bi-weekly telephone contacts in the last 9 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 and 12 months. The primary outcome was HbA1c ; secondary outcomes included diabetes distress (DD), ApoB, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist circumference and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: No within or between group changes were observed for HbA1c at 3 or 12 months. However, amongst participants with HbA1c  ≥ 69 mmol/mol (8.5%), the PLEASED group significantly lowered their HbA1c at 12 months [-11.7 mmol/mol (-1.07%); 95% CI: -20.7, -2.5 (-1.89, -0.23); p = 0.016] compared to usual care. Amongst secondary outcomes, within-group improvements in overall DD were found at 3 months (-0.21; 95% CI: -0.35, -0.08; p = 0.002) for the PLEASED group and at 12 months for both groups (PLEASED: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.21; p < 0.001 and control: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.19; p < 0.001), however, no between-group differences were observed. The PLEASED group improved systolic BP at 12 months (-5.4 mm Hg; 95% CI: -10.0, -0.8; p = 0.023) compared to usual care. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a peer support intervention in diabetes delivered via telephone leads to long-term improvements in HbA1c amongst high-risk adults with T2D living in BC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NT02804620).

Autopsy of a telephone-based peer support intervention: Exploring participants' perspectives of and experiences with a self-management support model for adults with type 2 diabetes from speciality care settings.

AIMS: To explore participants' experiences with and perspective of a telephone-based, peer-led diabetes self-management intervention targeting adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from speciality care settings. We also sought to identify areas for improvement for future iterations of the intervention. METHODS: This study recruited 25 adults with T2D from the intervention arm of a randomized controlled trial of a peer support intervention for diabetes. Individuals took part in semi-structured interviews that explored the following topics: perceived impact of the intervention, relationship with peer leader, desirable characteristics in a peer leader, and suggestions for improving the intervention. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, quality checked, coded, and analysed to develop themes and subthemes. RESULTS: Four core themes emerged: (1) importance of the 'participant-peer leader' match, (2) peer leader roles and responsibilities, (3) need for flexible support models, and (4) factors affecting intervention implementation and engagement. The quality of the participant-peer leader relationship appeared to be linked to intervention satisfaction. Beyond demographic features such as age and sex, key characteristics for forming a strong match included stage of life, lifestyle, diabetes-related factors, and communication style. CONCLUSIONS: Participants have unique ideas about what support should look like and preferences for how support is best delivered. Future models of peer support need to be customizable to individuals' needs and responsive to changes in life circumstances. If participants are the decision makers in the matching process, they may experience greater satisfaction and derive maximal benefits.

Out of the mouths of Peer Leaders: Perspectives on how to improve a telephone-based peer support intervention in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the experiences of peer leaders with respect to delivering core components of a 12-month, telephone-based peer support intervention in type 2 diabetes within a tertiary-care setting. METHODS: Seventeen peer leaders were recruited and interviewed. Interviews lasted approximately 20 to 45 min, were audio-taped, and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analysed by two team members using the qualitative descriptive approach. FINDINGS: Peer leaders reported mutually beneficial and reciprocal relationships with participants. They encountered challenges in maintaining regular contact with participants and in motivating them to make lifestyle changes. To improve the programme, peer leaders suggested having more frequent - but shorter - training sessions and reducing the diabetes education component of the training programme. To enhance the intervention fidelity and retention rate, they recommended matching peer leaders to participants on more meaningful variables (e.g. diabetes-related commonalities, personality, life experiences, etc.) beyond just gender, geographic proximity and availability. They also requested more frequent face-to-face contacts with participants (Modality of Contact), and additional ongoing support from the research team. CONCLUSION: Peer leaders were satisfied with the intervention design. However, future studies may consider more comprehensive peer leader-matching algorithms and increased opportunities for in-person communication modalities. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT02804620.

Predictors and Effects of Participation in Peer Support: A Prospective Structural Equation Modeling Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Peer support provides varied health benefits, but how it achieves these benefits is not well understood. PURPOSE: Examine a) predictors of participation in peer support interventions for diabetes management, and b) relationship between participation and glycemic control. METHODS: Seven peer support interventions funded through Peers for Progress provided pre/post data on 1,746 participants' glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c), contacts with peer supporters as an indicator of participation, health literacy, availability/satisfaction with support for diabetes management from family and clinical team, quality of life (EQ-Index), diabetes distress, depression (PHQ-8), BMI, gender, age, education, and years with diabetes. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling indicated a) lower levels of available support for diabetes management, higher depression scores, and older age predicted more contacts with peer supporters, and b) more contacts predicted lower levels of final HbA1c as did lower baseline levels of BMI and diabetes distress and fewer years living with diabetes. Parallel effects of contacts on HbA1c, although not statistically significant, were observed among those with baseline HbA1c values > 7.5% or > 9%. Additionally, no, low, moderate, and high contacts showed a significant linear, dose-response relationship with final HbA1c. Baseline and covariate-adjusted, final HbA1c was 8.18% versus 7.86% for those with no versus high contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Peer support reached/benefitted those at greater disadvantage. Less social support for dealing with diabetes and higher PHQ-8 scores predicted greater participation in peer support. Participation in turn predicted lower HbA1c across levels of baseline HbA1c, and in a dose-response relationship across levels of participation.

Peer Support Interventions on Digital Platforms for Children With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Caregivers.

Peer support for children with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers has been recognized as a key component in diabetes management and mental health. In this era of digitization, support programs delivered via technology are growing rapidly, particularly with increased access to technology and social media. Although the development of different digital modalities for this purpose is in its early stages, five different types of digital platforms have been recognized: voice, text, website, video, and social media. This article discusses the significance of peer support and explores various digital peer support interventions in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (0-18 years of age) and their caregivers.

Moving beyond 'don't ask, don't tell': Mental health needs of adults with type 1 diabetes in rural and remote regions of British Columbia.

AIMS: To investigate the mental health needs of adults with type 1 diabetes living in rural and remote regions of Interior, British Columbia (BC) and identify factors associated with accessing support. We also explored perspectives around using peer support and digital health strategies for delivering mental health support. METHODS: This study recruited 38 adults with type 1 diabetes to complete a self-report survey and participate in focus groups. We conducted six 90-min focus groups that addressed the following: current and past mental health needs, social media use for type 1 diabetes support, peer supporter recruitment and training, and support delivery features for virtual care platforms. Focus groups were recorded, transcribed, quality checked, coded and analysed to develop themes and subthemes. RESULTS: Four core themes emerged: (1) emotional challenges linked to type 1 diabetes management, (2) unique type 1 diabetes-related concerns in rural and remote communities, (3) previous support experiences and future support needs and (4) diabetes-related mental health support interventions involving peer support and digital health strategies. Existing support services are inadequate in meeting the needs of type 1 diabetes adults in Interior BC. Some have turned towards social media as a way to connect with the type 1 diabetes community for support. CONCLUSIONS: Though type 1 diabetes adults living in rural and remote settings experience distress associated with the ongoing burdens, frustrations and fears of managing a complex chronic condition, many have not been offered support and do not know how to seek services in the present/future. Peer support and digital health strategies are two potential solutions to address this care gap.

The four I's of adolescent transition in type 1 diabetes care: A qualitative study.

AIMS: To explore adolescent perspectives on programme design in the transition to adult care. METHODS: We conducted five focus groups on adolescents with type 1 diabetes nearing the age of transition to adult care. Study participants also completed an embedded survey where they rated a wide range of potential transition interventions. Focus group transcripts were analysed with three iterations of line-by-line coding to triangulate themes and subthemes. RESULTS: Four themes were identified: Individualization-how to personalize the transition experience (having choices in the transition experience, meeting adult provider before transition and specific transition preparation); Identity-how the world relates to my diabetes (stigma of type 1 diabetes, confusion with type 2 diabetes, diagnosis disclosure and resilience); Interconnection-how my support system can help me with my diabetes (peer support, near peer support, parental support, loss of bond with paediatric team and fear of not having a bond with adult team); and Impediment-how my diabetes limits me (self-care takes work and time, unpredictability and restrictiveness, and emotional burden). Highly rated interventions from the survey included: good communication between the paediatric and adult teams, medical summary of past diabetes care, and having paediatric and adult teams in the same building. CONCLUSIONS: The design of future transition interventions for adolescents with type 1 diabetes should address the issues of Individualization, Identity, Interconnection and Impediment. Collaborative processes between paediatric and adult providers were also rated as important strategies to facilitate the transition to adult care.

Here for You: A Review of Social Support Research in Young Adults With Diabetes.

Living with and managing diabetes is challenging during young adulthood, and social support may help relieve or minimize the burdens young adults with diabetes experience. This article reviews the types and sources of support young adults with diabetes receive and their associations with behavioral, psychosocial, and glycemic outcomes. Intervention research integrating social support and future directions for care are discussed.

Recruitment and Retention of South Asian Ethnic Minority Populations in Behavioral Interventions to Improve Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: South Asian (SA) immigrants have a higher burden of type 2 diabetes, report poor self-management, and remain a hard-to-engage group in behavioral interventions. The purpose of this review was to characterize recruitment and retention of SAs in behavioral interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 14 studies with limited information regarding recruitment and retention. Overall recruitment rates were low: 12 studies had a mean recruitment rate of 44% among those screened, and 9 studies with complete information on eligibility had a mean recruitment rate of 65.8% among those eligible. Mean retention rate was 79.4% across all 14 studies. Although unstandardized and inconsistent reporting limited our ability to draw any conclusions regarding the best strategies to maximize recruitment and retention, we were able to highlight some novel and effective strategies. There is a need for consistent and standardized reporting of recruitment and retention-related information to encourage meaningful research and guide researchers in efficient allocation of resources and a successful conclusion of future interventions.

Examining the Support Peer Supporters Provide Using Structural Equation Modeling: Nondirective and Directive Support in Diabetes Management.

BACKGROUND: Little research has examined the characteristics of peer support. Pertinent to such examination may be characteristics such as the distinction between nondirective support (accepting recipients' feelings and cooperative with their plans) and directive (prescribing "correct" choices and feelings). PURPOSE: In a peer support program for individuals with diabetes, this study examined (a) whether the distinction between nondirective and directive support was reflected in participants' ratings of support provided by peer supporters and (b) how nondirective and directive support were related to depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS: Three hundred fourteen participants with type 2 diabetes provided data on depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, and HbA1c before and after a diabetes management intervention delivered by peer supporters. At post-intervention, participants reported how the support provided by peer supporters was nondirective or directive. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation analyses, and structural equation modeling examined the relationships among reports of nondirective and directive support, depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, and measured HbA1c. RESULTS: CFA confirmed the factor structure distinguishing between nondirective and directive support in participants' reports of support delivered by peer supporters. Controlling for demographic factors, baseline clinical values, and site, structural equation models indicated that at post-intervention, participants' reports of nondirective support were significantly associated with lower, while reports of directive support were significantly associated with greater depressive symptoms, altogether (with control variables) accounting for 51% of the variance in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Peer supporters' nondirective support was associated with lower, but directive support was associated with greater depressive symptoms.

Peer-Led, Empowerment-Based Approach to Self-Management Efforts in Diabetes (PLEASED): A Randomized Controlled Trial in an African American Community.

PURPOSE: We compared a 3-month diabetes self-management education (DSME) program followed by a 12-month peer support intervention with a 3-month DSME program alone in terms of initial and sustained improvements in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes were risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes distress, and social support. METHODS: We randomized 106 community-dwelling African American adults with type 2 diabetes to a 3-month DSME program followed by 12 months of weekly group sessions and supplementary telephone support delivered by peer leaders or to a 3-month DSME program with no follow-up peer support. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3, 9, and 15 months. RESULTS: No changes in HbA1c were observed at 3 months or at 15 months for either group. The peer support group either sustained improvement in key CVD risk factors or stayed the same while the control group worsened at 15 months. At 15 months, the peer-support group had significantly lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (-15 mg/dL, P = .03), systolic blood pressure (-10 mm Hg, P = .01), diastolic blood pressure (-8.3 mm Hg, P = .001), and body mass index (-0.8 kg/m(2), P = .032) than the DSME-alone group. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of African American adults, an initial DSME program, whether or not followed by 12 months of peer support, had no effect on glycemic control. Participants in the peer-support arm of the trial did, however, experience significant improvements in some CVD risk factors or stay approximately the same while the control group declined.

Contributions of Peer Support to Health, Health Care, and Prevention: Papers from Peers for Progress.

SUBSTANTIAL: evidence documents the benefits of peer support provided by community health workers, lay health advisors, promotores de salud, and others. The papers in this supplement, all supported by the Peers for Progress program of the American Academy of Family Physicians Foundation, contribute to the growing body of literature addressing the efficacy, effectiveness, feasibility, reach, sustainability, and adoption of peer support for diabetes self-management. They and additional papers supported by Peers for Progress contribute to understanding how peer support can be implemented in real world settings. Topics include examination of the peers who provide peer support, reaching the hardly reached, success factors in peer support interventions, proactive approaches, attention to emotions, peer support in behavioral health, dissemination models and their application in China, peer support in the patient-centered medical home, research challenges, and policy implications.

Testing 3 Digital Health Platforms to Improve Mental Health Outcomes in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study was to examine the potential impact of a 3-pronged digital health pilot intervention (TRIFECTA) on diabetes distress and depressive symptoms among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in British Columbia. METHODS: We recruited 60 adults with T1D (mean age 38.9±15.1 years, 75% female, 77% Caucasian) who participated in the 6-month pilot intervention involving 3 digital health platforms: monthly, provider-led, group-based sessions over Zoom (virtual huddles); a WhatsApp peer texting group; and a web-based "Ask-the-expert" portal. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 6 months and measured diabetes distress (T1D Diabetes Distress Scale), depressive symptoms (9-item Personal Health Questionnaire), and TRIFECTA engagement metrics. RESULTS: Participation in TRIFECTA was associated with significant reductions in Overall Distress (p=0.011) and 4 distress subscales: Powerlessness (p=0.006), Management Distress (p=0.001), Hypoglycemia Distress (p=0.029), and Eating Distress (p<0.001). A higher number of virtual huddles attended predicted lower Overall Distress (p=0.019) and Family/Friends Distress (p=0.023). A higher number of "Ask-the-expert" posts viewed predicted lower Overall Distress (p=0.046), whereas a higher number of WhatsApp messages posted predicted lower Management Distress (p=0.006). Furthermore, engagement in all 3 metrics was a predictor for lower Negative Social Perceptions Distress (p<0.05). No associations were seen in other distress subscales or for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in TRIFECTA was linked to reduced diabetes distress levels, but not depressive symptoms, in a platform-dependent manner. This study provides promising pilot data for a subsequent large-scale and fully powered randomized controlled trial.

Evaluating a Digitally Delivered, Multi-Modal Intervention for Parents of Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Background/Objectives: We examined the feasibility, acceptability, and potential mental health impact of a digital peer support intervention involving videoconferencing and text-based support for parents of school-aged children living with T1D and analyzed posts exchanged by parents on a texting platform. Methods: Eighteen parents were recruited for Huddle4Parents, a 4-month digital intervention that involved four synchronous group-based Zoom sessions coupled with an asynchronous 24/7 peer support texting room. Primary outcomes were feasibility (i.e., ability to recruit n = 20 parents and retain at least 75%) and acceptability (i.e., satisfaction ratings of "good" to "very good"). Baseline and 4-month assessments also measured diabetes distress, quality of life, and perceived support. A content analysis of text exchanges was also performed. Results: All 15 parents who completed the intervention attended at least one Huddle and posted at least one message on the 24/7 peer support room. The retention rate was 83%, with 100% indicating that they would "definitely" or "probably yes" recommend both platforms to other parents. They also rated the topics, facilitator, and overall Huddles as "good" to "excellent." No changes were observed for psychosocial endpoints. Of the 1084 texts posted, core support themes included the following: (1) dealing with technology and devices; (2) seeking and providing emotional support; (3) managing T1D in the school setting; and (4) exchanging tips and strategies. Conclusions: Huddle4Parents, a digital T1D caregiver intervention offering synchronous and asynchronous support, is feasible based on recruitment, participation, and attrition rates and acceptable as demonstrated by engagement and satisfaction ratings for the Huddles and 24/7 peer support room.

Insights into Chinese Canadian culture: enablers and barriers for fruit and vegetable intake.

Background: Fruits and vegetables (F&V) play a vital role in promoting health and preventing diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated the association between F&V consumption and reduced risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Despite the high priority of public health in promoting F&V intake, Chinese immigrants in Canada often fall below national guidelines in their consumption. Understanding the factors influencing F&V intake in this community is crucial for developing effective interventions. Methods: This study used an applied ethnographic research approach to gain insight into the enablers and barriers that influence F&V intake among Chinese-Canadian adults in Richmond, BC. Semi-structured interviews and 'photovoice' group sessions were conducted to gather qualitative data from community participants and health care providers (HCPs). Results: The research identified four key themes: (1) Cultural differences around how vegetables are perceived, consumed and prepared; (2) Motivators and strategies for increasing vegetable and fruit intake; (3) Lack of culturally relevant dietary education and resources; and (4) Importance of value in vegetable/fruit-related decisions. Participants showed a strong preference for the traditional Eastern diet, with cost of food and lack of knowledge about Western vegetables acting as barriers to dietary diversity. The study also highlighted the need for culturally tailored educational resources to effectively promote F&V consumption. Conclusion: By adopting a multi-modal approach, incorporating both interviews and 'photovoice' sessions, this research provided comprehensive insights into the participants' perspectives and experiences related to F&V intake. Understanding these factors can guide the development of culturally appropriate interventions to increase F&V consumption among Chinese-Canadian adults in Richmond, BC, and potentially improve their overall health and well-being. Future studies should consider the heterogeneity within the Chinese immigrant population and target a more balanced representation of age groups to further enhance our understanding of F&V intake patterns in this community.

DiaBetter Together: Clinical trial protocol for a strengths-based Peer Mentor intervention for young adults with type 1 diabetes transitioning to adult care.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) management is challenging for young adults, who are expected to transfer from the pediatric to adult T1D healthcare system while also managing typical developmental demands (e.g., social, financial, work/school, residential). Many young adults have extended gaps in care before following up in adult care, increasing risk for poor health outcomes. There are few evidence-based programs to support young adults with T1D to promote a timelier transition during this period. This paper reports on the design of DiaBetter Together, a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a 12-month Peer Mentor-delivered intervention compared to usual care among young adults with T1D during the transfer from pediatric to adult care. METHODS: One-hundred young adults (age 17-25) with T1D and 29 Peer Mentors enrolled in this randomized clinical trial. Peer Mentors are experienced, older young adults with T1D, trained by the study team to share transition experiences and strategies to successfully navigate the adult healthcare system, help young adults prepare for the first adult care visit, and use strengths-based support strategies to teach and model skills for managing T1D-related challenges. RESULTS: The primary outcome of the trial is HbA1c, and secondary outcomes include time to adult care, engagement in diabetes self-management behaviors, and psychosocial well-being. CONCLUSION: The goal of this research is to evaluate a developmentally appropriate, supportive intervention that can improve T1D self-management and successful transfer of care during the difficult young adult years and promote optimal T1D health outcomes.

Social support and diabetes distress: Does the messenger matter as much as the message?

We explored the relationship between social support (family/friends and health care team) and four diabetes distress subscales in 196 adults with type 2 diabetes in a specialty care setting. Health care support was associated with lower physician- and regimen-related distress, while friends/family support was related to lower interpersonal distress. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02804620).