Corydalis saxicolaBunting total alkaloid eliminates Porphyromonas gingivalis strain 33277 internalized into macrophages by inhibition of TLR2.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Corydalis Saxicola Bunting Total Alkaloid (CSBTA) on Porphyromonas gingivalis internalization within macrophages and explore the potential role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in this process. METHODS: We established a P. gingivalis internalization model in macrophages by treating P. gingivalis-infected macrophages (MOI=100:1) with 200 µg/mL metronidazole and 300 µg/mL gentamicin for 1 h. Subsequently, the model was exposed to CSBTA at concentrations of 0.02 g/L or 1 µg/mL Pam3CSK4. After a 6 h treatment, cell lysis was performed with sterile water to quantify bacterial colonies. The mRNA expressions of TLR2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in macrophages were analyzed using RT-qPCR, while their protein levels were assessed via Western blot and ELISA respectively. RESULTS: P. gingivalis could internalize into macrophages and enhance the expression of TLR2 and IL-8. Activation of TLR2 by Pam3CSK4 contributed to P. gingivalis survival within macrophages and increased TLR2 and IL-8 expression. Conversely, 0.02 g/L CSBTA effectively cleared intracellular P. gingivalis, achieving a 90 % clearance rate after 6 h. Moreover, it downregulated the expression of TLR2 and IL-8 induced by P. gingivalis. However, the inhibitory effect of CSBTA on the internalized P. gingivalis model was attenuated by Pam3CSK4. CONCLUSION: CSBTA exhibited the ability to reduce the presence of live intracellular P. gingivalis and lower IL-8 expression in macrophages, possibly by modulating TLR2 activity.

[Relationship between pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV infection: a meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection in high risk populations. METHODS: A computerized literature searching had been carried out in PubMed, EMbase, Ovid, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, Tsinghua Tongfang database and related websites to collect relevant papers (from establishment to June 2012) with the key words of pre-exposure prophylaxis, HIV, AIDS, high risk populations, relative risk, reduction. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) papers about using single or compound antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) orally or topically before HIV exposure or during HIV exposure in high risk populations were enrolled. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 10.0 to calculate the pooled RR value (95%CI). Consistency test was performed and publication bias was evaluated. RESULTS: Finally 5 RCT papers were enrolled, including 10 271 persons who were at high risk of HIV infection. The number of the experimental group was 5929, among which 116(1.96%) became infected. The number of the control group was 4342, among which 201(4.63%) became infected. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95%CI was 0.49 (0.39 - 0.61), P < 0.05, indicating that the persons in experimental group had a 0.49 times lower risk of HIV infected, as compared with the control group. Publication bias analysis revealed a symmetry funnel plot. The fail-safe number was 825. CONCLUSION: PrEP was an effective and safe protection measure to reduce HIV infection in high risk populations.

[Logistic regression analysis for the risk factors of oral candidosis among patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVE: Multivariate analysis was used to select the risk factors in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with oral candidosis, and to establish the forecasting equation, aimed to detect the risk of oral candidosis among NIDDM patients. METHODS: 140 NIDDM patients were included in this study. 11 clinical parameters including gender, age, course smoking, fasting blood glucose, oral hygiene status, systemic manifestation, oral mucous membrane status, and denture were recorded respectively. Oral rinse technique was used to detect the salivary candidal carriage. The isolates were identified using CHROM agar Candida test. The Logistic multivariate regression analysis was carried our for risk factors analysis. RESULTS: Candida was found in 69 out of 140 NIDDM cases, and Candida albicans was the major species isolated. The poor glycemic control, poor oral hygiene, and dry mouth were the risk factors of oral candidosis in NIDDM patients, and the forecasting equation was established. Using substitution method, the veracity of the forecasting equation was 82.1%. CONCLUSION: Poor glycemic control, poor oral hygiene and dry mouth were risk factors of oral candidosis among NIDDM patients. The probability obtained from the forecasting equation may offer references for predicting and preventing the oral candidosis in NIDDM patients.

[Oral candidal carriage and biotyping of Candida species in HIV positive patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the candidal carriage and the Candida species in HIV positive patients and to explore the relationship between oral candidal carriage and oral candidiasis. METHODS: Sixty-four HIV positive patients and 42 healthy controls were included in this study. Oral rinse technique was used to detect the candidal carriage. The isolates were identified using multiple measures, including Gram staining reaction, chlamydospore, pseudo-hyphal and hyphal production test, CHROMagar Candida test and API 20 C AUX yeast identification system. RESULTS: Thirty-nine of 64 HIV positive cases were diagnosed as oral candidiasis. Seventy-four Candida strains were isolated from 52 of 64 HIV positive cases, only 7 strains were isolated from 42 healthy controls (P < 0.001). Of the 74 Candida strains isolated from HIV positive cases, 39 were Candida albicans, 15 Candida tropicalis, and 20 other 6 species. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of oral candidiasis and high candidal carriage were found in HIV positive patients compared with those in controls. Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were the major species. The biotyping of the species isolated from HIV positive patients showed more diversified compared to healthy people, which may suggest the decreased immune ability of the HIV positive patients.

[Investigation on oral lesions in 64 Chinese HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence, age and gender distribution and clinical features of HIV/AIDS oral lesions in patients in Guangxi province, and to provide the epidemiological information for prevention and treatment of these diseases in the certain population. METHODS: A total of 64 HIV/AIDS patients were included in this study. All patients HIV serum-status was confirmed in Guangxi Center of Disease Control (GXCDC). Oral examination was carried out by standardized specialists. HIV/AIDS orofacial lesions were recorded and diagnosed using the EC Clearing House Criteria on Oral Problems related to HIV Infection (1992). RESULTS: Among the total of 64 HIV/AIDS patients included in this study, there were 53 males and 11 females, with mean age of 36.1 years. Candidiasis was the most common lesion with the pseudomembranous type predominating. High prevalences of xerostomia, 11 oral ulceration and 7 HIV related periodontitis were noted. 6 Herpetic stomatitis and 3 herpes zoster, 2 oral hairy leukoplakia and 1 Kaposi's sarcoma and 1 lymphadentitis also were found. CONCLUSION: This study shows a high prevalence of candidiasis, salivary gland disease. Maybe oral ulceration prevalence is not increased, but lesion severity is increased with more severe heperiform or major RAU. It suggested that HIV/AIDS usually shows oral lesion and partly can appear in early phase.