CircEML1 facilitates the steroid synthesis in follicular granulosa cells of chicken through sponging gga-miR-449a to release IGF2BP3 expression.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) induced competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) play crucial roles in various biological process by regulating target gene expression. However, the studies of ceRNA networks in the regulation of ovarian ovulation processing of chicken remains deficient compared to that in mammals. Our present study revealed that circEML1 was differential expressed in hen's ovarian tissues at different ages (15 W/20 W/30 W/68 W) and identified as a loop structure from EML1 pre-mRNA, which promoted the expressions of CYP19A1/StAR and E2/P4 secretion in follicular granulosa cells (GCs). Furthermore, circEML1 could serve as a sponge of gga-miR-449a and also found that IGF2BP3 was targeted by gga-miR-449a to co-participate in the steroidogenesis, which possibly act the regulatory role via mTOR/p38MAPK pathways. Meanwhile, in the rescue experiment, gga-miR-449a could reverse the promoting role of circEML1 to IGF2BP3 and steroidogenesis. Eventually, this study suggested that circEML1/gga-miR-449a/IGF2BP3 axis exerted an important role in the steroidogenesis in GCs of chicken.

Nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells in acidic conditions mimicking degenerative intervertebral discs give better performance than adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

The microenvironment of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is characterized by matrix acidity, hypoxia, hyperosmolarity and limited nutrition, which are major obstacles to stem cell-based regeneration. Our recent work showed that nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells (NPMSCs) had advantages over traditional sources of cell therapy under IVD-like hypoxic and hyperosmotic conditions. Here, we examined the viability, proliferation and matrix metabolism of NPMSCs compared with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) under IVD-like acidic conditions in vitro. ADMSCs and NPMSCs from Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured at four different pH levels representing the standard condition (pH 7.4) and the normal, mildly degenerated and severely degenerated IVD (pH 7.1, 6.8 and 6.5, respectively). Cell viability was examined by annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Cell proliferation was measured using a cell counting kit cell proliferation assay. The expression of aggrecan, collagen-I, collagen-II, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS4) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) was measured at mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and Western blotting. In both cell types, acidic pH inhibited cell viability and proliferation, downregulated the expression of aggrecan, collagen-I, collagen-II and TIMP-3, and upregulated the expression of MMP-2 and ADAMTS4. Compared with ADMSCs, NPMSCs were significantly less inhibited in viability and proliferation; they expressed significantly higher levels of aggrecan and collagen-II, and lower levels of MMP-2 and ADAMTS4. Thus, an acidic environment is a major obstacle for IVD regeneration by ADMSCs or NPMSCs. NPMSCs appeared less sensitive to inhibition by acidic pH and might be promising candidates for cell-based IVD regeneration.

Potential of co-culture of nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells and nucleus pulposus cells in hyperosmotic microenvironment for intervertebral disc regeneration.

Nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells (NPMSCs) are a potential cell source for intervertebral disc (IVD) regeneration, but little is known about their response to IVD-like high osmolarity (400 mOsm). This study was to investigate the viability, proliferation and protein biosynthesis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), NPMSCs and co-cultured NPMSCs-NPCs under IVD-like high osmolarity conditions. NPCs and NPMSCs were isolated and cultured under standard and IVD-like high osmolarity conditions for 1 or 2 weeks. Cell viability was measured by annexin V-FITC and PI staining, and cell proliferation measured by MTT assay. The expression of SOX-9, aggrecan and collagen-II was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. IVD-like high osmolarity condition slightly inhibited cell viability and decreased the expression of SOX-9, aggrecan and collagen-II at the mRNA and protein levels in all groups compared with standard condition. NPMSCs could tolerate IVD-like high osmolarity, and NPCs-NPMSCs co-culture increased cell proliferation and the expression of SOX-9, aggrecan and collagen-II under both culture conditions, suggesting that co-culture of NPMSCs-NPCs has potential application for IVD regeneration.

Dual release of dexamethasone and TGF-ß3 from polymeric microspheres for stem cell matrix accumulation in a rat disc degeneration model.

Low back pain is frequently caused by nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration. Tissue engineering is a powerful therapeutic strategy which could restore the normal biomechanical motion of the human spine. Previously we reported that a new nanostructured three-dimensional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere, which is loaded with dexamethasone and growth factor embedded heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles via a layer-by-layer system, was an effective cell carrier in vitro for NP tissue engineering. This study aimed to investigate whether the implantation of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-seeded PLGA microspheres into the rat intervertebral disc could regenerate the degenerated disc. Changes in disc height by plain radiograph, T2-weighted signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, immunohistochemistry and matrix-associated gene expression were evaluated in normal controls (NCs) (without operations), a degeneration control (DC) group (with needle puncture, injected only with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), a PLGA microspheres (PMs) treatment group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres only injection), and PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSCs treatment (PMA) group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSC injection) for a 24-week period. The results showed that at 24 weeks post-transplantation, the PM and PMA groups regained disc height values of ∼63% and 76% and MRI signal intensities of ∼47% and 76%, respectively, compared to the NC group. Biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis also indicated the restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the PM and PMA groups. However, there was almost no restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the DC group compared with the PM and PMA groups. Taken together, these data suggest that ADSC-seeded PLGA microspheres could partly regenerate the degenerated disc in vivo after implantation into the rat degenerative intervertebral disc.

Elevated local TGF-ß1 level predisposes a closed bone fracture to tuberculosis infection.

Tuberculosis (TB) occurring after a closed bone fracture in the patient with no history of TB and no evidence of TB infection at the time of initial fracture is a rare entity. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) is a ubiquitous growth factor that is implicated in the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival of many different cell types. Recent studies have demonstrated that the local level of TGF-ß1 in bone is significantly elevated during fracture healing and TGF-ß1 plays an important role in TB progression. Given the above background, we hypothesize that elevated local TGF-ß1 level predisposes a closed bone fracture to TB infection. This was supported by conclusions drawn from literature reviews: (1) the local level of TGF-ß1 in bone is significantly elevated during fracture healing; (2) TGF-ß1 inhibits T lymphocyte activation; (3) TGF-ß1 is a potent macrophage-deactivating molecule; (4) TGF-ß1 suppresses the production and activity of some proinflammatory cytokines.

The relationship between low pH in intervertebral discs and low back pain: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: To systematically review the relationship between low pH in intervertebral discs and low back pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic database (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, AMED, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) searches and hand searching of conference proceedings were conducted. Two authors independently evaluated the methodological quality and abstracted relevant data according to standard criteria. Then the experimental methods and samples employed in the finally retrieved articles were assessed. RESULTS: We first retrieved 136 articles regarding pain and pH, and only 16 of them were mainly about low back pain and pH. Finally, 7 articles met our expectation to focus on the pathogenesis of low back pain caused by pH. In these 7 studies the authors held three opinions to explain the pathogenesis of low back pain in relation to low pH. First, low pH caused by lactate stimulates the muscle and increases the muscle tension, which causes low back pain. Second, low pH stimulates the nerve roots and produces the feeling of pain. Third, low pH changes the matrix metabolism, leading to neuronal death and low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review we propose a new hypothesis that low back pain may be caused by low pH based on the previous literature. Further experimental studies are necessary to verify our hypothesis. This hypothesis will promote our understanding of the pathogenesis of low back pain and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for low back pain.

Gallic acid induces the apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo via the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

To examine the antitumor effects of gallic acid (GA) on osteosarcoma, two human osteosarcoma cell lines U-2OS and MNNG/HOS were treated by GA and subjected to cell proliferation and apoptosis assays. In addition, MNNG/HOS xenograft tumors were established in nude BALB/c mice to evaluate the anticancer capacity of GA in vivo. The results showed that GA inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells, accompanied by the upregulation of p-38 activation and the downregulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation. Additionally, p38 MAPK inhibitor abrogated GA-induced growth inhibition of osteosarcoma cells, whereas JNK or ERK1/2 inhibitors sensitized osteosarcoma cells to GA-induced growth inhibition. In vivo studies further showed that GA administration decreased xenograft tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated the downregulation of PCNA and CD31 expression and upregulation of apoptosis in MNNG/HOS tumor tissues following GA treatment. This study demonstrates the antitumor efficacy of GA for osteosarcoma that is mediated by the modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that GA could be a potent agent for osteosarcoma intervention.