[Ocular hypertension after intravitreal injections]. / Oftal'mogipertenziya vsledstvie intravitreal'nykh in"ektsii.

Intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization have become much more popular nowadays. Anti-VEGF therapy is generally well-tolerated; however, one of its possible side effects is ocular hypertension - elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) above the accepted norm, but without structural and functional changes in the retina and optic nerve common for glaucoma. The average duration of IOP elevation is 30 to 60 minutes, but it can increase when the patient has primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). There is currently no uniform understanding of the pathogenesis of elevated IOP after IVI, as well as the effect of IOP fluctuations on the functional prognosis and the condition of the ocular tunics. This review considers the main causes and mechanisms of IOP elevation after IVI, analyzes recent publications on the consequences of ocular hypertension for the neurosensory part of the retina and the optic nerve, and examines the conditions for transition of IOP fluctuations into clinically significant ocular hypertension or POAG.

[Classification, diagnosis and treatment of juvenile glaucoma]. / Klassifikatsiya, diagnostika i lechenie yuvenil'noi glaukomy.

Juvenile open-angle glaucoma is a disease with complex pathogenesis affecting young people of working age that can lead to disability. The article describes modern concepts of diagnosis, classification and approaches to the treatment of juvenile glaucoma with special attention paid to the differential diagnostic criteria of juvenile open-angle glaucoma and congenital glaucoma.

[Avascular retinal pigment epithelium detachments in age-related macular degeneration]. / Avaskulyarnye otsloiki retinal'nogo pigmentnogo epiteliya pri vozrastnoi makulyarnoi degeneratsii.

Retinal pigment epithelium detachment (PED) is a pathological condition in which retinal pigment epithelium is separated from the underlying Bruch's membrane due to the formation of a fibrovascular membrane, drusenoid material, accumulation of fluid and/or blood. Six types of RPE detachments have been determined: pseudovitelliform, detachments associated with drainage drusen, serous, vascular and hemorrhagic, as well as PED associated with vascular retinal anomaly. The drusenoid PED is always avascular, the drusenoid material is contained between the RPE and Bruch's membrane. It was first described by Casswell in 1985. Ophthalmoscopy of the fundus shows a yellow-white cellular structure in the subretinal space, sometimes containing a patch of pigment, with an uneven surface, clear boundaries and a wavy edge. Serous PED is larger in area and prominence than drusenoid, characterized by the presence of a hyporeflective area under the detached RPE, over the area of more than 50% of the total area of detachment. Ophthalmoscopy shows a transparent yellow lesion in the subretinal space, sometimes brown-tinted, with clear boundaries and dome-shaped prominence. True serous PED is avascular (combination of choroidal neovascularization and serous PED will be discussed in the article about vascularized PED).

[Polypeptide bioregulators in the treatment of different-type abiotrophy of the retina].

The efficiency of retinalamin was studied in 33 patients, aged 4 to 7, with 5 types of retinal abiotrophy. The experimental group comprised children with retinal abiotrophy of Franceschetti type (36%) and mixed type (39%). The pathological process was stabilized during 18 months in all cases of developed disease. The visual acuity improved in 82% of patients after treatment by retinalamin; visual fields enlarged and central scotomas reduced in 54% of cases. Parameters of elctroretinography improved in 37% of cases.