In vitro inhibition of rotavirus multiplication by copper oxide nanoparticles.

Group A rotaviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children under five years of age worldwide. Rotavirus gastroenteritis can be related to mild to severe diarrhea in children and in some cases, can lead to death due to severe dehydration. Approximately 146,480 people die annually from rotavirus infection worldwide, and most of these deaths occur in low-income countries in Africa and Asia. Since there are no specific effective drugs to treat rotavirus infections, and infected patients can only be treated supportively, new antiviral agents need to be developed. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have a wide range of applications in the magnetic and electrical industries, as well as in biology. The antiviral activity of nanoparticles (CuO NPs) is well documented. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral effect of CuO NPs on rotaviruses. The cytotoxic effects of CuO NPs on MA-104 cells were examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. In addition, the anti-rotavirus activity of CuO NPs was evaluated by TCID50 and real-time polymerase chain reaction PCR assay. Our results showed that exposure of rotavirus-infected cells to various non-toxic concentrations of CuO NPs did not cause a decrease in viral titer, compared to the control. However, the virucidal effect of CuO NPs on rotavirus was observed at concentrations of 80 and 100 µg/ml (P<0.001). Our study suggested that CuO NPs had significant antiviral activity against rotavirus replication. However, the exact mechanism of anti-rotavirus activity of CuO NPs remained unknown. According to the virucidal assay, it appears that the loss of capsid integrity and genome disruption in the presence of CuO NPs are possible mechanisms of its anti-rotavirus activity.

Efficacy of Persian barley water on clinical outcomes of hospitalized moderate-severity COVID-19 patients: a single-blind, add-on therapy, randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a debilitating disease with numerous medical and non-medical consequences. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Persian barley water in controlling the clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a single-blind, add-on therapy, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Shiraz, Iran, from January to March 2021. One hundred hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease severity were randomly allocated to receive routine treatment (per local protocols) with or without 250 ml of Persian barley water (PBW) daily for two weeks. Clinical outcomes and blood tests were recorded before and after the study period. Multivariable modeling was applied using Stata software for data analysis. RESULTS: The PBW product passed our standardization and safety assessments. Length of hospital stay (LHS) was 4.5 days shorter in the intervention group than the control group regardless of history of cigarette smoking (95% confidence interval: -7.22, -1.79 days). Also, body temperature, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and creatinine significantly dropped in the intervention group compared to the control group. No adverse events related to PBW occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of PBW in minimizing the LHS, fever, and levels of ESR, CRP, and creatinine among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease severity. More robust trials can help find safe and effective herbal formulations as treatments for COVID-19.

Complications following pancreatic transplantations: imaging features.

Whole organ vascularized pancreatic transplant is a recognized treatment for diabetes and is increasingly being performed worldwide. The procedure itself is complex and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, postoperative complications of pancreatic transplantation are still common and include graft rejection, pancreatitis, peripancreatic fluid collections, exocrine leaks, vascular thrombosis, and hemorrhage. In this pictorial essay, we review clinical presentation and imaging features of these complications. We also briefly discuss technique and complications of islet cell transplants.

Effect of Amniotic Membrane Dressing on Pain and Healing of Palatal Donor Site: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Free gingival graft is the most commonly practiced predictable technique for gingival augmentation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of human amniotic membrane, a biological dressing, on wound healing and post-operative pain after its application on the palatal donor site after free gingival graft surgery. METHODS: Of 27 eligible patients, 15 were randomized into a test group and received human amniotic membrane dressing sutured over their palatal donor site; 12 were randomized into a control group in whom the palatal donor site was only sutured. Standard clinical photographs were taken at 7, 14, and 21 days post-operatively and evaluated by 3 periodontists. The pain score at the donor site was assessed by a visual analog score; the number of analgesics taken was also recorded. RESULTS: The mean color match scores were higher in the test group than the control group at 14 (p<0.01) and 21 days after surgery (p=0.02). The difference in tissue texture (p=0.01) and inflammation (p=0.02) between the two groups was only significant on day 14 (p<0.05). The pattern of pain relief was better in the test group compared with the control group, especially in first days, although the differences were not significant in terms of the number of analgesics taken or the pain score. CONCLUSION: Application of human amniotic membrane can accelerate wound healing and may decrease post-operative pain and discomfort by a limited amount.

Reduced and standard field-of-view diffusion weighted imaging in patients with rectal cancer at 3 T-Comparison of image quality and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements.

PURPOSE: To compare a zoomed EPI-DWI (z-EPI) with a standard EPI-DWI (s-EPI) in the primary diagnostics of rectal cancer and assess its potential of reduced image artifacts. METHOD: 22 therapy-naïve patients with rectal cancer underwent rectal MRI at a 3 T-system. The protocols consisted of a z-EPI DWI and s-EPI DWI sequence. Images were assessed by two independent and experienced readers regarding overall image quality and artifacts on a 5-point Likert scale, as well as overall sequence preference. In a lesion-based analysis, tumor and lymph node detection were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements were performed. RESULTS: Overall Image quality score for z-EPI and s-EPI showed no statistically significant differences (p = 0.80/0.54, reader 1/2) with a median score of 4 ("good" image quality) for both sequences. The image quality preference rank for z-EPI and s-EPI was given the category 'no preference' in 64 % (reader 1) and 50 % (reader 2). Most artifact-related scores (susceptibility, motion and distortion) did not show reproducible significant differences between z-EPI and s-EPI. The two sequences exhibited comparable, mostly good and excellent quality scores for tumor and lymph node detection (p = 0.19-0.99). ADC values were significantly lower for z-EPI than for s-EPI (p = 0.001/0.002, reader 1/2) with good agreement of ADC measurements between both readers. CONCLUSION: Our data showed comparable image quality and lesion detection for the z-EPI and the s-EPI sequence in MRI of rectal cancer, whereas the mean ADC of the tumor was significantly lower in z-EPI compared to s-EPI.

The United Kingdom and Ireland experience of the Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft for vascular access.

OBJECTIVES:: To describe the UK and Ireland experience of the Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft in complex vascular access. DESIGN:: Observational, multi-centre case series. METHODS:: Data from any patient undergoing Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft were collected from eight UK and one Irish centre. Any Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow procedure between July 2013 and May 2016 was included. Demographics, primary and secondary patency rates, and complications were analysed. RESULTS:: A total of 52 patients underwent Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft insertion. Median age was 55 (20-86) years, 24 (46%) were male and 66% were Caucasian. Median follow-up was 290 (10-966) days and patient survival was 41/52 (79%). In total, 48 procedures were in the upper limb with 39 using the brachial artery as inflow (75%). The internal jugular vein and subclavian vein were most frequently used as access for outflow insertion. Primary patency rates at 6, 12, and 24 months were 51.2% (95% confidence interval, 38.8%-67.4%), 40.9% (95% confidence interval, 28.7%-58.2%), and 33.4% (95% confidence interval, 21.3%-52.5%), respectively. Secondary patency rates at 6, 12, and 24 months were 84.8% (95% confidence interval, 75%-95.9%), 76.5% (95% confidence interval, 64.5%-90.6%), and 70.6% (95% confidence interval, 56%-88.9%), respectively. There were 65 surgical and 49 radiological interventions resulting in 2.30 interventions per year to retain patency. Complications included four infections and two episodes of steal syndrome. CONCLUSION:: The Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow graft provides acceptable 12-month secondary patency rates and acceptable complication rates in a UK and Ireland multi-centre series of complex access patients. Haemodialysis Reliable Outflow should be considered in patients with central pathology as a potential alternative to lower limb grafts and long-term central venous catheters.

Effect of charcoal-containing cigarette filters on gas phase volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke.

Of the chemicals identified to date in mainstream cigarette smoke with known toxicological properties, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the most hazardous group owing to their high abundance and toxicity. In this research we evaluate a recently introduced line of cigarettes that contain charcoal in their filters. The amount of charcoal in these filters ranged from 45 mg to 180 mg and were either dispersed among the filter material or contained in a small cavity in the filter segment. Charcoal has long been used for removing VOCs from both water and air. Our findings indicate that these cigarettes reduce machine generated mainstream smoke deliveries of a wide range of VOCs compared to a similar, non-charcoal filtered, cigarette. However, this reduction is dependent not only on the amount of charcoal present but also on the volume of smoke being drawn through the filter. While a brand with 45 mg charcoal reduces VOC delivery under ISO smoking conditions, charcoal saturation and breakthrough occur under more intense smoking conditions. Breakthrough is minimised for brands with the most charcoal. Overall, the brands with the most charcoal are effective at reducing VOC deliveries under even intense smoking conditions.

Treatment of third-degree burn wounds in animal specimens: acellular dermis or partial-thickness skin graft.

Several dermal products have been introduced to substitute dermal tissues. In this study we review the effects of these products on repairing third-degree burn wounds and managing complications in animal specimens. Using an interventional approach, rats were randomly assigned to four groups (G1 to G4). Two wounds were created on the back of each rat. An open wound was left on the back of rats in G1; in G2, wounds were covered with a thick rat derived-ADM product and overlying thin skin graft; on G3 rats, similar third degree ulcers were made with one ulcer covered with harvested thin skin graft. In G4, ulcers were covered with a thin rat derived-ADM product and thin graft. Factors such as take rate, histopathological score, wound contracture and graft contracture were compared on the 7th, 15th, 21st and 30th day. Mean graft take rate on the 30th day in the thick ADM, thin ADM and graft group showed a significant difference (p=0.015). Histopathological score on the 30th day in the thin ADM, thick ADM and graft group showed no considerable difference. Mean graft take rate was significantly better in the thin ADM and graft group than in the thick ADM group. Wound contracture was significantly more severe in the thick ADM and control group than in the thin ADM and graft group.

Plusieurs produits ont été introduits dans le but de substituer le derme. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié l'effet de ces produits sur la cicatrisation et la gestion des complications après brûlure expérimentale. Nous avons étudié 4 groupes (G1 à G4) de rats ayant subi deux brûlures du dos. Celles de G1 étaient laissées à l'air, G2 recevaient un Derme Artificiel Acellulaire (DAA) dérivé de rats épais recouvert d'une greffe fine, G3 recevaient une greffe conservée, G4 recevaient DAA fin et greffe fine. Le taux de prise de greffe, le score histologique, la rétraction de la brûlure et de la greffe ont été comparés à J7, J15, J21 et J30. A J30, les taux de prise de greffe étaient significativement différents entre G2, G3 et G4 (p=0,015), étant moins bons en cas d'utilisation de DAA en couche épaisse. De même, la rétraction était plus intense après utilisation de DAA en couche épaisse qu'en couche fine ou après greffe seule. Les résultats histologiques étaient comparables.

The superiority of paracostal endoscopic-assisted gastropexy over open incisional and belt loop gastropexy in dogs: a comparison of three prophylactic techniques.

Prophylactic gastropexy is a procedure that prevents the occurrence of a life threatening condition known as gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV) in dogs. The objective of this study was to compare incisional, belt loop and minimally invasive endoscopically assisted gastropexy by evaluating different parameters such as surgical time, length of scar and score of pain in dogs. Twenty-one healthy, mixed-breed adult dogs weighting 14.3 ± 2.6 kg were randomly divided into three groups. Three gastropexy techniques applied in the following order: incisional (group I), belt loop (group B), and endoscopically assisted gastropexy (group E). Surgical time, anesthetic time, length of surgical incision and score of pain 3 h after surgery were recorded for all dogs. Two weeks after the surgery, positive-contrast gastrography was used to evaluate stomach position and total gastric emptying time. Ultrasonography was also used to evaluate the gastropexy two months after the surgery. Adhesion was confirmed two months after the surgery between the stomach wall at the pyloric antrum and the right side of the body wall in all dogs by ultrasound. The mean surgical time, length of surgical incision and score of pain were significantly lower in group E compared to group I and B (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in total gastric emptying time and gastropexy thickness post-operatively (P>0.05). Due to advantages observed in the current study, the endoscopically assisted technique seems to be a suitable alternative to open incisional and belt loop gastropexies for performing prophylactic gastropexy, especially when performed by skilled surgeons.

Coinhibition of overexpressed genes in acute myeloid leukemia subtype M2 by gold nanoparticles functionalized with five antisense oligonucleotides and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an engineered nanostructure to silence five important oncogenes, including BAG1, MDM2, Bcl-2, BIRC5 (survivin) and XIAP, in acute myeloid leukemia subtype 2 (AML-M2). The smart nanostructures were functionalized gold nanoparticles (FGNs) containing five antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer. First, the best AO for each gene was selected with the OligoWalk online software, and then different arrangements of AOs were evaluated with the RNAstructure software. Thereafter, naked gold nanoparticles (NGNs) were synthesized by the reaction of 1000 mm HAuCl4 with 10 µg ml(-1) ascorbic acid. Next, five AOs and one anti-CD33(+)/CD34(+) aptamer were attached to NGNs through serial reactions. Later, 5 ml of heparinized blood samples from five AML-M2 patients were prepared, cancerous cells were isolated and then incubated with three concentrations (75, 150 and 300 µg ml(-1)) each of FGNs, NGNs, gold nanoparticles functionalized with scrambled oligonucleotides (GNFSONs) and doxorubicin. Finally, cell death percentage and gene expressions were measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and real-time PCR, respectively. This study showed that FGNs and doxorubicin led to more cell death compared with NGNs and GNFSONs (P<0.05). Interestingly, all concentrations of FGNs led to a decrease in gene expression. As an important finding, although all concentrations of doxorubicin could also inhibit the expression of genes, FGNs had more effect (P<0.05). Moreover, both NGNs and GNFSONs could silence all genes only at a concentration of 300 µg ml(-1). For BCL2 and XIAP, a dose-dependent pattern was observed, but there was no similar pattern for others.

Chlorine residual efficiency in inactivating bacteria from secondary contamination in Isfahan, 2002.

To investigate the inactivation of potential pathogens, we evaluated survival rates for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella typhi in samples taken from the Isfahan drinking water system. Chlorine residual, pH, temperature and total organic carbon levels were measured. The organism most sensitive to chlorine was A. hydrophila. It was inactived in < 100 minutes at chlorine levels of 0.11 mg/L to 0.90 mg/L. The other 3 organisms showed higher resistance. E. coli tolerated 0.30 mg/L chlorine for > 1000 minutes while Ent. faecalis and S. typhi survived at total chlorine concentration of 0.50 mg/L for 100 minutes. We concluded that total chlorine levels of less than 0.71 mg/L in water supply systems cannot provide the recommended safety levels.

A prospective cohort study of risk prediction in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Current risk prediction scoring systems in pancreas transplantation are limited to organ factors and are specific to predicting graft outcome. They do not consider recipient factors or inform regarding recipient morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of commonly used general surgical risk prediction models (P-POSSUM [Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity], MODS [multiple organ dysfunction score], Charlson co-morbidity index, revised cardiac risk index, ASA [American Society of Anesthesiologists] grade and Waterlow score), and to correlate them with total length of hospital stay (LOS) and critical care unit (CCU) LOS, important surrogate markers of patient outcome. METHODS: All risk prediction scores were calculated prospectively for all simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant recipients from November 2011 to October 2013, and correlated with outcome measures. RESULTS: Overall, 57 SPK transplant recipients were analysed. The mean age was 42.0 years (standard deviation [SD]: 7.60 years), 27 (52%) were male and the mean body mass index was 25.43kg/m(2) (SD: 3.11kg/m(2)). The mean pancreas and kidney cold ischaemic times were 703 minutes (SD: 182 minutes) and 850 minutes (SD: 192 minutes) respectively. The median total LOS and mean CCU LOS was 17 days (range: 8-79 days) and 7 days (SD: 4.04 days) respectively. When correlated with risk prediction scores, Waterlow score was the only significant predictor of total LOS and CCU LOS (p<0.001 [Spearman's correlation] and p=0.001 [Pearson's correlation] respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative risk prediction plays an important part in planning perioperative care. To date, no validated risk prediction scoring system exists for SPK transplantation. This prospective study indicates that Waterlow score identifies high risk individuals and has value in the prediction of outcome following SPK transplantation.

Vlasov model using kinetic phase point trajectories.

A method of solution of the collisionless Vlasov equation by following fixed collisionless phase point ("particle") trajectories (characteristics) in phase space is presented. It solves the coupled Vlasov Maxwell system self-consistently and employs the Leapfrog-Trapezoidal scheme to solve for the characteristics explicitly. It then uses the bilinear finite element interpolation scheme in phase space and maps vital instantaneous phase point information (distribution function) to a fixed background phase space mesh while retaining it at the phase point. The scheme is an enhanced second order one in time and fourth order in space. The code is then used to model a thermal plasma as well as two stream instability using mobile electrons and fixed background ions: the scheme being a momentum conserving one by construction allows energy conservation without assignment of particle shape functions; Langmuir waves are obtained with very good agreement with the Bohm-Gross dispersion relation; the two stream results do not show any numerically induced oscillations attributed to the initial well-ordered velocity distributions. Retention of the characteristics also minimized diffusion. Extensive numerical stability analysis deriving Courant condition for the scheme as well as behavior of computational modes are done in Appendix A, as well as estimating the impact of numerical diffusion in Appendix B. Two to five dimensional versions in phase space exist.

The effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients with breast and lung cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To test the effects of foot reflexology on anxiety and pain in patients with breast and lung cancer. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, pre/post, crossover. SETTING: A medical/oncology unit in a 314-bed hospital in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE: Twenty-three inpatients with breast or lung cancer. The majority of the sample were female, Caucasian, and 65 years or older; had 12 or fewer years of education and an annual income of $20,000 or more; and were receiving regularly scheduled opioids and adjuvant medications on the control and intervention day. METHODS: Procedures included an intervention condition (foot reflexology to both feet for 30 minutes total by a certified reflexologist) and a control condition for each patient (with at least a two-day break). No changes were made in patients' regular schedule or medications. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Anxiety and pain. FINDINGS: Following the foot reflexology intervention, patients with breast and lung cancer experienced a significant decrease in anxiety. One of three pain measures showed that patients with breast cancer experienced a significant decrease in pain. CONCLUSIONS: The significant decrease in anxiety observed in this sample of patients with breast and lung cancer following foot reflexology suggests that this may be a self-care approach to decrease anxiety in this patient population. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Professionals and lay people can be taught reflexology. Foot reflexology is an avenue for human touch, can be performed anywhere, requires no special equipment, is noninvasive, and does not interfere with patients' privacy.

Horseshoe kidney transplantation.

Even though the number of patients awaiting renal transplant is rapidly increasing, the donor pool remains relatively stable. In an attempt to increase this pool, marginal kidneys and kidneys with congenital anatomical variations are being used. Horseshoe kidneys, being the most common renal fusion anomaly, can provide a useful solution to the ever-increasing gap between demand and supply. These kidneys have been successfully transplanted en bloc into a single recipient or, alternatively they have been divided and transplanted into 2 recipients. We report a case of the successful transplantation of an en bloc horseshoe kidney into a single recipient. To the best of our knowledge this is the first of its kind in the U.K. The relevant literature is also reviewed with the aim of raising awareness about the necessity and promising outcomes of such transplants.

Self-esteem matters: racial & gender differences among rural southern adolescents.

Self-esteem does matter! It matters so much that Oprah dedicated an entire issue of "O" magazine to address the subject. "It's a woman's most treasured possession" (Winfrey, 2000a). Self-esteem has a profound influence on adolescent health promotion behaviors. This study contributes to understanding the role self-esteem plays in the behavior of adolescents. Utilizing a secondary data analysis, race and gender self-esteem differences among adolescents were investigated. The sample of 1,237 students (46% African-American and 52% White) from rural southern areas consisted of 744 females and 493 males. Self-esteem was assessed using the Miller Self-esteem Questionnaire (SEQ). The Hendricks Perceptual Health Promoting Determinants Model (HPHD) provided the theoretical framework for the study. The results of the study revealed a statistically significant difference in various aspects of self-esteem according to race and gender. African-Americans and males had a higher self-esteem which is consistent with many prior studies.

Health promoting behaviors among rural southern early adolescents.

A central element in attaining the goals and objectives of Healthy People 2010 is promoting healthy behavior lifestyles. Health promotion continues to be sanctioned as the long term most cost effective approach to a reduction in preventable health problems. Adolescents are presently an age group in jeopardy of making the transition into adulthood with healthy lifestyles. This paper describes the use of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) (Walker, Sechrist, and Pender, 1987) as a measure of health promoting behaviors in a group of rural southern early adolescents (1036 seventh and eight graders; 81% were African American). The findings suggest that rural southern adolescents perceive themselves to be enganging in health promoting lifestyle behaviors. However, some HPLP subscales seemed to be especially difficult for adolescents.

[Monitoring of oxidative stress after experimental small bowel autotransplantation]. / Az oxidatív stressz monitorozása kísérletesen létrehozott vékonybél autotranszplantációt követóen.

The difficulty at transplanting the small bowel mainly is caused by the biology of the intestine. It is highly immunogenic, is one of the most sensitive tissues to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Our aims were to investigate changes of oxygen free radical mediated reactions after autotransplantation at different preservation times and perfusion fluids. Our results prove that this model is feasible to examine ischemia-reperfusion injury in the small intestine. Euro Collins (EC) is a suitable preserving solution for small bowel transplantation. There was no significant lipid peroxidation within the first 6 hours of graft preservation. However superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was dramatically reduced during reperfusion in the tissues samples. Significant increase of reduced glutathione at the same time can be explained by compensatory mechanism to neutralize increased free radical production.

Cytogenetic effects of space radiation in lymphocytes of MIR-18 crews.

For assessing health risk, the measurement of physical dose received during a space mission, as well as the LETs, energies and charges of particles is important. It is also important to obtain quantitative information regarding the effectiveness of space radiation in causing damage to critical biological targets, e.g., chromosomes, since at present the estimated uncertainty of biological effects of space radiation is more than a factor of two. Such large uncertainty makes accurate health risk assessment very difficult. For this very reason, a study on cytogenetic effects of space radiation in human lymphocytes was proposed and done for MIR-18 mission. This study used FISH technique to score chromosomal translocations and C-banding method to determine dicentrics. Growth kinetics of cells and SCE were examined to ensure that chromosomal aberrations were scored in first mitosis and were induced not by chemical mutagens. Our results showed that chromosomal aberration frequency of post-flight samples was significantly higher than that of pre-flight ones and that SCE frequency was similar between pre- and post-flight samples. Based on a dose-response curve of preflight samples exposed to gamma rays, the absorbed dose received by crews during the mission was estimated to be about 14.5 cSv. Because the absorbed dose measured by physical dosimeters is 4.16 cGy for the entire mission, the RBE is about 3.5.