A prospective randomized trial of intralesional triamcinolone injections after endoscopic dilation for complex esophagogastric anastomotic strictures: steroid injection after endoscopic dilation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Postoperative esophageal strictures frequently recur. We assessed the efficacy of injecting triamcinolone after bougie dilation in comparison to dilation alone. METHODS: In a double-blind randomized fashion, 19 patients (68% male with mean age of 53-years old) with non-dilated esophagogastric complex strictures after esophagectomy with gastric pull-up were assigned to receive dilation alone (control) or 40 mg of triamcinolone at the borders of the wall lacerations caused by the bougienage in each dilation session during the study follow-up. Dysphagia and complications were assessed at 1, 2, and 6 months. Primary end-point was to be dysphagia-free. RESULTS: After 1 month of the beginning of therapy, 4 patients in the steroid group were without dysphagia, in comparison to 0 patient in the control group (P = 0.021). Six months after endoscopic therapy, 62% of the cases in the triamcinolone group versus none in the control group were dysphagia-free (P = 0.009). There was no perforation nor hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Injecting triamcinolone after every dilation session next to or at the borders of the lacerations caused by the dilators, results in a significant improvement or resolution of dysphagia.

Helicobacter pylori cagA polymorphism and gastric inflammation: an international comparison between Japanese and Brazilian patients.

OBJECTIVE: Gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori can cause the onset of gastric cancer, and H. pylori cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) is considered to be an important factor for its development. We investigated the relationship between the grades of gastritis and cagA phenotype in Japanese and Brazilian patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 47 Brazilian and 47 age-, gender-matched Japanese patients. Status of H. pylori infection, the degree of histologic gastritis, and the levels of serum pepsinogen levels were evaluated. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded sections and a portion of the cagA gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by direct sequencing of the fragment. We investigated the cagA subtype using a newly developed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) system. RESULTS: In H. pylori-positive patients, the grades of histological and serological gastritis were more prominent in the Japanese subjects than their Brazilian counterparts, although no difference was detected in the H. pylori-negative subjects. According to cagA phenotype analysis, our RFLP system was helpful for evaluating cagA phenotype, and we found that the prevalence of the East Asia subtype was significantly higher in the Japanese subjects than in the Brazilian. CONCLUSION: Infection with H. pylori possessing the East Asian cagA gene contributes to the progression of gastritis.

Endoscopic classification of the capillary-vessel pattern of colorectal lesions by spectral estimation technology and magnifying zoom imaging.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy with spectral estimation technology and magnifying zoom imaging allows the characterization of the fine superficial capillary pattern of normal mucosa and of colorectal lesions. The endoscopic distinction of the capillary pattern of colorectal lesions might contribute to the differential diagnosis among normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic lesions. OBJECTIVE: By means of these latest technologic advances, the objective is to define a classification of the capillary-vessel pattern of colorectal lesions diagnosed during routine colonoscopy. DESIGN: A total of 309 colorectal lesions endoscopically or surgically resected were prospectively examined. The capillary pattern was divided into 5 subtypes according to the number, morphology, and distribution of the fine blood vessels. Capillary patterns types I and II were characterized by a few short, straight, and sparsely distributed vessels; types III to V were of numerous, elongated, and tortuous capillaries irregularly distributed. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of the capillary-vessel classification in determining the neoplastic or non-neoplastic nature of the colorectal lesions was 98.3% (304/309 lesions). Among 59 non-neoplastic lesions, 56 (94.9%) that showed patterns I or II were diagnosed as normal, inflammatory, or hyperplastic polyps. Of the 250 neoplastic lesions, 248 (99.2%) that had capillary pattern types III, IV, and V were diagnosed as adenomatous or carcinoma. The sensitivity of the capillary pattern classification for distinguishing neoplasia was 99.2% (95% CI, 98.2%-100%), and the specificity was 94.9% (95% CI, 92.5%-97.4%). LIMITATION: A single-center study. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic classification of the superficial capillary-vessel pattern of colorectal lesions is an accurate method of predicting the histopathologic findings.

Clinical impact of the immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs based on the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) reduce CRC mortality. We carried out an observational prospective study to determine the accuracy of immunochemical FOBTs for the detection of CRC in individuals at average risk for the disease. METHODS: This population-based study was performed between April 2015 and January 2016 in two gastroenterology referral centers in Southern Brazil. It included 1039 average-risk volunteers aged 50-75 years who were symptom-free for colonic disease. Participants underwent OC-Light immunochemical fecal occult blood test (i-FOBT, EIKEN chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) as well as screening colonoscopy. RESULTS: Nine hundred forty-eight (91.2%) of the 1039 participants completed and returned the i-FOBT (95% confidence interval [CI] 89.4-92.9). Among the 73 participants with a positive i-FOBT who underwent colonoscopy, advanced CRC was detected in 9 (12.3%). Two (2.7%) early CRCs, 7 (9.5%) high-grade dysplasia adenomas and 25 (34.2%) low-grade dysplasia adenomas were also diagnosed. Among the 243 negative i-FOBT cases who underwent colonoscopy, one (0.4%) advanced CRC and 91 (37.6%) low-grade dysplasia adenomas were detected. The detection rate of CRC considering the whole screened population (n=1039) was 1.05% (11/1039). CONCLUSIONS: The i-FOBT test in the CRC screening programs in Brazil showed a high compliance and high detection rates for cancers and high-risk adenomas. The i-FOBT test is feasible for CRC screening in an average-risk population.

Morphometric digital measurement of the luminal opening area of colonic crypts (pits) can differentiate the adenomas from other colonic lesions.

CONTEXT: Differential diagnosis of hyperplastic vs adenomatous lesions is of crucial importance on the daily practice of colonoscopy. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at quantifying digital morphometric characteristics of colonoscopic images obtained with magnification and chromoscopy of three different types of colonic lesions: hyperplastic, adenomas and carcinomas, and the normal mucosa surrounding the lesions. METHODS: A total of 2,177 consecutive colonoscopies were analyzed and 105 images were chosen for analysis, divided into 37 hyperplastic lesions, 42 adenomas and 26 carcinomas. Specific digital morphometry was used, to measure the diameter and area of the pits from hyperplastic lesions, adenomatous and carcinomatous lesions, always comparing them with the normal mucosa surrounding pits. RESULTS: Different morphometric measures were performed via image analysis software to measure the mean pit opening diameters and their respective area. The mean pit opening diameters and corresponding area measurements were statistically significant for all groups of lesions examined. CONCLUSIONS: The morphometric characteristics of colonoscopy images allowing the observer to compare differences between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps and colorectal carcinoma lesions. Digital morphometric studies are feasible like the present study shows. This can help the colonoscopist in clinical decisions. A software with morphometric measures can apply and will permit the digital morphometric analysis. The data generated from the application of software, can provide valuable points in differentiation of various lesions, guiding the conduct clinical, already during the endoscopic procedure. Morphometric analysis is more an instance of decision to the colonoscopist and it has important value not for being subjective, but for being objective, since it generates digits of its measures. In these aspects, and among different characteristics, the measure of the area showed to be the most important measure in the differential aspect. Different lesions have different patterns of morphometric measures and theses patterns can be obtained from the study of the characteristics in databases. The endoscopic removal of adenomatous polyps (polypectomy), or a more detailed study of the neoplastic lesions for helping the decision if endoscopic removal (mucosectomy) or surgical resection, and a conservative position in hyperplastic lesions, are proceedings that morphometrics, with another parameters, can help to decide.

Digital morphometric characterization of mucosal surface lesion patterns under magnification colonoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To study quantified mucosal surface patterns of digitized colonoscopic images obtained with 17-40x magnification and chromoscopy of hyperplastic, adenomatous lesions and adenocarcinomas confirmed by histology. STUDY DESIGN: Morphometric measures were performed on at least 10 image files of each lesion and compared to normal mucosa at the same distance and area from each image. Thirty-seven hyperplastic lesions, 42 adenomas and 26 carcinomas from 105 patients were studied. Three morphometric characteristics were evaluated in lesions and normal mucosal surface area from each case: pit counts per area, pit diameter and pit area. RESULTS: Pit counts per area and pit area of lesions as compared to the normal mucosa of the same cases showed statistically significant differences in the 3 groups of lesions studied (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Real-time morphometric evaluation is feasible during videocolonoscopy with magnification roughly equivalent to a 5x microscopic field. Automated evaluation of morphometric characteristics as part of Bayesian Belief Network software may prove a useful information source for the colonoscopist's diagnostic decision.

Morphometric digital measurement of the luminal opening area of colonic crypts (pits) can differentiate the adenomas from other colonic lesions / A medida morfométrica digital da área de abertura da luz das criptas colônicas (pits) pode diferenciar os adenomas de outras lesões do cólon

CONTEXT: Differential diagnosis of hyperplastic vs adenomatous lesions is of crucial importance on the daily practice of colonoscopy. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at quantifying digital morphometric characteristics of colonoscopic images obtained with magnification and chromoscopy of three different types of colonic lesions: hyperplastic, adenomas and carcinomas, and the normal mucosa surrounding the lesions. METHODS: A total of 2,177 consecutive colonoscopies were analyzed and 105 images were chosen for analysis, divided into 37 hyperplastic lesions, 42 adenomas and 26 carcinomas. Specific digital morphometry was used, to measure the diameter and area of the pits from hyperplastic lesions, adenomatous and carcinomatous lesions, always comparing them with the normal mucosa surrounding pits. RESULTS: Different morphometric measures were performed via image analysis software to measure the mean pit opening diameters and their respective area. The mean pit opening diameters and corresponding area measurements were statistically significant for all groups of lesions examined. CONCLUSIONS: The morphometric characteristics of colonoscopy images allowing the observer to compare differences between hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps and colorectal carcinoma lesions. Digital morphometric studies are feasible like the present study shows. This can help the colonoscopist in clinical decisions. A software with morphometric measures can apply and will permit the digital morphometric analysis. The data generated from the application of software, can provide valuable points in differentiation of various lesions, guiding the conduct clinical, already during the endoscopic procedure. Morphometric analysis is more an instance of decision to the colonoscopist and it has important value not for being subjective, but for being objective, since it generates digits of its measures. In these aspects, and among different characteristics, the measure of the area...

CONTEXTO: O diagnóstico diferencial entre lesões hiperplásicas, adenomatosas e carcinomatosas, é de crucial importância durante a colonoscopia, na tomada de atitude terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: A quantificação de características morfométricas digitais de imagens colonoscópicas obtidas com magnificação e cromoscopia de três diferentes tipos de lesões colônicas: hiperplásicas, adenomatosas e carcinomatosas, como também da mucosa normal adjacente a estas lesões. MÉTODOS: O total de 2.177 colonoscopias consecutivas foram analisadas e 105 imagens colonoscópicas foram selecionadas e escolhidas para análise, divididas em três grupos: 37 lesões hiperplásicas, 42 adenomas e 26 carcinomas. Foram usadas técnicas específicas de morfometria digital para medir o diâmetro e, consequentemente, calcular a área da abertura das glândulas colônicas (pits), das lesões dos três diferentes grupos examinados, comparando-se sempre, morfometricamente, com a abertura das glândulas da mucosa normal adjacente à lesão. RESULTADOS: Diferentes medidas morfométricas foram realizadas via software de análise de imagens para medir o diâmetro de abertura das pits e a área das mesmas. O diâmetro das pits e principalmente sua área, em cada uma das lesões examinadas, no comparativo correspondente com sua mucosa normal, demonstrou-se estatisticamente significativo nos três diferentes grupos. Mas a área, nas lesões adenomatosas, foi o valor mais expressivo. CONCLUSÕES: As características morfométricas de imagens colonoscópicas permitem ao observador comparar diferenças entre lesões hiperplásicas, adenomatosas e lesões carcinomatosas. Estudos morfométricos digitais são factíveis como o presente estudo demonstrou. Um software com as medidas morfométricas pode ser aplicado e vai permitir análise morfométrica digital. Os dados gerados a partir da aplicação do software, podem fornecer pontos de valor na diferenciação das lesões e auxiliar na condução clínica, até mesmo durante o exame...