RESUMO
Splenectomy results in an increased risk of sepsis. The autogenous transplant of the spleen is an option for preserving splenic functions after total splenectomy. In this study, the capacity of animals undergoing autogenous spleen transplantation to respond to Staphylococcus aureus infection was investigated. BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: splenectomy followed by autotransplantation in the retroperitonium (AT), splenectomized only (SP) and operated non-splenectomized sham control (CT). Thirty days after surgery the mice were infected intravenously with S. aureus. Splenectomized mice had a higher number of colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus in liver and lungs in comparison with either AT or with CT mice (P < 0.05). Higher CFU numbers in lung of SP mice correlated with elevated production of interleukin-10 associated with a lower production of interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. However, systemically, the level of tumour necrosis factor-alpha was higher in the SP group than in CT or AT. Lower titres of specific anti-S. aureus immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG1 were observed 6 days after infection in SP mice in comparison either with the AT or CT groups. Thus, splenectomy is detrimental to the immune response of BALB/c mice against infection by S. aureus which can be re-established by autogenous implantation of the spleen.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas/prevenção & controle , Baço/transplante , Esplenectomia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/prevenção & controle , Acetilglucosaminidase/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Fígado/microbiologia , Pulmão/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Infecções Oportunistas/imunologia , Infecções Oportunistas/patologia , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Pneumonia Bacteriana/imunologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/patologia , Baço/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/patologia , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus/imunologiaRESUMO
Proteinaceous inhibitors with high inhibitory activities against human neutrophil elastase (HNE) were found in seeds of the Tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica). A serine proteinase inhibitor denoted PG50 was purified using ammonium sulphate and acetone precipitation followed by Sephacryl S-300 and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatographies. Inhibitor PG50 showed a Mr of 14.9 K on Sephadex G-50 calibrated column and a Mr of 11.6 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PG50 had selective activity while cysteine proteinases (papain and bromelain) and serine proteinases (porcine pancreatic elastase and bovine chymotrypsin) were not inhibited, it was strongly effective against serine proteinases such as bovine trypsin and isolated human neutrophil elastase. The IC50 value was determined to be 55.96 microg.mL-1. PG50 showed neither cytotoxic nor haemolytic activity on human blood cells. After pre-incubation of PG50 with cytochalasin B, the exocytosis of elastase was initiated using PAF and fMLP. PG50 exhibited different inhibition on elastase release by PAF, at 44.6% and on release by fMLP, at 28.4%. These results showed that PG50 preferentially affected elastase release by PAF stimuli and this may indicate selective inhibition on PAF receptors.
Assuntos
Elastase de Leucócito/antagonistas & inibidores , Sementes/química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/isolamento & purificação , Tamarindus/química , Resinas Acrílicas , Células Sanguíneas/fisiologia , Bromelaínas/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/fisiologia , Cromatografia em Gel , Quimotripsina/metabolismo , Dextranos , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Elastase Pancreática/metabolismo , Papaína/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and carprofen (CP) on postoperative incisional pain using the plantar incision (PI) model in rats. A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through skin, fascia and muscles of a hind paw of male Wistar rats and the development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was determined over 4 days using the von Frey and Hargreaves methods, respectively. Based on the experimental treatments received on the third postoperative day, the animals were divided into the following groups: PI+CP (CP, 2 mg/kg, po); PI+EAST36 (100-Hz EA applied bilaterally at the Zusanli point (ST36)); PI+EANP (EA applied to a non-acupoint region); PI+IMMO (immobilization only); PI (vehicle). In the von Frey test, the PI+EAST36 group had higher withdrawal force thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli than the PI, PI+IMMO and PI+EANP groups at several times studied. Furthermore, the PI+EAST36 group showed paw withdrawal thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli that were similar to those of the PI+CP group. In the Hargreaves test, all groups had latencies higher than those observed with PI. The PI+EAST36 group was similar to the PI+IMMO, PI+EANP and PI+CP groups. We conclude that 100-Hz EA at the ST36 point, but not at non-acupoints, can reduce mechanical nociception in the rat model of incisional pain, and its effectiveness is comparable to that of carprofen.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Carbazóis/uso terapêutico , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/terapia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The high incidence of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae can be reduced by splenic autotransplantation. In this study the effect of splenectomy and splenic autotransplantation on the immune response to S. pneumoniae infection was investigated. Balb/c mice were divided into three groups: splenectomized (SP), splenectomized and autotransplanted (AT), and sham operated control (CT). Five days post-infection the serum antibody levels were measured and the number of S. pneumoniae CFU, neutrophil accumulation and IL-17 production in the liver and lungs were investigated. SP mice showed greater number of bacteria in both organs and lower serum levels of S. pneumoniae-specific IgM, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. IL-17 production and neutrophil recruitment to the liver and lungs were lower in SP mice, in comparison with both the CT and the AT groups. Levels of S. pneumoniae-specific IgM, CFU counts, neutrophil accumulation and IL-17 production did not differ significantly between the CT and AT groups. These results suggest that splenic autotransplantation restores the capacity of splenectomized mice to fight S. pneumoniae infection.
Assuntos
Fígado/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniae/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Movimento Celular , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Imunidade , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/microbiologia , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/patologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/sangue , Infecções Pneumocócicas/cirurgia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/terapia , Esplenectomia/efeitos adversos , Streptococcus pneumoniae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Streptococcus pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Transplante Autólogo , VirulênciaRESUMO
Drug allergy is a type B adverse drug reaction, which is unpredictable and difficult to prevent or manage. In patients who have a previous history of drug allergy it must be confirmed by laboratorial diagnosis. However, the diagnostic test remains a major problem in clinical practice. Skin testing is validated for some drugs, such as penicillin, but not for others. Provocation test is a confirmatory test but bears the risk of severe reactions. Lymphocyte transformation test is a reliable test but is considered as a research tool. This review addresses the most recent published literature regarding the techniques which have already been developed as well as the new tests that can be promising alternatives for diagnosis of drug allergy.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Usos Diagnósticos de Compostos Químicos , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/diagnóstico , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos CD/imunologia , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Basófilos/imunologia , Basófilos/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade a Drogas/imunologia , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Interleucina-5/biossíntese , Interleucina-5/imunologia , Lectinas Tipo C , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/imunologia , Glicoproteínas da Membrana de Plaquetas/imunologia , Pirofosfatases/imunologia , Testes Cutâneos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Tetraspanina 30RESUMO
The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) and carprofen (CP) on postoperative incisional pain using the plantar incision (PI) model in rats. A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through skin, fascia and muscles of a hind paw of male Wistar rats and the development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity was determined over 4 days using the von Frey and Hargreaves methods, respectively. Based on the experimental treatments received on the third postoperative day, the animals were divided into the following groups: PI+CP (CP, 2 mg/kg, po); PI+EAST36 (100-Hz EA applied bilaterally at the Zusanli point (ST36)); PI+EANP (EA applied to a non-acupoint region); PI+IMMO (immobilization only); PI (vehicle). In the von Frey test, the PI+EAST36 group had higher withdrawal force thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli than the PI, PI+IMMO and PI+EANP groups at several times studied. Furthermore, the PI+EAST36 group showed paw withdrawal thresholds in response to mechanical stimuli that were similar to those of the PI+CP group. In the Hargreaves test, all groups had latencies higher than those observed with PI. The PI+EAST36 group was similar to the PI+IMMO, PI+EANP and PI+CP groups. We conclude that 100-Hz EA at the ST36 point, but not at non-acupoints, can reduce mechanical nociception in the rat model of incisional pain, and its effectiveness is comparable to that of carprofen.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Carbazóis/uso terapêutico , Eletroacupuntura/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/terapia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Callosobruchus maculatus (Cm) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Zs) were reared on resistant (IT81D-1045) and on susceptible (Epace 10) cowpea seeds. The emergence of adult insects, total developmental period (TDP) and excretion of trypsin inhibitor and vicilin were determined for both bruchid populations. Parameter evaluation showed that the Zs populations emerged from both seeds had no significant differences in emergence and TDP. The Cm population raised from resistant seeds had lower emergence (5.6+/-1.3%) and delayed TDP (46+/-1.25 days) than those emerged from susceptible seeds. The excretion of defense proteins showed that Zs reared in resistant seeds excreted 1.7 times more trypsin inhibitor, but this did not affect emergence or TDP. Furthermore, Cm population emerged from resistant seeds excreted 7 times higher vicilin and 0.4 times less trypsin inhibitor than that emerged from susceptible seeds. These results indicate that vicilins from resistant seeds are involved to significantly longer TDP (46 days) and also drastic reduction of insect emergence ( approximately 5%) of C. maculatus.
Assuntos
Besouros/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/química , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Inibidores da Tripsina/farmacologia , Animais , Besouros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Besouros/fisiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Peso Molecular , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Armazenamento de Sementes , Inibidores da Tripsina/metabolismoRESUMO
This article describes the evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of Mollugo verticillata L. (Molluginaceae), a weed plant common in warm and/or wet regions of the American continent. Nitric oxide (NO) release was evaluated in mice peritoneal cell cultures treated in vivo using the ethanolic extract of M. verticillata with and without BCG. The plant extract showed immunostimulatory activity when peritoneal cells were stimulated in vitro with BCG antigen only. However, mice peritoneal cells treated with M. verticillata plus BCG showed a drastic reduction in NO production when they received the additional stimulus in vitro with BCG. Ethanolic extracts of M. verticillata could directly increase NO release by peritoneal cells, but suppress the immune response of these cells when treated with BCG antigen and Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole antigen (TB). Preliminary phytochemical tests allowed the detection of quercetin and triterpenoid glycosides in the ethanolic extract of M. verticillata, and those compounds are probably responsible for the effect of this plant material on the immune system.