Selective Binding of Spherical and Linear Anions by Tetraphenyl(thio)urea-Based Dihomooxacalix[4]arene Receptors.

Three novel tetra(thio)ureido dihomooxacalix[4]arene anion receptors (phenylurea 4a, phenylthiourea 4b, and tert-butylurea 4c) were synthesized and obtained in the cone conformation in solution, as shown by NMR studies. The X-ray crystal structure of 4c is reported. The host-guest properties of these receptors toward several anions were investigated by 1H NMR titrations. Phenylurea 4a displayed a very efficient binding toward the spherical F- and Cl- anions, and the linear CN- (log Kass = 3.46, 3.50, and 4.02, respectively). In comparison to related bidentate phenylurea dihomooxacalix[4]arenes, tetraphenylurea 4a is more preorganized and the higher number of hydrogen bond donor sites provides a remarkable enhancement of its binding efficiency.

Bidentate urea derivatives of p-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene: neutral receptors for anion complexation.

Three new bidentate ureidodihomooxacalix[4]arene derivatives (phenyl 5a, n-propyl 5b, and tert-butyl 5c) were synthesized in four steps from the parent compound p-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene and obtained in the cone conformation, as shown by NMR studies. The binding ability of these neutral receptors toward spherical, linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedrical anions was assessed by (1)H NMR and UV-vis titrations. The structures and complexation energies of some complexes were also studied by DFT methods. The data showed that the association constants are strongly dependent on the nature of the substituent (aryl/alkyl) at the urea moiety. In general, for all the receptors, the association constants decrease with decrease of anion basicity. Ph-urea 5a is the best anion receptor, showing the strongest complexation for F(-) (log K(assoc) = 3.10 in CDCl3) and also high binding affinity for the carboxylates AcO(-) and BzO(-). Similar results were obtained by UV-vis studies and were also corroborated by DFT calculations.

Alkylammonium cation complexation into the narrow cavity of dihomooxacalix[4]arene macrocycle.

How big should a calixarene macrocycle be for endo-cavity complexation to occur or to allow through-the-annulus threading? To answer these questions, a complete study on the complexation of primary and secondary (di)alkylammonium cations by 18-membered p-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene macroring has been performed in the presence of the "superweak" TFPB counterion. Thus, it was found that this macrocycle is currently the smallest calixarene able to host linear and branched alkylammonium guests inside its aromatic cavity. Molecular mechanics calculations revealed that this recognition event is mainly driven by a H-bonding interaction between the guest ammonium group and the host CH(2)OCH(2) bridge. The endo-cavity complexation of chiral s-BuNH(3)(+) guest results in an asymmetric complex in the NMR time scale. The chirality transfer from guest to host is likely due to a restricted guest motion inside the tight cavity. The complexation study with secondary di-n-alkylammonium·TFPB salts revealed that the 18-membered dihomooxacalix[4]arene macroring cannot give the through-the-annulus threading with them because of its small dimension. However, the macrocycle is able to complex such ions, which can only be accommodated in an hook-like conformation characterized by two unfavorable gauche interactions around the CH(2)-NH(2)(+) bonds. The strain generated by this unfavorable folding is very likely compensated by stronger H-bonds and more favorable CH/π interactions between guest and host.