Graduação em Educação Física: motivos de ingresso, interrupção e permanência em cursos de Licenciatura e Bacharelado / Graduation in physical education: reasons for admission, interruption and permanence in licentiate and bachelor courses / Grduación em educación física: motivos de admisión, interrupción y permanencia em cursos de grado y licenciatura

RESUMO O presente estudo objetivou investigar os motivos de ingresso, interrupção e permanência em cursos de graduação em Educação Física (EDF) de Porto Velho/RO, comparando a Licenciatura (LIC) ao Bacharelado (BAC). Participaram 238 estudantes, que responderam ao questionário. Os motivos de ingresso mais citados foram identificação pessoal e profissional. A necessidade de prover o sustento próprio ou familiar foi o motivo de interrupção mais frequente. O principal motivo de permanência foi o gosto ou a identificação com a EDF. Estudantes de LIC apresentaram menor renda e maior frequência de interrupção do curso. Conclui-se que, embora haja significativas similaridades entre os cursos quanto às variáveis estudadas, existem diferenças entre eles que merecem ser consideradas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the reasons for entering, interrupting and staying in undergraduate courses in physical education (EDF) in Porto Velho, comparing licentiate (LIC) and bachelor (BAC) students. 238 students participated, answering the questionnaire. The main reasons were personal identification and professional identification. The need to support themselves or the family was the most frequent reason for interruption. The main reason for staying was liking/identification with EDF. LIC students had lower income and higher frequency of course interruptions. It is concluded that although there are significant similarities between the courses regarding the variables studied, there are differences between them that deserve to be considered.

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los motivos de ingreso, interrupción y permanencia en los cursos de graduación en Educación Física (EDF) en Porto Velho, comparando licenciatura (LIC) y bachillerato (BAC). Participaron 238 alumnos, respondiendo el cuestionario. Las razones más citadas para ingreso fueron identificación personal y profesional. La necesidad de proveer el sustento fue el motivo más frecuente de interrupción. La principal razón para permanencia fue el gusto/identificación con la EDF. Estudiantes de LIC presentaron menor renta familiar y mayor frecuencia de interrupción del curso. Se concluye que si bien existen similitudes significativas entre los cursos en cuanto a las variables estudiadas, existen diferencias entre ellos que merecen ser consideradas.

A capoeira na capital do estado de Rondônia: da quantidade de grupos à participação do profissional de educação física / Capoeira in the capital of the state of Rondônia: from the quantity of groups to the participation of the physical education professional

A capoeira é uma prática corporal e cultural afro-brasileira que contempla configurações e gestuais característicos. É sinônimo de resistência cultural e esteve presente em diferentes momentos da história do Brasil, sendo elemento marcante na formação da identidade de povo brasileiro. Apesar de sua popularidade, assim como a maioria das tradições de origem africana e/ou afrodescendente, permanece marginalizada em muitas regiões do país e carece de investigações científicas a seu respeito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar e descrever a realidade da capoeira na cidade de Porto Velho, capital do estado de Rondônia. no que diz respeito: a) ao número de grupos e seu público-alvo, b) à organização destes através de Federação ou associação; e c) à participação do profissional de Educação Física (EDF). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, observacional e descritivo. Para sua realização foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro professo res/mestres de capoeira. A pesquisa evidenciou que na cidade de Porto Velho não é possível definir com exatidão o número de grupos existentes; sendo 15 o total estimado. Crianças e adolescentes são seu público-alvo. Somente um grupo tinha professor de capoeira graduado em EDF responsável por ministrar aulas. Quanto aos mestres, apenas um grupo possuía mestre graduado em EDF. Portanto, apesar de ser um campo de atuação oportuno ao profissional de EDF, a participação deste na capoeira da cidade de Porto Velho é pequena, quase inexistente. Acredita -se que a graduação em Educação Física poderia somar ao planejamento, entendimento de prevenção de lesões, bem como na estruturação das aulas. De outra forma, o trabalho conjunto entre professores de capoeira e profissionais de EDF, realidade identificada na presente pesquisa, também se apresenta como uma alternativa potencialmente interessante....(AU)

Capoeira is an Afro-Brazilian corporal and cultural practice that includes characteristic configurations and gestures. It is synonymous with cultural resistance and has been present at different times in the history of Brazil, bein g an im p ortan t element in t he formation of the identity of the Brazilian people. Despite its popularity, as well as most traditions of African origin and/or African descent, it remains marginalized in many regions of the country and scientific research on it is lacking. This study aimed to investigate and describe the reality of capoeira in the city of Porto Velho, capital of the state of Rondônia with respect to: a) the n um ber o f gro up s and t h eir t arget audience; b) their organization through Federation or association; and c) the participation of the Physical Education (PE) professionals. This is a qualitative, observational and descriptive study. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with four capoeira teachers/m asters. This study showed that in the city of Porto Velho it is not possible to define exactly the number of existing groups; 15 being the estimated t otal. Children and teenagers are their target audience. Only one group had a capoeira teacher graduated in PE responsible for teaching classes. As for the masters, only one group had a master graduated in PE. Therefore, despite being an opportune field of activity for PE profession als, their participation in capoeira in the city of Porto Velho is small, almost nonexistent. It is believed that graduation in P h ysical Education could add to planning, understanding injury prevention, as well as structuring classes. Furthermore, joint work between capoeira teachers and PE professionals, a reality identified in this study, also presents itself as a potentially interesting alternative....(AU)

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Glu298Asp gene polymorphism influences body composition and biochemical parameters but not the nitric oxide response to eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women.

Both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in important cardiovascular, muscular and inflammatory physiological mechanisms during ageing and response to exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the NO kinetic response following an acute eccentric resistance exercise (ERE) session and the possible effect of the Glu298Asp eNOS gene polymorphism in elderly obese women. Eighty-seven women (age 69·4 ± 6·1 years, body weight 74·9 ± 12·7 kg, height 151·9 ± 6·0 cm and BMI 32·5 ± 5·7 kg m-2 ) completed seven sets of ten eccentric repetitions at 110% of the ten repetitions maximum (10RM). NO concentrations remained elevated up to 48 h following the acute ERE session as compared with baseline, for GG and GT/TT groups (P<0·05), with no differences between genotypes. The GG genotype group had higher body weight, prevalence of obesity (BMI classification - 81% versus 56%), BMI and higher relative muscle strength, while they had significantly lower triglycerides, VLDL and urea concentrations as compared with TT/TG group. In conclusion, NO remains elevated for up to 48 h after an acute ERE session, without genotype interaction. The TT/TG genotype had a negative impact on triglycerides, VLDL and urea concentrations. Thus, T carriers should increase their attention to cardiovascular risk factor and metabolic disorders.

Understanding the responsiveness of nitric oxide to acute eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine nitrite concentration responses following eccentric resistance exercise (ERE) in elderly obese women. We also investigated the existence of high (HR) and low responders (LR) for nitrite and the possible differences with respect to creatine kinase (CK) response, metabolic and body composition variables. METHODS: Forty-nine elderly obese women completed an ERE session utilizing knee extensor exercise. LR for serum nitrite were defined as a ∆nitrite ≤ 20th percentile or 24.1 µmol/L and HR as a ∆nitrite > 20th percentile. RESULTS: Ten subjects were classified as LR and the remaining as HR (n = 39). The HR group displayed greater nitrite concentration at 0 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h following the ERE as compared with the LR (p < 0.05), and CK increased after 24 h and 48 h only for the HR group following the ERE (p < 0.05). Peak nitrite concentration was higher in the HR group versus the LR group (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between groups for pre-exercise nitrite values. The LR group displayed higher (p < 0.05) body fat, cholesterol, LDL and lower upper limb fat-free mass as compared with the HR group. The LR had lower (p < 0.05) upper limb fat-free mass than the HR group. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly obese women classified as HR displayed higher nitrite responses to ERE. Thus, researchers should be aware of the presence of different responsiveness of nitrite to acute exercise to avoid misinterpretation of data and to identify the higher cardiovascular risk factor of those classified as LR. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: The elevated NO up to 48 h following an ERE session may suggest an important protective cardiovascular effect. The higher body fat, cholesterol, LDL and lower upper limb fat-free mass in the LR group might represent a deleterious effect of lower serum levels of nitrite.

Onde atuam, por que não atuam e o quão satisfeitos com o trabalho estão os licenciados em educação física? / ¿Dónde actuan, por que no actuan y cuán satisfechos con el trabajo están los licenciados en educación física? / Where do they work, why do not work and how much satisfact about work are licensed in physical education?

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar locais de atuação, motivos de não atuação e satisfação profissional de licenciados em EDF egressos da Universidade Federal de Rondônia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva quantitativa que empregou questionário próprio e a Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho. Participaram 58 egressos. Os resultados eviden - ciaram que os locais de atuação mais citados foram escolas, academias e clubes. Os principais motivos para não atuação foram desvalorização profissional/salarial, falta de oportunidade e ter concurso público em ou - tra área. Não foram encontradas diferenças quanto à satisfação no tra - balho dos atuantes e não atuantes na EDF e tampouco entre os atuantes no ambiente escolar e não escolar. Conclui-se que a maioria dos sujeitos atuavam na EDF e estavam moderadamente satisfeitos no trabalho.

Objetivo: identificar lugares de actuación, motivos de no actuación y satisfacción profesional de licenciados en EDF egresados de la Universidad Federal de Rondônia. Método: investigación descriptiva cuantitativa que empleó cuestionario propio y la Escala de Satisfacción en el Trabajo. Participaron 58 graduados. Resultados: los lugares de actuación más citados fueron escuelas, academias y clubes. Los principales motivos para no actuación fueron devaluación profesional / salarial, falta de oportunidad y tener concurso público en otra área. No se encontraron diferencias cuanto la satisfacción en el trabajo de los actuantes y no actuantes en la EDF y tampoco entre los actuantes en el ambiente escolar y no escolar. Conclusión: la mayoría de los sujetos actuaban en EDF y estaban moderadamente satisfechos en el trabajo.

Objective: to identify places of acting, reasons for not acting and professional satisfaction of graduates in physical education (EDF) of the Federal University of Rondonia. Methods: Descriptive quantitative research, obtained through self-structured questionnaire and Work Satisfaction Scale (Siqueira, 1995), whit sample of 58 graduates. Results: the most cited places of action were schools, gyms and clubs. The main reasons for not acting were professional/salary devaluation, lack of opportunity and public insolvency. No statistical differences were found between actuators and non-actuators in EDF or between professionals working in the school and non-school. Conclusion: the majority of subjects were working in their area of graduation and were moderately satisfied at work.

"A gente fica até sem saber o que falar do nosso CREF". Atribuições e ações do sistema CONFEF/CREFs na perspectiva de docentes de graduação de Porto Velho, Rondônia / "We do not even know what to say about our CREF". Attributions and actions of the CONFEF/CREFs system from the perspective of undergraduete teachers in Porto Velho, Rondônia / "La gente se queda hasta no saber qué hablar de nuestro CREF". Atribuciones y acciones del sistema CONFEF/CREFs en perspectiva de docentes de graduación de Porto Velho, Rondônia

A regulamentação da profissão da Educação Física (EDF) deu-se pela Lei Federal nº 9.696/98, através da qual foi criado o Conselho Federal (CONFEF) e os Conselhos Regionais de Educação Física (CREFs). A presente pesquisa, caracterizada como exploratória e descritiva, teve como objetivo explorar e discutir as percepções de docentes de cursos de graduação em EDF de Porto Velho a respeito das atribuições e ações do sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Catorze docentes de cursos de graduação em EDF de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) privadas foram entrevistados. Conjuntamente, as análises revelam que os docentes são conhecedores de grande parte das atribuições e competências do sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Todavia, no que diz respeito ao cumprimento dessas, todos os docentes consideram que o sistema revela-se falho, especialmente na fiscalização dos profissionais, na divulgação de suas ações, bem como na valorização, representação e defesa da profissão perante a sociedade.

The regulation of the Physical Education (EDF) profession was given by Federal Law No. 9,696/98, through which the Federal Council (CONFEF) and the Regional Physical Education Councils (CREFs) were created. This research, characterized as exploratory and descriptive, aimed to explore and discuss the perceptions of college professors courses in EDF in Porto Velho regarding the attributions and actions of the CONFEF/CREFs system. Fourteen college professors courses in EDF in two Higher Education Institutions (IES) private were interviewed. Together, the analyzes reveal that teachers are familiar with most of the attributions and competencies of the CONFEF/CREFs system. However, with regard to the fulfillment of these, all college professors consider that the system proves to be flawed, especially in the inspection of professionals, in the disclosure of their actions, as well as in the valorization, representation and defense of the profession before society.

La regulación de la profesión de educación fisica en Brasil fue dada por la ley Federal 9696/98, a través de la cual se crearon el Consejo Federal (CONFEF) y los consejos Regionales de Educación Física (CREFs). La presente investigación, caracterizada como exploratoria y descriptiva, tuvo como objetivo explorar y discutir las percepciones de docentes de curso de graduación en Educación Física en la ciudad de Porto Velho con respecto a las atribuciones y acciones del sistema CONFEF/CREFs. Se entrevistó a catorce docentes de cursos de graduación en Educación Física de dos instituciones privadas de nivel superior en la ciudad mencionada. En conjunto, los análisis revelan que los docentes conocen la mayoría de las atribuciones y competencias del sistema CONFEF/ CREFs. Sin embargo, con respecto al cumplimiento de estos, todos los profesores consideran que el sistema tiene problemas, especialmente en la inspección de profesionales, en la divulgación de sus acciones, así como en la valorización, representación y defensa de la profesión ante la sociedad.

Understanding the individual responsiveness to resistance training periodization.

This study was designed to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) and undulating periodization (UP) on functional capacity, neuromuscular function, body composition, and cytokines in elderly sedentary women. We also aimed to identify the presence of high responders (HR), medium responders (MR), and low responders (LR) for irisin, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to resistance training (RT). Forty-nine elderly women were assigned to a control group, LP, and UP scheme. Functional capacity, body composition, maximal strength, irisin, TLR-4, BDNF, and IL-1ß were evaluated. Both periodization models were effective in improving 45° leg press 1RM, chair-stand, arm curl, and time-up and go tests, with no significant differences in body composition and cytokines. Furthermore, HR, MR, and LR were identified for irisin, IL-1ß, TLR-4, and BDNF, with differences between groups and moments. This study provides evidence that both periodization models were effective in improving functional capacity and neuromuscular function, with no effect on body composition and cytokines (probably as a consequence of the different responsiveness). Furthermore, for the first time, HR, MR, and LR were identified for irisin, IL1-ß, TLR-4, and BDNF in response to RT.

Identification of high responders for interleukin-6 and creatine kinase following acute eccentric resistance exercise in elderly obese women.

OBJECTIVES: Resistance exercise is used as a non-pharmacological tool to elicit both gains in and maintenance of physical function in the elderly. Thus, the present study examined the acute response of creatine kinase and interleukin-6 following an eccentric resistance exercise session in elderly obese women classified as high responders or normal responders. DESIGN: Cross-sectional field study. METHODS: Ninety elderly obese women (69.4 ± 6.01 years) were tested for a 10 repetition maximum on the leg extension exercise and then completed an acute eccentric resistance exercise session consisting of seven sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10 repetition maximum with a rest of 3 min between sets. Subjects were divided into normal response or high response on the basis of the peak serum interleukin-6 (NR = 59 and HR = 7) and creatine kinase (NR = 81 and HR = 9) concentration being greater than (HR) or less than (NR) the 90th percentile. RESULTS: Creatine kinase was higher at 0 h, 3h, 24h and 48 h following the ERE for the HR group. The peak creatine kinase was significantly higher in HR group versus the normal response group. The average increase in the serum interleukin-6 Δ for the HR group (∼ 850%) was significantly higher versus the normal response group (∼ 55%). Serum interleukin-6 was significantly higher at 0 h and 24h following eccentric resistance exercise only for the high response group, while peak levels were significantly higher in high response group versus the normal response group (p ≤ 0.005). Only one subject met the criteria to be classified as high response for both creatine kinase and interleukin-6 responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly individuals classified as high response experienced greater creatine kinase and interleukin-6 responses to ERE. Thus, a prudent approach for eccentric resistance exercise prescription might be programming additional recovery days and/or lower intensity training, especially in the beginning stages of a program.

Elderly women with metabolic syndrome present higher cardiovascular risk and lower relative muscle strength.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the metabolic, anthropometric, arterial blood pressure, and muscle strength parameters of elderly women with and without metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A case-control study with 27 (67.3 ± 4.8 years of age, 31.0 ± 5.0 kg/m²) elderly women with metabolic syndrome and 33 (68.8 ± 5.6 years of age, 27.2 ± 5.3 kg/m²) sedentary control elderly women. They were submitted to an evaluation of body composition by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle strength testing with 10 maximal repetitions of knee extension. RESULTS: When compared to the elderly women without metabolic syndrome, those with the metabolic syndrome had higher levels for body mass (72.2 ± 13.5 versus 63.4 ± 14.6 kg, p = 0.03), body mass index (31.0 ± 5.0 versus 27.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2, p = 0.007), fat mass (30.9 ± 9.9 versus 24.4 ± 8.5 kg, p = 0.01), systolic arterial pressure (125.1 ± 8.2 versus 119.3 ± 8.7 mmHg, p = 0.01), diastolic arterial pressure (75.5 ± 6.9 versus 71.4 ± 6.7 mmHg, p = 0.03), mean arterial pressure (92.5 ± 6.2 versus 87.1 ± 6.7 mmHg, p = 0.004), blood glucose (103.8 ± 19.1 versus 91.1 ± 5.9 mg/dL, p = 0.001), triglycerides (187.1 ± 70.2 versus 116.3 ± 36.7 mg/dL, p = 0.001), and creatine kinase (122.6 ± 58.6 versus 89.8 ± 32.5 U/L, p = 0.01); lower levels were found for fat-free mass (55.9 ± 5.8 versus 59.3 ± 6.7%; p = 0.05), HDL-C (40.7 ± 5.0 versus 50.5 ± 10.1 mg/dL, p = 0.001), and relative muscle strength (0.53 ± 0.14 versus 0.62 ± 0.12, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Elderly women with metabolic syndrome have a higher cardiovascular risk and less relative muscle strength when compared to those without metabolic syndrome. Relative muscle strength may be related to the cardiovascularr risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

Decreased functional capacity and muscle strength in elderly women with metabolic syndrome.

PURPOSE: To compare the metabolic parameters, flexibility, muscle strength, functional capacity, and lower limb muscle power of elderly women with and without the metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 28 older women divided into two groups: with the MetS (n = 14; 67.3 ± 5.5 years; 67.5 ± 16.7 kg; 1.45 ± 0.35 m; 28.0 ± 7.6 kg/m(2)), and without the MetS (n = 14; 68.7 ± 5.3 years; 58.2 ± 9.9 kg; 1.55 ± 0.10 m; 24.3 ± 3.8 kg/m(2)). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and dynamic muscle strength was assessed by one-maximum repetition (1RM) tests in leg press, bench press and biceps curl exercises. Six-minute walk test, Timed Up and Go (TUG); 30-second sitting-rising; arm curl using a 2-kg dumbbell, sit-and-reach (flexibility), and vertical jump tests were performed. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups regarding age (P = 0.49), height (P = 0.46), body fat (%) (P = 0.19), systolic (P = 0.64), diastolic (P = 0.41) and mean blood pressure (P = 0.86), 30-second sitting-rising (P = 0.57), 30-s arm curl (P = 0.73), leg press 1RM (P = 0.51), bench press 1RM (P = 0.77), and biceps curl 1RM (P = 0.85). However, women without the MetS presented lower body mass (P = 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0001), waist circumference (P = 0.02), waist-to-height ratio (P = 0.02), fat body mass (kg) (P = 0.05), lean body mass (kg) (P = 0.02), blood glucose (P = 0.05), triglycerides (P = 0.03), Z-score for the MetS (P = 0.05), higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.002), better performance on TUG (P = 0.01), flexibility (P = 0.03), six-minute walk test (P = 0.04), vertical jump (P = 0.05) and relative muscle strength for leg press (P = 0.03), bench press (P = 0.04) and biceps curl (P = 0.002) exercises as compared to women with the MetS. CONCLUSION: Elderly women with the MetS have higher metabolic risk profile and lower functional capacity, muscle strength, lower limb power and flexibility as compared to women without the MetS. The evaluation of functional capacity may help to determine the degree of physical decline in older persons with the MetS, while exercise interventions should be encouraged.

Relation of neck circumference and relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary women.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the relation of neck circumference and relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 60 premenopausal women (33.9±9.1 years; 67.4±13.6kg; 1.57±0.6cm and 27.2±5.3kg/m²). Based on the neck circumference, the sample was divided into two groups: Group Circumference <35cm (n=27) and Group Circumference >35cm (n=33) to compare relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors. The correlation between variables was tested by Pearson and Spearman correlations, with a significance level established at p<0.05. RESULTS: The findings revealed that women with neck circumference >35cm presented higher values of body mass, waist circumference, body adiposity index, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and volume of visceral fat when compared with the group with neck circumference <35cm. Additionally, the group with larger neck circumference presented lower values of relative strength. CONCLUSION: Neck circumference seems to be an important predictive factor of cardiovascular risk and of relative strength loss in middle-aged sedentary women.

Level of physical activity and quality of life: a comparative study among the elderly of rural and urban areas / Nível de atividade física e qualidade de vida: um estudo comparativo entre idosos dos espaços rural e urbano

Objective : To investigate if the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) and quality of life (QOL) is affected by living environment (rural or urban). Method : A quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study was performed. Of the 40 participants of both genders, 20 were residents of urban areas and 20 were residents of rural areas in the town of Pimenta Bueno (RO), Brazil. The WHOQOL BREF and IPAQ Long Version questionnaires were used to assess QOL and PAL, respectively. Mann Whitney and Fisher's Exact were used to statistically compare groups for QOL and PAL scores. The correlation between the two was tested by the Spearman test. A significance level of p<0.05 was used. Results : No differences between the rural and urban areas for QOL or PAL were found. In the rural group a positive and significant correlation was found between PAL and the physical, psychological and complete QOL domains. In terms of PAL, elderly persons from the rural area who were regularly active had higher total QOL and physical domain scores than insufficiently active elderly individuals from the rural area. When place of residence was compared, insufficiently active elderly in the urban area had higher scores on the social component of QOL than insufficiently active elderly from the rural group. Among regularly active seniors, those living in the rural area had higher physical QOL scores. Conclusion : According to the results, level of physical activity exerts a differential influence on the QOL of elderly people from rural and urban areas.

Objetivo : Investigar se, entre idosos, a relação nível de atividade física (NAF) e qualidade de vida (QV) é afetada pelo ambiente de moradia (rural ou urbano). Método : Estudo de abordagem quantitativa, natureza observacional e delineamento transversal. Participaram 40 idosos de ambos os sexos, 20 residentes em espaço urbano e 20, em espaço rural na cidade de Pimenta Bueno-RO. Os questionários WHOQOL BREF e IPAQ versão longa foram utilizados para avaliação da QV e do NAF, respectivamente. Os testes estatísticos de Mann Withney e Exato de Fischer para comparação dos grupos quanto aos escores de QV e NAF. A correlação entre esses foi testada pelo teste de Spearman. Foi utilizado como valor de significância p<0,05. Resultados : Não foram encontradas diferenças para QV ou NAF entre idosos moradores do espaço rural e urbano. No grupo de idosos moradores do espaço rural foi encontrada correlação positiva, significativa, entre o NAF e os domínios físico, psicológico e total da QV. Quando comparados ao NAF, os idosos do espaço rural regularmente ativos apresentaram maior QV no escore total e no domínio físico, em comparação aos insuficientemente ativos do espaço rural. Quando comparados segundo local de moradia, idosos insuficientemente ativos do espaço urbano apresentaram maior escore no componente social da QV, em comparação ao grupo de idosos insuficientemente ativos do espaço rural. Entre os idosos regularmente ativos, aqueles residentes em espaço rural apresentaram maior escore no domínio físico da QV. Conclusão : Com base nos idosos pesquisados, o nível de atividade física exerce influência diferenciada na QV de idosos do espaço rural e urbano.

Comparação da força muscular entre mulheres de meia idade com e sem sobrepeso/obesidade / Comparison of muscle strenght between middle-aged women with and without overweight/obesity

A obesidade é atualmente um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Apesar de a redução da força muscular estar fortemente associada à doenças cardiovasculares, poucos estudos analisaram a força muscular relativa em mulheres com e sem sobrepeso e obesidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a força muscular absoluta e relativa de mulheres de meia idade com e sem sobrepeso e obesidade, além de correlacionar a força muscular relativa com o índice de massa corporal (IMC), com a circunferência da cintura (CC) e com a razão cintura-estatura (RCE). A hipótese inicial era de que mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentariam menores valores de força muscular relativa. Foram avaliadas 20 mulheres obesas (36,7 ± 7,9 anos; 33,4 ± 2,4 kg/m2), 46 sobrepesadas (34,8 ± 7,8 anos; 27,7 ± 1,2 kg/m2) e 53 eutróficas (33,2 ± 9,3anos; 22,3 ± 1,7 kg/m2). A classificação de sobrepeso (IMC > 25 < 29,9 kg/m2) e obesidade (IMC > 30 kg/m2) foi definida de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. A força muscular relativa [força absoluta (kg)/massa corporal (kg)] foi mensurada por meio do teste de preensão manual. A força muscular relativa foi respectivamente menor nas mulheres com obesidade e sobrepeso quando comparado as mulheres eutróficas (0,35 ± 0,05 vs 0,42 ± 0,06 vs 0,48 ± 0,08; P=0,001). Houve uma relação negativa do IMC (r=-0,60; P=0,001), CC (r=-0,45; P=0,001) e RCE (r=-0,41; P=0,001) com a forca muscular relativa. A redução da força muscular relativa é um aspecto característico de mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade.

Obesity is currently one of the major public health problems in developed and developing countries. Although the decrease in muscle strength is highly associated with cardiovascular diseases, few studies analyzed the relative muscle strength in women with and without overweight and obesity. The present study aimed to compare absolute and relative muscle strength of middle-aged women with and without overweight and obesity, as well as, to correlate relative muscle strength with body mass index (BMI), waits circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR). The initial hypothesis was that overweight and obese women would present lower values of relative muscle strength. Twenty obese (36.7 ± 7.9 years; 33.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2), 46 overweight (34.8 ± 7.8 years; 27.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2) and 53 eutrophic women (33.2 ± 9.3 years; 22.3 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were evaluated. The cut-off point for overweight (IMC > 25 < 29.9 kg/m2) and obesity (IMC > 30 kg/m2) was defined according to the World Health Organization. Relative muscle strength [absolute strength (kg)/body mass (kg)] was measured by the handgrip test. Relative muscle strength was lower for women with obesity and overweight as compared with eutrophic women (0.35 ± 0.05 vs 0.42 ± 0.06 vs 0.48 ± 0.08; P=0.001), respectively. There was a negative correlation of BMI (r=-0.60; P=0.001), WC (r=-0.45; P=0.001) and RCE (r=-0.41; P=0.001) with relative muscle strength. The reduction of relative muscle strength is a characteristic aspect of women with overweight and obesity.

Respostas da percepcao subjetiva de esforco em teste incremental de mulheres idosas sedentarias / Ratings of perceived exertion in an incremental test in elderly women

Apesar da percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) ser utilizada para a avaliação e prescrição de exercícios em idosos, alguns indivíduos podem apresentar dificuldades de entendimento a escala de Borg. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar se mulheres idosas percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço físico por meio da PSE, em resposta a um teste de esforço máximo, bem como se é possível predizer o ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR) pela escala de Borg. Vinte e seis mulheres idosas realizaram uma avaliação de esforço máximo em esteira com análise ergoespirométrica, eletrocardiográfica e PSE em protocolo de rampa. As respostas de PSE entre diferentes zonas de intensidade baixa, moderada e alta foram consideradas para avaliar a percepção, associação e relato de alterações no esforço. Oito voluntárias (30,77%) não perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço por meio da PSE. Naquelas que perceberam, associaram e relataram alterações no esforço, o percentual da potência máxima no momento da PSE 13 (69,92 ± 10,30) e 14 (78,90 ± 11,00) não diferiu significativamente do momento do PCR (75,45 ± 9,65). Por fim, conclui-se que mulheres idosas podem apresentar dificuldades em perceber, associar e relatar alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg. Contudo, naquelas que percebem, associam e relatam alterações no esforço por meio da escala de Borg, as PSE 13 e 14 coincidem com o PCR.

Although the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is used in the evaluation and prescription of physical activity for the elderly, some subjects might find it hard tounderstand the Borg scale. This study aimed to verify whether elderly women could notice, associate, and report changes in physical effort using the perceived exertion scale in response to a stress test. We also aimed to verify the possibility of predicting a respiratory compensation point (RCP) using the Borg scale. Twenty six elderly women took a stress test on a treadmill, with ergospirometry and ECG monitoring and RPE in a ramp protocol. Based on the RPEs for different exercise intensities (low, moderate, high), we assessed the women's perception, association, and report of changes in physical effort. Eight subjects (30.77%) did not notice, associate or report changes in effort using RPE. For those who did, the percentage of maximum workload at the moment of RPE 13 (69.92 ± 10,30) and 14 (78.90 ± 11,00) did not differ significantly from the one at the moment of RCP (75.45 ± 9.65). We conclude that some elderly women may have difficulties noticing, associating and reporting changes in physical effort using the Borg scale. However, for those who do not have any difficulty, RPE 13 and 14 coincide with the RCP.

Idosas com síndrome metabólica apresentam maior risco cardiovascular e menor força muscular relativa / Elderly women with metabolic syndrome present higher cardiovascular risk and lower relative muscle strength

OBJECTIVE: To compare the metabolic, anthropometric, arterial blood pressure, and muscle strength parameters of elderly women with and without metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A case-control study with 27 (67.3±4.8 years of age, 31.0±5.0kg/m²) elderly women with metabolic syndrome and 33 (68.8±5.6 years of age, 27.2±5.3kg/m²) sedentary control elderly women. They were submitted to an evaluation of body composition by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle strength testing with 10 maximal repetitions of knee extension. RESULTS: When compared to the elderly women without metabolic syndrome, those with the metabolic syndrome had higher levels for body mass (72.2±13.5 versus 63.4±14.6kg, p=0.03), body mass index (31.0±5.0 versus 27.2±5.3kg/m2, p=0.007), fat mass (30.9±9.9 versus 24.4±8.5kg, p=0.01), systolic arterial pressure (125.1±8.2 versus 119.3±8.7mmHg, p=0.01), diastolic arterial pressure (75.5±6.9 versus 71.4±6.7mmHg, p=0.03), mean arterial pressure (92.5±6.2 versus 87.1±6.7mmHg, p=0.004), blood glucose (103.8±19.1 versus 91.1±5.9mg/dL, p=0.001), triglycerides (187.1±70.2 versus 116.3±36.7mg/dL, p=0.001), and creatine kinase (122.6±58.6 versus 89.8±32.5U/L, p=0.01); lower levels were found for fat-free mass (55.9±5.8 versus 59.3±6.7%; p=0.05), HDL-C (40.7±5.0 versus 50.5±10.1mg/dL, p=0.001), and relative muscle strength (0.53±0.14 versus 0.62±0.12, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Elderly women with metabolic syndrome have a higher cardiovascular risk and less relative muscle strength when compared to those without metabolic syndrome. Relative muscle strength may be related to the cardiovascularr risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os parâmetros metabólicos, antropométricos, pressão arterial e força muscular de mulheres idosas com síndrome metabólica e sem síndrome metabólica. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle com 27 (67,3±4,8 anos 31,0±5,0kg/m²) idosas com síndrome metabólica e 33 (68,8±5,6 anos 27,2±5,3kg/m²) idosas controle sedentárias. As idosas foram submetidas à avaliação de composição por meio da absorciometria de raio X de dupla energia e teste de força muscular de 10 repetições máximas na extensão de joelhos. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas às idosas sem síndrome metabólica, as idosas com síndrome metabólica apresentaram índices maiores para: massa corporal (72,2±13,5 x 63,4±14,6kg; p=0,03), índice de massa corporal (31,0±5,0 x 27,2±5,3kg/m²; p=0,007), massa gorda (30,9±9,9 x 24,4±8, 5kg; p=0,01), pressão arterial sistólica (125,1±8,2 x 119,3±8,7mmHg; p=0,01), pressão arterial diastólica (75,5±6,9 x 71,4±6,7mmHg; p=0,03), pressão arterial média (92,5±6,2 x 87,1±6,7mmHg; p=0,004), glicemia (103,8±19,1 x 91,1±5,9mg/dL; p=0,001), triglicerídeos (187,1±70,2 x 116,3±36,7mg/dL; p=0,001) e creatina quinase (122,6±58,6 x 89,8±32,5 U/L; p=0,01); foram menores: massa livre de gordura (55,9±5,8 x 59,3±6,7 %; p=0,05); HDL-C (40,7±5,0 x 50,5±10,1mg/dL p=0,001) e força muscular relativa (0,53±0,14 x 0,62±0,12; p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Idosas com síndrome metabólica apresentam maior risco cardiovascular e menor força muscular relativa, quando comparadas às idosas sem síndrome metabólica. A força muscular relativa pode estar relacionada aos fatores de risco cardiovascular da síndrome metabólica.

Relação da circunferência do pescoço com a força muscular relativa e os fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres sedentárias / Relation of neck circumference and relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary women

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a relação da circunferência do pescoço com a força muscular relativa e os fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres sedentárias. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com 60 mulheres pré-menopausadas (33,9±9,1 anos; 67,4±13,6kg; 1,57±0,06cm e 27,2±5,3kg/m²). Com base no valor da circunferência do pescoço, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: Grupo Circunferência <35cm (n=27) e Grupo Circunferência >35cm (n=33), para efeito de comparação da força muscular relativa e dos fatores de risco cardiovascular. A correlação entre as variáveis foi testada por meio da correlação de Pearson e de Spearman; o nível de significância foi estabelecido em p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstram que as mulheres com circunferência do pescoço >35cm apresentaram maiores valores de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, índice de adiposidade corporal, índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial sistólica, glicemia, hemoglobina glicada e volume de gordura visceral, quando comparadas ao grupo com circunferência do pescoço <35cm. Adicionalmente, o grupo com maior circunferência do pescoço apresentou menores valores de força relativa. CONCLUSÃO: A circunferência do pescoço parece ser um importante fator de predição de risco cardiovascular e perda de força relativa em mulheres sedentárias de meia idade.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the relation of neck circumference and relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 60 premenopausal women (33.9±9.1 years; 67.4±13.6kg; 1.57±0.6cm and 27.2±5.3kg/m²). Based on the neck circumference, the sample was divided into two groups: Group Circumference <35cm (n=27) and Group Circumference >35cm (n=33) to compare relative muscle strength and cardiovascular risk factors. The correlation between variables was tested by Pearson and Spearman correlations, with a significance level established at p<0.05. RESULTS: The findings revealed that women with neck circumference >35cm presented higher values of body mass, waist circumference, body adiposity index, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin and volume of visceral fat when compared with the group with neck circumference <35cm. Additionally, the group with larger neck circumference presented lower values of relative strength. CONCLUSION: Neck circumference seems to be an important predictive factor of cardiovascular risk and of relative strength loss in middle-aged sedentary women.

Treinamento físico para idosos vulneráveis: uma revisão sobre as estratégias de intervenção / Physical training for vulnerable elderlies: a review about the strategies of interventions

O presente estudo objetivou levantar os principais benefícios e limitações da prescrição de distintos tipos de exercícios físicos para idosos frágeis ou vulneráveis. Para tanto foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline e Scielo, a partir das palavras-chave: idosos frágeis e exercício. Foram encontrados 26 artigos que atendessem aos critérios de inclusão. Concluiu-seque o treinamento resistido possibilita ganhos importantes em força e também em outros parâmetros, os quais podem ser otimizados de forma mais significativa quando trabalhados através de exercícios físicos específicos, como observado em resultado aos treinamentos multidimensionais. Já os trabalhos que estudaram os efeitos do tai chi, do treinamento funcional e de estratégias atípicas de intervenção foram em número insuficiente para possibilitar a formação de uma conclusão concisa a respeito dos mesmos.

The present study had as objective to raise the principal benefits and limitations of the prescription of different kinds of physical exercise to frail or vulnerable elderlies. For that it was realized a bibliographical survey on the data bases: Lilacs, Medline e Scielo, using the keywords: frail elderly and exercise. It were found 26 articles that included the inclusion criteria. It was concluded that the resistive trainings give important increases to strength and also to other parameters, which can be greater when they are worked through specific physical exercises, as it was observed in result to multidimensional trainings. Articles that studied the tai chi, functional and uncommon interventions effects were insufficient in number to make possible the formation of a concise conclusion about them.