Semantic impairment in aphasia: A problem of control?

Purpose: The relationship between cognitive processes and language ability in aphasia has recently gained increasing attention, with some authors suggesting that control impairments may underlie difficulties with semantic tasks in aphasia. This paper aims to present an overview of the current research on the involvement of cognitive processes in semantic processing tasks and discuss the proposed relationship between cognitive control and semantic processing in aphasia.Method: The role of cognitive processes in semantic processing tasks commonly used in the aphasiology literature is discussed and two theoretical approaches to semantic processing that contribute to the understanding of the nature of semantic breakdown in aphasia are outlined. Finally, we examine the evidence put forward in the Controlled Semantic Cognition framework with regard to the interpretation of impaired performance on semantic processing tasks in people with aphasia.Result: Non-linguistic cognitive abilities such as working memory, inhibition and control are required by semantic processing tasks, in addition to access to conceptual information, making it difficult to dissociate these abilities. Several issues exist regarding the evidence put forward for a control deficit as the underlying cause of poor performance on semantic processing tasks in aphasia.Conclusion: It remains unclear whether impairment on semantic tasks in people with aphasia is related to problems with the representation and/or processing (activation/retrieval) of meaning or problems with cognitive control (or both). Further research is still needed to fully understand how non-linguistic cognitive processes interact with semantic processing, as well as clarify and consistency the definition of control.

Verbal fluency in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment in individuals with low educational level and its relationship with reading and writing habits.

Verbal fluency (VF) has contributed to building cognitive maps as well as differentiating healthy populations from those with dementia. OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of healthy controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in two semantic VF tasks (animals/clothes) and a phonemic VF task (letter P). Also, to analyze the relationship between the frequency of reading and writing habits (FRWH) and VF in individuals with low educational level. METHODS: Sixty-seven older adults aged 60-80 years and with 2-8 years of schooling were divided into three groups: controls (n=25), older adults with MCI (n=24), and older adults with AD (n=18). We analyzed the type, mean size, and number of clusters, switches, intersections, and returns. A post-hoc single-factor ANOVA analysis was conducted to verify differences between groups. RESULTS: Total words in the phonemic VF and the animal category discriminated the three groups. Regarding the animal category, AD patients performed worse than controls in the total number of words, taxonomic clusters, returns, and number of words remembered. We found a moderate correlation between FRWH and total number of words in the phonemic fluency. CONCLUSIONS: Semantic (animate) and phonemic (total words) VF differentiated controls and clinical groups from each other - the phonemic component was more related to FRWH than the semantic one. The phonemic VF seems to be more related to cognitive reserve. VF tasks, considering total words and cluster analyses, are a valuable tool to test healthy and cognitively impaired older adults who have a low educational level.

A tarefa de fluência verbal (FV) contribui para um mapeamento cognitivo e diferenciação entre populações saudáveis e com demência. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o desempenho em duas tarefas de FV semântica (animais/roupas) e uma fonêmica (letra P) entre controles saudáveis e pacientes com Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL) e Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Além disso, analisar a relação entre frequência de hábitos de leitura e escrita (FHLE) e a FV nesses grupos de baixa escolaridade. MÉTODOS: Sessenta e sete adultos idosos foram divididos em três grupos: controles (n=25), idosos com CCL (n=24) e idosos com DA (n=18), 60-80 anos de idade e 2-8 anos de escolaridade. Avaliaram-se tipo, tamanho médio e quantidade de agrupamentos, alternâncias, intersecções e retornos. Conduziu-se uma análise ANOVA de um fator com post hoc para verificar diferenças entre grupos. RESULTADOS: O total de palavras na FV fonêmica e a categoria animais discriminaram os três grupos. Na categoria animais, pacientes com DA demonstraram desempenho inferior ao dos controles no número total de palavras, agrupamentos taxonômicos, retornos e número de palavras evocadas. Houve correlação moderada entre FHLE e número total de palavras na FV fonêmica. CONCLUSÕES: O componente semântico (animado) e o fonêmico (total de palavras) da FV diferenciaram os controles e os grupos clínicos entre si; o fonêmico relacionou-se mais com a FHLE do que o semântico. A FV fonêmica parece ser mais relacionada à reserva cognitiva. Tarefas de FV, considerando o total de palavras e as análises de clusters, são ferramentas valiosas para testar adultos idosos saudáveis e com declínio cognitivo na baixa escolaridade.

Naming and verbal learning in adults with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and in healthy aging, with low educational levels.

Language assessment seems to be an effective tool to differentiate healthy and cognitively impaired aging groups. This article discusses the impact of educational level on a naming task, on a verbal learning with semantic cues task and on the MMSE in healthy aging adults at three educational levels (very low, low and high) as well as comparing two clinical groups of very low (0-3 years) and low education (4-7 years) patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with healthy controls. The participants comprised 101 healthy controls, 17 patients with MCI and 19 with AD. Comparisons between the healthy groups showed an education effect on the MMSE, but not on naming and verbal learning. However, the clinical groups were differentiated in both the naming and verbal learning assessment. The results support the assumption that the verbal learning with semantic cues task is a valid tool to diagnose MCI and AD patients, with no influence from education.

Verbal fluency in Alzheimers disease and mild cognitive impairment in individuals with low educational level and its relationship with reading and writing habits / Fluência verbal na doença de Alzheimer e comprometimento cognitivo leve na baixa escolaridade e sua relação com hábitos de leitura e de escrita

ABSTRACT. Verbal fluency (VF) has contributed to building cognitive maps as well as differentiating healthy populations from those with dementia. Objectives: To compare the performance of healthy controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in two semantic VF tasks (animals/clothes) and a phonemic VF task (letter P). Also, to analyze the relationship between the frequency of reading and writing habits (FRWH) and VF in individuals with low educational level. Methods: Sixty-seven older adults aged 60-80 years and with 2-8 years of schooling were divided into three groups: controls (n=25), older adults with MCI (n=24), and older adults with AD (n=18). We analyzed the type, mean size, and number of clusters, switches, intersections, and returns. A post-hoc single-factor ANOVA analysis was conducted to verify differences between groups. Results: Total words in the phonemic VF and the animal category discriminated the three groups. Regarding the animal category, AD patients performed worse than controls in the total number of words, taxonomic clusters, returns, and number of words remembered. We found a moderate correlation between FRWH and total number of words in the phonemic fluency. Conclusions: Semantic (animate) and phonemic (total words) VF differentiated controls and clinical groups from each other - the phonemic component was more related to FRWH than the semantic one. The phonemic VF seems to be more related to cognitive reserve. VF tasks, considering total words and cluster analyses, are a valuable tool to test healthy and cognitively impaired older adults who have a low educational level.

RESUMO. A tarefa de fluência verbal (FV) contribui para um mapeamento cognitivo e diferenciação entre populações saudáveis e com demência. Objetivos: Comparar o desempenho em duas tarefas de FV semântica (animais/roupas) e uma fonêmica (letra P) entre controles saudáveis e pacientes com Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL) e Doença de Alzheimer (DA). Além disso, analisar a relação entre frequência de hábitos de leitura e escrita (FHLE) e a FV nesses grupos de baixa escolaridade. Métodos: Sessenta e sete adultos idosos foram divididos em três grupos: controles (n=25), idosos com CCL (n=24) e idosos com DA (n=18), 60-80 anos de idade e 2-8 anos de escolaridade. Avaliaram-se tipo, tamanho médio e quantidade de agrupamentos, alternâncias, intersecções e retornos. Conduziu-se uma análise ANOVA de um fator com post hoc para verificar diferenças entre grupos. Resultados: O total de palavras na FV fonêmica e a categoria animais discriminaram os três grupos. Na categoria animais, pacientes com DA demonstraram desempenho inferior ao dos controles no número total de palavras, agrupamentos taxonômicos, retornos e número de palavras evocadas. Houve correlação moderada entre FHLE e número total de palavras na FV fonêmica. Conclusões: O componente semântico (animado) e o fonêmico (total de palavras) da FV diferenciaram os controles e os grupos clínicos entre si; o fonêmico relacionou-se mais com a FHLE do que o semântico. A FV fonêmica parece ser mais relacionada à reserva cognitiva. Tarefas de FV, considerando o total de palavras e as análises de clusters, são ferramentas valiosas para testar adultos idosos saudáveis e com declínio cognitivo na baixa escolaridade.

Naming and verbal learning in adults with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and in healthy aging, with low educational levels / Nomeação e aprendizagem verbal na doença de Alzheimer, no comprometimento cognitivo leve e no envelhecimento sadio com baixa escolaridade

ABSTRACT Language assessment seems to be an effective tool to differentiate healthy and cognitively impaired aging groups. This article discusses the impact of educational level on a naming task, on a verbal learning with semantic cues task and on the MMSE in healthy aging adults at three educational levels (very low, low and high) as well as comparing two clinical groups of very low (0-3 years) and low education (4-7 years) patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with healthy controls. The participants comprised 101 healthy controls, 17 patients with MCI and 19 with AD. Comparisons between the healthy groups showed an education effect on the MMSE, but not on naming and verbal learning. However, the clinical groups were differentiated in both the naming and verbal learning assessment. The results support the assumption that the verbal learning with semantic cues task is a valid tool to diagnose MCI and AD patients, with no influence from education.

RESUMO A linguagem tem se mostrado uma ferramenta eficiente para diferenciar grupos de idosos saudáveis dos com deficiências cognitivas. O artigo objetiva discutir o impacto do nível educacional na nomeação, na aprendizagem verbal (AV) com pistas semânticas e no MEEM no envelhecimento saudável em três níveis de escolaridade (muito baixa: 0-3 anos, baixa: 4-7 anos e alta: >8 anos) e em dois grupos clínicos de escolaridade muito baixa e baixa (Doença de Alzheimer - DA - e Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve - CCL), comparados a controles saudáveis. Participaram 101 controles, 17 CCL e 19 DA. Comparações entre grupos saudáveis demonstraram um efeito da escolaridade no MEEM, mas não nas tarefas de nomeação e de AV. Considerando as comparações entre os grupos clínicos, tanto a nomeação quanto a AV os diferenciaram. Os resultados corroboram a pressuposição de que a tarefa de AV com pistas semânticas é válida para diagnosticar CCL e DA, não sendo influenciada pela escolaridade.