Tailored approach for management of ventricular tachycardia in cardiac sarcoidosis.

INTRODUCTION: Treating ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is challenging as patients present in different phase of the disease (inflammatory, scar, or sometimes both). A  customized approach to treatment is required for better outcomes. We describe our experience in the management of VT in CS based on the phase of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients were considered to have myocardial inflammation if there was an increased myocardial 18 fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG) uptake in PET-CT scan of the chest (n = 14). These patients were treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) and immunosuppression. Patients with scar related VT (without active inflammation) were managed with AADs and underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) if unresponsive to drug therapy (n = 4). Patients previously treated for CS who presented with VT and evidence of reactivation (abnormal FDG uptake) after a quiescent period of 6 months were treated with intensified immunosuppression alongside AADs (n = 3/14). Patients with myocardial inflammation responded well to immunosuppression. Patients with drug resistant VT in the scar phase responded well to RFA. Four patients in the inflammatory group had recurrence of VT during follow-up of whom 3 were found to have disease reactivation. Intensified immunosuppression suppressed VT in all 3 patients. In 1 patient, VT recurrence was found to be scar related and required RFA for control. CONCLUSION: Tailoring therapy for VT in CS according to the phase of disease results in good clinical outcome and avoids unnecessary immunosuppression.

Inappropriate Detection of a Supraventricular Tachycardia as Dual Tachycardia by the PR Logic™ Algorithm.

Tachycardia detection and therapy algorithms in Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICD) reduce, but do not eliminate inappropriate ICD shocks. Awareness of the pros and cons of a particular algorithm helps to predict its utility in specific situations. We report a case where PR logic™, an algorithm commonly used in currently implanted ICDs to differentiate supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia resulted in inappropriate detection and shock for an SVT, and discuss several solutions to the problem.

Three dimensional epicardial mapping and ablation of recurrent non-ischaemic ventricular tachycardia.

Radiofrequency ablation is a therapeutic option for recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) in both ischaemic and non-ischaemic subsets. Usually this is attempted by mapping endocardially; however, in some situations epicardial approach may be needed to access the VT circuit. We report two cases in which epicardial approach was used to successfully ablate the VT, when endocardial ablation was ineffective.

Identifying high risk patients post myocardial infarction with reduced left ventricular function using loop recorders INSPIRE-ELR clinical study.

AIMS: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) continues to be a devastating complication amongst survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). Mortality is high in the initial months after MI. The aims of the INSPIRE-ELR study were to assess the proportion of patients with significant arrhythmias early after MI and the association with mortality during 12 months of follow-up. METHODS: The study included 249 patients within 14 days after MI with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35% at discharge in 11 hospitals in India. Patients received a wearable external loop recorder (ELR) 5 ± 3 days after MI to monitor arrhythmias for 7 days. RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (86%) with a mean age of 56 ± 12 years. In 82%, reperfusion had been done and all received standard of care cardiovascular medications at discharge. LVEF was 32.2 ± 3.9%, measured 5.1 ± 3.0 days after MI. Of the 233 patients who completed monitoring (7.1 ± 1.5 days), 81 (35%) experienced significant arrhythmias, including Ventricular Tachycardia/Fibrillation (VT/VF): 10 (4.3%); frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs): 65 (28%); Atrial Fibrillation (AF): 8 (3.4%); chronic atrial flutter: 4 (1.7%); 2nd or 3rd degree Atrioventricular (AV) block: 4 (1.7%); and symptomatic bradycardia: 8 (3.4%). In total, 26 patients died. Mortality was higher in patients with clinically significant arrhythmia (at 12 months: 23.6% vs 4.8% with 19 vs 7 deaths, hazard ratio (HR) = 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3 to 13.0, p < 0.0001). Excluding 7 deaths during ELR monitoring, HR = 4.5, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: ELR applied in patients with acute MI and LV dysfunction at the time of discharge identifies patients with high mortality risk.

Hormone sensitive idiopathic ventricular tachycardia associated with pregnancy: successful induction with progesterone and radiofrequency ablation.

Successful Induction With Progesterone and Radiofrequency Ablation. Verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia in pregnancy is a rare diagnosis. We report a case of a primigravida female with new onset fascicular ventricular tachycardia that was managed with oral verapamil. Post pregnancy, the tachycardia was not inducible in the electrophysioplogy lab. Progesterone, a hormone associated with pregnant state, was used to successfully induce the tachycardia, which was ablated. This is the first reported case of an idiopathic ventricular tachycardia associated with pregnancy that could be induced later by recreating the hormonal milieu associated with pregnant state.

Substrate based ablation of ventricular tachycardia through an epicardial approach.

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurring late after myocardial infarction is often due to reentry circuit in the peri-infarct zone. The circuit is usually located in the sub-endocardium, though subepicardial substrates are known. Activation mapping during VT to identify target regions for ablation can be difficult if VT is non inducible or poorly tolerated. In the latter, a substrate based approach of mapping during sinus rhythm in conjunction with pace mapping helps to define the reentry circuit and select target sites for ablation in majority of patients with hemodynamically unstable VT. Percutaneous epicardial catheter ablation has been attempted as an approach where ablation by a conventional endocardial access has been unsuccessful. We report a case of post myocardial infarction scar VT which could be successfully ablated with a substrate based approach from the epicardial aspect.

fQRS as a marker of granulomatous disease in patients presenting with ventricular tachycardia and normal left ventricular ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous myocarditis may present with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) in the presence of normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and could be mistaken for idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (IVT). The use of cardiac imaging for diagnosis can be limited by availability and high cost. ECG is readily available and inexpensive. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on ECG has been found to be associated with myocardial scar. We hypothesized that fQRS could be useful in the diagnosis of granulomatous VT (GVT). METHODS: We compared the 12-lead ECG of 16 patients with GVT and 42 patients with IVT who presented with SMVT. RESULTS: The presence of fQRS was significantly higher in the GVT group compared to the IVT group (75% versus 19.1%, p < 0.001). The location of fQRS correlated with delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (DE-CMR) in the same segment in 4/16 patients in the GVT group. It correlated with an affected segment on either DE-CMR or 18FDG positron emission computed tomography in 4/11 patients in the GVT group who had both imaging modality. Whenever fQRS was present in contiguous leads other than the inferior leads, it always corresponded to an affected segment on imaging. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with SMVT and no structural heart disease, the presence of fQRS is strongly associated with granulomatous myocarditis. fQRS on the surface ECG is a helpful tool the presence of which should prompt a CMR for a definitive diagnosis.

Surveillance of noncommunicable diseases by community health workers in Kerala: the epidemiology of noncommunicable diseases in rural areas (ENDIRA) study.

BACKGROUND: India carries the greatest burden of noncommunicable disease (NCD) globally. However, there are few contemporary, community-based studies of prevalence in India. Given the physician shortages in rural areas, large-scale, region-specific studies of NCD using community health workers (CHW) may offer a feasible means of NCD surveillance. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to conduct a large-scale, population-based, CHW-led study of NCDs in Kerala, India. METHODS: In rural Kerala, India, a population of 113,462 individuals was defined geographically by 5 panchayats (village councils). The ENDIRA (Epidemiology of Noncommunicable Diseases in Rural Areas) study was conducted via accredited social health activists (ASHA), who are CHW employed by Kerala state government. After training of ASHA, standardized questionnaires were used during 2012 in household interviews of individuals ≥18 years of age to gather sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical data. RESULTS: ASHA recruited 84,456 adults who were included in the analyses (25.4% were below the poverty line). The prevalence of NCD was comparable to contemporary studies in India: myocardial infarction (MI) 1.4%; stroke 0.3%; respiratory diseases 5.0%; and cancer 1.1%. The dietary habits were as follows: 84.1% of the population was vegetarian; 15.9% ate meat/fish ≥1 day per week; 4.2% had ≥1 alcoholic drink per week; and 8.1% smoked regularly. Compared with men, women were older, had lower body mass index, more likely to be hypertensive, less likely to smoke or drink alcohol, and have diabetes or dyslipidemia (p < 0.0001). NCD were more common in men than women: MI (1.9% vs. 0.9%); stroke (0.5% vs. 0.3%); cancer (1.2% vs. 0.9%); and respiratory diseases (5.9% vs. 4.0%) (p < 0.0001). Age ≥65 years, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and male sex were strongly associated with MI and stroke. There were high levels of agreement between ASHA and physicians for diagnoses of MI, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: CHW effectively conducted a large-scale prevalence study of NCD in Kerala, including prevalence of risk factors. In rural Kerala, traditional risk factors were strongly associated with MI and stroke.

A comparison of lead placement through the subclavian vein technique with fluoroscopy-guided axillary vein technique for permanent pacemaker insertion.

BACKGROUND: The intrathoracic subclavian venous technique for pacemaker implantation may be associated with serious complications. We describe an alternative technique for obtaining venous access for pacemaker implantation through axillary vein under fluoroscopic guidance and compare it with the conventional, subclavian approach. METHODS: We conducted a single-centre, prospective, nonrandomized study. All adult patients with indication for permanent pacing who consented were recruited during a 3-year period. To access the axillary vein, we used the alternative technique with a new fluoroscopic landmark. The subclavian access was obtained as per the usual approach. RESULTS: We studied 478 lead placements during 3 years; 315 lead placements through axillary venous technique (group 1) were compared with 163 lead placements through subclavian venous technique (group 2). Both routes had a high and comparable success rate, 98.09% in group 1 and 96.93% in group 2. The axillary approach was successful at the first attempt in 194 punctures (61.6%), as vs 60 in group 2 (36.8%) P < 0.0001. The average number of attempts in group 1 was 2.06 per patient and 2.56 in group 2 (P < 0.001). There were 3 (2.94%) pneumothoraxes in group 2 and none in group 1. During a mean follow-up period of 3.2 months in group1 and 3.7 months in group 2, 1 patient in group 2 had a lead fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The fluoroscopically guided axillary venous approach for implanting permanent pacemakers is equivalent to the traditional anatomic landmark-guided intrathoracic subclavian approach and has fewer complications and shorter procedural time to access the vein.

Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and mediastinal adenopathy due to granulomatous infiltration in patients with preserved ventricular function.

OBJECTIVES: This report characterizes a syndrome of granulomatous infiltration presenting as sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) with mediastinal adenopathy in patients with preserved ventricular function. BACKGROUND: Unlike truly idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, SMVT due to granulomatous infiltration responds poorly to radiofrequency ablation and has a poor prognosis. METHODS: Patients without obstructive coronary artery disease and with normal ventricular function presenting with SMVT other than posterior fascicular morphology were evaluated. Computed chest tomograms, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic scans ((18)FDG PET-CT) were performed. Significant lymph nodes were evaluated for tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Initial treatment included antiarrhythmic drugs ± radiofrequency ablation. Additionally, patients with evidence of tuberculosis received anti-tuberculosis therapy; the rest were treated as sarcoidosis. RESULTS: Mediastinal adenopathy with mid-myocardial scar and/or focal myocardial inflammation was observed in 14 patients; lymph nodes revealed noncaseating granulomas in all. Evidence of tuberculosis was present in 79%. During follow-up (median duration 25 months), SMVT recurred despite initial treatment in 92%. Addition of disease-specific therapy abolished further recurrences in 64% of them. Decrease in SMVT correlated with resolution of myocardial inflammation on serial (18)FDG PET-CTs. Appropriate therapies occurred in 67% of patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of patients with SMVT with preserved ventricular function has a syndrome of arrhythmogenic myocarditis with granulomatous mediastinal adenopathy due to myocardial tuberculosis or cardiac sarcoidosis. This entity is optimally managed with a combination of disease-specific therapy and antiarrhythmic measures.

Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor: An unusual cause of right ventricular intracavitary obstruction in a child.

A six-year-old boy presented with a brief history suggestive of right heart failure. Investigations revealed a mass filling almost the entire right ventricle. Palliative resection of the mass was done. The operative specimen revealed a primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the heart, the first of its kind reported in the pediatric age group.

Elevated high sensitivity CRP levels in patients with mitral stenosis and left atrial thrombus.

Stasis of blood in the left atrium (LA) due to mitral obstruction is the principal mechanism of LA thrombus formation in patients with mitral stenosis (MS). The purpose of this case-control study was to determine the additional contributions of abnormal homosysteine/folate/B12 levels, chronic inflammation and markers of a procoagulant state. We found that elevated hsCRP levels were associated with the presence of left atrial thrombus, independent of the influence of conventional parameters indicating the severity of MS and its consequences.