Artificial intelligence and allergic rhinitis: does ChatGPT increase or impair the knowledge?

BACKGROUND: Optimal management of allergic rhinitis requires patient education with easy access to accurate information. However, previous online platforms have provided misleading information. The demand for online medical information continues to grow, especially with the introduction of advanced chatbots like ChatGPT. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the quality of information provided by ChatGPT regarding allergic rhinitis. A Likert scale was used to assess the accuracy of responses, ranging from 1 to 5. Four authors independently rated the responses from a healthcare professional's perspective. RESULTS: A total of 20 questions covering various aspects of allergic rhinitis were asked. Among the answers, eight received a score of 5 (no inaccuracies), five received a score of 4 (minor non-harmful inaccuracies), six received a score of 3 (potentially misinterpretable inaccuracies) and one answer had a score of 2 (minor potentially harmful inaccuracies). CONCLUSIONS: The variability in accuracy scores highlights the need for caution when relying solely on chatbots like ChatGPT for medical advice. Patients should consult qualified healthcare professionals and use online sources as a supplement. While ChatGPT has advantages in medical information delivery, its use should be approached with caution. ChatGPT can be useful for patient education but cannot replace healthcare professionals.

Characterization of patients with atopic dermatitis based on flare patterns and severity of disease: A Danish population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Flare patterns are not routinely considered in the severity classification or in clinical decision-making of atopic dermatitis (AD), but frequent or severe flares may contribute considerably to the disease burden. OBJECTIVES: To characterize patients with AD in relation to their flare pattern and compare flare patterns to disease severity, life quality and treatment satisfaction. METHODS: Patients with AD from the Danish Skin Cohort were included if they had active AD with and available data on number of flare-ups within the last 12 months. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, whereas numerical variables were presented as median and interquartile ranges (IQR). Between-group differences were tested with chi-squared tests. RESULTS: A total of 1557 patients were included, with 57 reporting 0 flares, 698 (1-5 flares), 324 (6-10 flares) and 478 reporting >10 flares during the past 12 months. Both the severity measured by PO-SCORAD and the impairment of life quality measured by DLQI were higher among patients with more flares (median [IQR] PO-SCORAD: 13.0 [5.6-22.3], 29.7 [20.8-40.6], 36.3 [26.7-47.6]and 42.9 [30.7-55.6], respectively for the four flares strata, and median [IQR] DLQI: 1.0 [0.0-2.0], 3.0 [1.0-7.0], 4.0 [1.8-9.0] and 7.0 [3.0-11.0]). Satisfaction with the current treatment was generally higher among patients with no flares. However, 36.8%, 24.6% and 23.7% of patients with 1-5, 6-10 and >10 flares reported being extremely or very satisfied with their current treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with many flares often report a higher severity and impairment of life quality compared to patients with fewer flares. Information on flaring could benefit treatment decisions, thereby decreasing undertreatment of patients with mild AD but severe flaring.

Skin TARC/CCL17 increase precedes the development of childhood atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether skin biomarkers collected in infancy can predict the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) and be used in future prevention trials to identify children at risk. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine whether skin biomarkers can predict AD during the first 2 years of life. METHODS: This study enrolled 300 term and 150 preterm children at birth and followed for AD until the age of 2 years. Skin tape strips were collected at 0 to 3 days and 2 months of age and analyzed for selected immune and barrier biomarkers. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using Cox regression was calculated for the risk of AD. RESULTS: The 2-year prevalence of AD was 34.6% (99 of 286) and 21.2% (25 of 118) among term and preterm children, respectively. Skin biomarkers collected at birth did not predict AD. Elevated thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 -levels collected at 2 months of age increased the overall risk of AD (HR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.36-3.26; P = .0008) and moderate-to-severe AD (HR: 4.97; 95% CI: 2.09-11.80; P = .0003). IL-8 and IL-18 predicted moderate-to-severe AD. Low filaggrin degradation product levels increased the risk of AD (HR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.32-3.15; P = .001). Elevated biomarker levels at 2 months predicted AD at other skin sites and many months after collection. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that noninvasively collected skin biomarkers of barrier and immune pathways can precede the onset of AD.

The association between atopic dermatitis, cognitive function and school performance in children and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) may have disturbed sleep, affected self-esteem and decreased quality of life, likely interfering with performance in school. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between hospital-managed paediatric AD, school performance and cognitive function. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study we linked data from the Danish national registers and identified three populations between 2001 and 2019. Population 1 comprised children with graduation grades registered from lower secondary school, population 2 comprised adolescents with registration of an upper secondary graduation mean, and population 3 comprised male conscripts with registration of an IQ test score. AD was defined as a hospital diagnostic code (inpatient or outpatient) prior to the exam or conscription date, and was stratified according to severity, activity and atopic comorbidity. Outcomes included graduation mean from lower and upper secondary school, special educational assistance in primary and lower secondary school, and IQ at conscription. RESULTS: In total, 770 611 (12 137 with AD), 394 193 (6261 with AD) and 366 182 (4539 with AD) children and adolescents were included in populations 1 (lower secondary graduation), 2 (upper secondary graduation) and 3 (conscription), respectively. In lower secondary school, children with severe AD had significantly lower overall, written and oral graduation grade means compared with children with mild AD: respectively, difference -0.29 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.45 to -0.13, P < 0.001], difference -0.26 (95% CI -0.42 to -0.10, P = 0.0016) and difference -0.30 (95% CI -0.49 to -0.11, P = 0.0018). In upper secondary school, adolescents with AD performed similarly to their peers without AD. Young men with AD scored significantly lower IQ test means at conscription examination than male conscripts without AD: difference -0.60 (95% CI -0.87 to -0.32, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AD, in particular when severe, is associated with lower school performance in childhood and IQ in young men, which can interfere with academic achievements in life. Optimization of treatment of children with AD and specific educational support to children with severe AD could be needed.

Association of homelessness and skin conditions: a Danish population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Research has linked homelessness with an increased risk of skin conditions. However, representative studies of diagnosis-specific information on skin conditions in people experiencing homelessness are lacking. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between homelessness and diagnosed skin conditions, prescribed medication and type of -consultation. METHODS: This cohort study included data from the Danish nationwide health, social and administrative registers from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2018. All people of Danish origin living in Denmark and aged at least 15 years at some point during the study period were included. Homelessness, measured by homeless shelter contacts, was the exposure. The outcome was any diagnosis of a skin disorder and specific skin disorders recorded in the Danish National Patient Register. Information on diagnostic consultation type (i.e. dermatological, nondermatological and emergency room) and dermatological prescriptions was studied. We estimated adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) (adjusted for sex, age and calendar year) and cumulative incidence. RESULTS: In total, 5 054 238 individuals (50.6% female) were included in the study population, accounting for 73 477 258 person-years at risk, with a start mean (SD) age of 39.4 (21.1) years. Of the total number of individuals, 759 991 (15.0%) received a skin diagnosis and 38 071 (0.7%) experienced homelessness. A 2.31-times [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.25-2.36] higher IRR of any diagnosed skin condition was associated with homelessness, higher for nondermatological and emergency room consultations. Homelessness was associated with a reduced IRR of a skin neoplasm diagnosis (aIRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.71-8.82) compared with no homelessness. By the end of follow-up, 2.8% (95% CI 2.5-3.0) of individuals experiencing homelessness had a skin neoplasm diagnosis vs. 5.1% (95% CI 4.9-5.3) of individuals not experiencing homelessness. Five or more shelter contacts during the first year from first contact was associated with the highest aIRR of any diagnosed skin condition (7.33, 95% CI 5.57-9.65) compared with no contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals experiencing homelessness have high rates of most diagnosed skin conditions, but a lower occurrence of skin cancer diagnosis. Diagnostic and medical patterns for skin disorders differed clearly between people experiencing homelessness and individuals without these experiences. The time after first homeless shelter contact is an important window of opportunity for mitigating and preventing skin disorders.

The road to biologics in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: a nationwide drug utilization study.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged systemic antibiotic treatment is often a part of management of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Although biologic therapies are now available, the patient's treatment journey leading to biologic therapy is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To examine treatment patterns and duration of systemic treatment use in patients with HS preceding biologic therapy. METHODS: We identified all patients with HS receiving treatment with biologics in the Danish National Patient Registry from 2010 to 2018 and extracted their entire prescription history of specific systemic treatments from the Danish National Prescription Registry since its inception in 1995. The patients' treatment journeys are graphically displayed through Sankey diagrams and box plots generated to show temporal distributions. Descriptive patient characteristics were presented as frequencies with percentages for categorical variables and as means with SDs or medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) for continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 225 patients with HS were included. Patients had most frequently been treated with penicillin (n = 214; 95·1%), dicloxacillin (n = 194; 86·2%), tetracycline (n = 145; 64·4%) and rifampicin/clindamycin (n = 111; 49·3%), as well as the retinoids isotretinoin and acitretin, and dapsone. Prior to biologic therapy, patients received a mean of 4·0 (SD 1·3) different systemic therapies, across a mean of 16·9 (SD 11·3) different treatment series. The mean time from first systemic therapy until biologic therapy was initiated was 15·3 (SD 5·1) years [8·2 (SD 5·9) years when excluding penicillin and dicloxacillin]. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HS who receive biologic therapy have long preceding treatment histories with multiple drug classes and treatment series, many of which are supported by relatively weak evidence in HS. Delay in the initiation of biologic therapy may represent a missed opportunity to prevent disease progression. What is already known about this topic? The treatment journey leading to biologic therapy in patients with HS has not previously been investigated. What does this study add? Our data from 225 patients with HS illustrate that patients who receive biologic therapy have long preceding treatment histories with multiple drug classes and treatment series, many of which are supported by relatively weak evidence in HS.

Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes of Chronic Urticaria: Two-year Follow-up Results from the Scandinavian AWARE Study.

The AWARE (A World-wide Antihistamine-Refractory chronic urticaria patient Evaluation) study investigated outcomes in patients with chronic urticaria refractory to H1-antihistamine. The objective of the current study was to analyse the effects of treatment on patients' symptoms and quality of life for a period of up to 2 years. Over the 2 years, there was clear improvement in the high rates of disease burden from baseline, as evidenced by lower scores for disease severity scales, better quality of life, and a decreasing rate of medical resource utilization. However, this is the result of treatment adherence to the guidelines in highly specialized Scandinavian urticaria centres, and has its basis in the relatively low treatment intensity and control at enrolment. There is a need for greater adherence to the treatment guidelines and better management of antihistamine-refractory chronic urticaria.

Sex-associated Risk Factors for Co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea among Patients Presenting to a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic.

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients co-infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea. A retrospective case-control study was performed, which included 399 co-infected patients seen at a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Copenhagen, Denmark. Case-control groups included 300 patients who tested positive only for N. gonorrhoea, 300 who tested positive only for C. trachomatis, and 300 who tested negative for both N. gonorrhoea and C. trachomatis in the same study period. For men, non-Danish origin (odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.34-4.12), previous sexually transmitted infections with C . trachomatis (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.94-5.92) and N. gonorrhoea (OR 10.6, 95% CI 6.36-17.76), and higher number of sex partners (OR 1.7, 95% Cl 1.40-2.28) were significantly associated with diagnosis of co-infection. For women, previous sexually transmitted infections with C. trachomatis (OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.89-11.78) and N. gonorrhoea (OR 10.4, 95% CI 4.99-21.71), and higher number of sex partners (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.28-2.56) were significantly associated with a diagnosis of co-infection, whereas being of non-Danish origin was, in some cases, a protective factor (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.17-0.69). Furthermore, this study demonstrated sex-associated characteristics that should raise concern about co- infection, including: for men, being of non-Danish origin, men who have sex with men status, and higher age, and, for women, young age, in particular, and previous sexually transmitted infections.

Management of Ocular Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis: A Consensus Meeting Using a Modified Delphi Process.

There is a need for unified guidance on the management of ocular manifestations of atopic dermatitis and ocular manifestations associated with dupilumab in the Nordic region (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden). This initiative gathered Nordic dermatologists and ophthalmologists to identify consensus in this area using a modified Delphi process. The initiative was led by a Nordic expert panel who developed a questionnaire that was circulated to a wider group. The results informed an agenda consisting of 24 statements to be voted on using a 5-point Likert scale at a meeting in Copenhagen on 24 April 2019. A facilitator moderated discussion and revised statements according to expert feedback for a second vote when required to reach consensus. Consensus was reached for 23 statements regarding the diagnosis, treatment and referral of these patients, which we hope will improve patient management in the Nordic region.

Emerging Terbinafine Resistance in Trichophyton: Clinical Characteristics, Squalene Epoxidase Gene Mutations, and a Reliable EUCAST Method for Detection.

In recent years, cases involving terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton isolates have been reported increasingly, particularly in India. We present 14 cases of terbinafine treatment failure in Trichophyton-infected Danish patients due to acquired resistance. Patients infected with Trichophyton rubrum (n = 12) or Trichophyton interdigitale (n = 2) with elevated terbinafine MICs during 2013-2018 were included. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed following a modified EUCAST E.Def 9.3.1 method (5 days of incubation) with or without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (CC) supplementation of the growth medium. The squalene epoxidase (SE) target gene was sequenced, and 3-dimensional enzyme homology modeling was performed. Most patients (12/14 [86%]) were male. The mean age was 53.5 years (range, 11 to 77 years). The mean duration of infections was 4.8 years at the time of resistance detection. Prior systemic terbinafine treatment was documented for all patients, and topical therapy for 62% (information was missing in one case). Overall, nine isolates (64%) displayed high terbinafine resistance (MICs, 4 to >8 mg/liter), while two (14%) displayed moderate (MICs, 1 to 2 mg/liter) and three (21%) displayed low (MICs, 0.125 to 0.25 mg/liter) terbinafine resistance compared with control isolates. MICs generated with or without CC supplementation were similar, but CC prevented contamination. Known and novel SE amino acid substitutions (F397L, L393F, L393S, F415S, H440Y F484Y, and I121M V237I) were detected in resistant but not control isolates. Three-dimensional homology modeling suggested a role of the novel I121M and V237I alterations. Terbinafine resistance has been detected in Denmark using a modified EUCAST method, which facilitated susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. Action is needed for this emerging public health problem.

A long-term follow-up study of the Hand Eczema Trial (HET): a randomized clinical trial of a secondary preventive programme introduced to Danish healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND: Preventive skin care programmes have shown beneficial effects on the prevalence and severity of hand eczema, but most trials only report short-term outcomes. One such trial was the randomized Hand Eczema Trial (HET, 2009) investigating the effects of a secondary prevention programme in healthcare workers. Positive results have been reported at 5-month follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To examine the long-term (42-47 months) effects of the HET. METHODS: The present study was a follow-up questionnaire study on the effect of the intervention. Outcomes were the presence and severity of hand eczema, health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), skin protective behaviour, and knowledge of skin protection. A supplementary outcome was general improvement/worsening of hand eczema. RESULTS: Comparison of the outcomes at follow-up showed no marked differences between the two groups. General improvement was reported by 70% in the intervention group and by 54% in the control group (p = 0.25). A small, statistically significant improvement was found regarding HR-QoL in the intervention group only (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of an intervention that is effective after 5 months is attenuated over time, with no long-term effect on the outcomes examined. We suggest that skin care education should be repeated at regular intervals.

Institutional review boards' attitudes towards remuneration in paediatric research: Ethical considerations.

Remuneration in paediatric research poses an ethical dilemma. Too large a sum might cause parents to enrol their children in research projects with no benefit for the child, whereas too modest a sum might hamper recruitment. The institutional review boards have the responsibility to only approve remuneration in paediatric trials with ethically sound research plans. However, little is known about which factors influence institutional review boards' evaluation of remuneration in paediatric research.

Asthma affects time to pregnancy and fertility: a register-based twin study.

Coexistence of infertility and asthma has been observed clinically. Therefore, we investigated the association between asthma and delayed pregnancy in a nationwide population-based cohort of twins. A cohort of 15 250 twins living in Denmark (aged 12-41 years) participated in a questionnaire study including questions about the presence of asthma and fertility. Differences in time to pregnancy and pregnancy outcome were analysed in subjects with asthma, allergy and in healthy individuals using multiple regression analysis. Asthma was associated with an increased time to pregnancy, the percentage of asthmatics with a time to pregnancy >1 year was 27% versus 21.6% for non-asthmatics (OR (95% CI) 1.31 (1.1-1.6); p=0.009). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, age at menarche, body mass index and socioeconomic status (OR (95% CI) 1.25 (1.0-1.6); p=0.05), and was more pronounced in those >30 years of age (32.2% versus 24.9%, OR (95% CI) 1.44 (1.1-1.9); p=0.04). Untreated asthmatics had a significant increased risk of prolonged time to pregnancy compared to healthy individuals (OR (95% CI) 1.79 (1.20-2.66); p=0.004), while asthmatics receiving any kind of treatment for asthma tended to have a shorter time to pregnancy than untreated asthmatics (OR 1.40; p=0.134). Asthma prolongs time to pregnancy. The negative effect of asthma on fertility increases with age and with disease intensity, indicating that a systemic disease characterised by systemic inflammation also can involve reproductive processes.