Epithelial lining fluid concentrations of ceftriaxone in children with community-acquired pneumonia.

Ceftriaxone is widely used in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Currently, there are no available data regarding epithelial lining fluid (ELF) concentrations of ceftriaxone in children. Thus, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids samples were collected by using an opportunistic sampling design, then we determined plasma and ELF concentrations in 22 children (0.5-11.7 years), with a total of 36 plasma and 22 ELF samples available for analysis. Ceftriaxone plasma and ELF concentrations ranged from 1.07 to 138.71 mg/L and from 0.61 to 26.69 mg/L, respectively. Ceftriaxone concentration in ELF was 12.18 ± 5.15 (mean ± standard deviation) times higher than that in plasma, ranging from 1.29 to 20.44.

Porcine Deltacoronavirus Enters Porcine IPI-2I Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Macropinocytosis and Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Dependent on pH and Dynamin.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission. Although extensive studies have been reported on the biology and pathogenesis of PDCoV, the mechanisms by which PDCoV enters cells are not well characterized. In this study, we investigated how PDCoV enters IPI-2I cells, a line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells derived from pig ileum. Immunofluorescence assays, small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference, specific pharmacological inhibitors, and dominant negative mutation results revealed that PDCoV entry into IPI-2I cells depended on clathrin, dynamin, and a low-pH environment but was independent of caveolae. Specific inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) revealed that PDCoV entry involves macropinocytosis and depends on NHE rather than on PI3K. Additionally, Rab5 and Rab7, but not Rab11, regulated PDCoV endocytosis. This is the first study to demonstrate that PDCoV uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis as alternative endocytic pathways to enter porcine intestinal epithelial cells. We also discussed the entry pathways of PDCoV into other porcine cell lines. Our findings reveal the entry mechanisms of PDCoV and provide new insight into the PDCoV life cycle. IMPORTANCE An emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, PDCoV, has the potential for cross-species transmission, attracting extensive attenuation. Characterizing the detailed process of PDCoV entry into cells will deepen our understanding of the viral infection and pathogenesis and provide clues for therapeutic intervention against PDCoV. With the objective, we used complementary approaches to dissect the process in PDCoV-infected IPI-2I cells, a line of more physiologically relevant intestinal epithelial cells to PDCoV infection in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that PDCoV enters IPI-2I cells via macropinocytosis, which does not require a specific receptor, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which requires a low-pH environment and dynamin, while a caveola-mediated endocytic pathway is used by PDCoV to enter swine testicular (ST) cells and porcine kidney (LLC-PK1) cells. These findings provide a molecular detail of the cellular entry pathways of PDCoV and may direct us toward novel antiviral drug development.

Porcine Deltacoronavirus nsp5 Cleaves DCP1A To Decrease Its Antiviral Activity.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. The nonstructural protein nsp5, also called 3C-like protease, is responsible for processing viral polyprotein precursors in coronavirus (CoV) replication. Previous studies have shown that PDCoV nsp5 cleaves the NF-κB essential modulator and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 to disrupt interferon (IFN) production and signaling, respectively. Whether PDCoV nsp5 also cleaves IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN-induced antiviral effector molecules, remains unclear. In this study, we screened 14 classical ISGs and found that PDCoV nsp5 cleaved the porcine mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (pDCP1A) through its protease activity. Similar cleavage of endogenous pDCP1A was also observed in PDCoV-infected cells. PDCoV nsp5 cleaved pDCP1A at glutamine 343 (Q343), and the cleaved pDCP1A fragments, pDCP1A1-343 and pDCP1A344-580, were unable to inhibit PDCoV infection. Mutant pDCP1A-Q343A, which resists nsp5-mediated cleavage, exhibited a stronger ability to inhibit PDCoV infection than wild-type pDCP1A. Interestingly, the Q343 cleavage site is highly conserved in DCP1A homologs from other mammalian species. Further analyses demonstrated that nsp5 encoded by seven tested CoVs that can infect human or pig also cleaved pDCP1A and human DCP1A, suggesting that DCP1A may be the common target for cleavage by nsp5 of mammalian CoVs.IMPORTANCE Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) induction through IFN signaling is important to create an antiviral state and usually directly inhibits virus infection. The present study first demonstrated that PDCoV nsp5 can cleave mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (DCP1A) to attenuate its antiviral activity. Furthermore, cleaving DCP1A is a common characteristic of nsp5 proteins from different coronaviruses (CoVs), which represents a common immune evasion mechanism of CoVs. Previous evidence showed that CoV nsp5 cleaves the NF-κB essential modulator and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2. Taken together, CoV nsp5 is a potent IFN antagonist because it can simultaneously target different aspects of the host IFN system, including IFN production and signaling and effector molecules.

Interleukin Polymorphisms and Predisposition of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: It is plausible that interleukin polymorphisms may affect predisposition of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the results of so far published studies remain controversial. OBJECTIVES: The authors conducted this meta-analysis to clarify relationships between interleukin-1 (IL-1)/interleukin-4 (IL-4)/interleukin-6 (IL-6)/interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms and SLE by pooling the findings of eligible studies. METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CNKI was endorsed by the authors to identify already published studies. Fifty-seven studies were found to be eligible for meta-analyses. RESULTS: The overall pooled meta-analyses yielded positive findings for IL-1A -889 C/T, IL-1B -31 T/C, IL-6 -174 G/C, IL-4 -590 C/T, and IL-10 -1,082 A/G polymorphisms. In addition, we also detected similar positive findings for IL-1B -511 C/T, IL-4 -590 C/T, IL-10 -592 A/C, IL-10 -819 C/T, and IL-10 -1,082 A/G polymorphisms in Asians, and such positive findings were also observed for IL-1A -889 C/T, IL-6 -174 G/C, and IL-10 -1,082 A/G polymorphisms in Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analyses' results suggest that IL-1A -889 C/T, IL-1B -31 T/C, IL-6 -174 G/C, IL-4 -590 C/T, and IL-10 -1,082 A/G polymorphisms might affect predisposition of SLE.

Optimal Dosing of Ceftriaxone in Infants Based on a Developmental Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis.

Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin used to treat infants with community-acquired pneumonia. Currently, there is a large variability in the amount of ceftriaxone used for this purpose in this particular age group, and an evidence-based optimal dose is still unavailable. Therefore, we investigated the population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in infants and performed a developmental pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis to determine the optimal dose of ceftriaxone for the treatment of infants with community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective, open-label pharmacokinetic study of ceftriaxone was conducted in infants (between 1 month and 2 years of age), adopting an opportunistic sampling strategy to collect blood samples and applying high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify ceftriaxone concentrations. Developmental population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) software. Sixty-six infants were included, and 169 samples were available for pharmacokinetic analysis. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination matched the data best. Covariate analysis elucidated that age and weight significantly affected ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics. According to the results of a Monte Carlo simulation, with a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target of a free drug concentration above the MIC during 70% of the dosing interval (70% fT>MIC), regimens of 20 mg/kg of body weight twice daily for infants under 1 year of age and 30 mg/kg twice daily for those older than 1 year of age were suggested. The population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone were established in infants, and evidence-based dosing regimens for community-acquired pneumonia were suggested based on developmental pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics.

Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of ceftriaxone for children with community-acquired pneumonia.

PURPOSE: To assess ceftriaxone population pharmacokinetics in a large pediatric population and describe the proper dose for establishing an optimized antibiotic regimen. METHODS: From pediatric patients using ceftriaxone, blood samples were obtained and the concentration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet detection. The NONMEM software program was used for population pharmacokinetic analysis, for which data from 99 pediatric patients (2 to 12 years old) was collected and 175 blood concentrations were obtained. RESULTS: The best fit with the data was shown by the one-compartment model with first-order elimination. According to covariate analysis, weight had a significant impact on the clearance of ceftriaxone. Using Monte Carlo simulation, in a pediatric population with community-acquired pneumonia, a dose regimen of 100 mg/kg every 24 h produced satisfactory target attainment rates while remaining within the required minimum inhibitory concentration (2 mg/L). CONCLUSION: Population pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone was evaluated in children and an optimum dosing regimen was constructed on the basis of the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics model-based approach.

Comparing public and private emergency departments in China: Early evidence from a national healthcare quality survey.

The number of private healthcare facilities has rapidly increased since the progressive open market policies, which began in the 1980s; however, little is known about the development of private emergency departments (EDs). This cross-sectional study was part of the National Control Information System (NCIS) project, which collects data annually from hospitals across China. Emergency services data were extracted and included location, infrastructure, human resources, beds, and number of patients; 4529 hospitals across 31 provinces in mainland China were eventually included, consisting of 988 private and 3541 public EDs. Evidence shows that most private EDs are located in central China, where local economies are relatively developed. Most private EDs (91.6%) are found in secondary hospitals but have significantly fewer beds and smaller workforces compared with public EDs. An imbalance of emergency medical resources was observed across China, and this disparity becomes even more profound in rural hospitals. These findings may initiate collaborative, public-private partnerships in emergency health services provision and suggest there is a need to offer tax breaks to incentivize investors, but further research is required. We may also need to rethink health insurance policies, which could enable more equitable access to private emergency care. Future planning and health policies must be based upon the strongest available evidence, if we are to address imbalanced health services distribution and growing demand.

LncRNA PANDAR is a Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Cancer: a Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence from recent studies has revealed the association of lncRNA PANDAR expression levels with outcomes in several types of cancer. However, inconsistent results have also been reported, which rationalized a meta-analysis of available data to analyze the prognostic value of lncRNA PANDAR. METHODS: From inception to May 26, 2018, electronic literature databases including PubMed (medline), the Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Springer, ISI Web of Knowledge, Wiley Online library, BioMed Central, and Embase were searched for literature collections. The hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were utilized to calculate pooled effect size. RESULTS: A total of 1,132 cancer patients were enrolled in the present meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value of PANDAR in various carcinomas. Promoted PANDAR expression was demonstrated to significantly predict unfavorable OS (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.12 - 2.80, p = 0.014) by the random effects model. According to the stratified analyses and meta-regression results, the heterogeneity of present analysis may be attributed to the differences of cancer resources. Furthermore, over-expression of PANDAR was revealed to be effectively predictive of cancer progression (HR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.41 - 2.05, p < 0.00001) and LNM (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.39 - 2.10, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicate that increased PANDAR is associated with poor OS in patients with general carcinomas and may serve as a useful clinical prognostic biomarker.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Ceftazidime in Infants.

Ceftazidime, a third-generation cephalosporin, can be used for the treatment of adults and children with infections due to susceptible bacteria. To date, the pediatric pharmacokinetic data are limited in infants, and therefore we aimed to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in infants and to define the appropriate dose to optimize ceftazidime treatment. Blood samples were collected from children treated with ceftazidime, and concentrations of the drug were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV). A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM software (version 7.2.0). Fifty-one infants (age range, 0.1 to 2.0 years) were included. Sparse pharmacokinetic samples (n = 90) were available for analysis. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination showed the best fit with the data. A covariate analysis identified that body weight and creatinine clearance (CLCR) were significant covariates influencing ceftazidime clearance. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that the currently used dosing regimen of 50 mg/kg twice daily was associated with a high risk of underdosing in infants. In order to reach the target of 70% of the time that the free antimicrobial drug concentration exceeds the MIC (fT>MIC), 25 mg/kg every 8 h (q8h) and 50 mg/kg q8h were required for MICs of 4 and 8 mg/liter, respectively. The population pharmacokinetic characteristics of ceftazidime were evaluated in infants. An evidence-based dosing regimen was established based on simulation.

Merazin hydrate produces rapid antidepressant effects by activating CaMKII to promote neuronal activities and proliferation in hippocampus.

In our previous studies, we demonstrated that merazin hydrate (MH) had rapid antidepressant effects, but the deep mechanism needed to be further investigated. In this study, we used depressive-like model, behavioral tests, molecular biology and pharmacological interventions to reveal the underlying mechanisms of MH's rapid antidepressants. We found that a single administration of MH was able to produce rapid antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) exposed mice at 1 day later, similar to ketamine. Moreover, MH could not only significantly up-regulated the expressions of cFOS, but also obviously increased the number of Ki67 positive cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Furthermore, we also found that the phosphorylated expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was significantly reduced by CUMS in hippocampus, which was also reversed by MH. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of CaMKII by using KN-93 (a CaMKII antagonist) blocked the MH's up-regulation of cFOS and Ki67 in hippocampal DG. To sum up, this study demonstrated that MH produced rapid antidepressant effects by activating CaMKII to promote neuronal activities and proliferation in hippocampus.

Surface-Phosphided Metal Oxide Microspheres as Catalytic Host of Sulfur to Enhance the Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are one of the most promising high-energy density secondary batteries due to their high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh kg-1. However, the sluggish kinetics and severe "shuttle effect" of polysulfides are the well-known barriers that hinder their practical applications. A carefully designed catalytic host of sulfur may be an effective strategy that not only accelerates the conversion of polysulfides but also limit their dissolution to mitigate the "shuttle effect." Herein, in situ surface-phosphided Ni0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O (p-NCMO) oxide microspheres are prepared via gas-phase phosphidation as a catalytic host of sulfur. The as-prepared unique heterostructured microspheres, with enriched surface-coated metal phosphide, exhibit superior synergistic effect of catalytic conversion and absorption of the otherwise soluble intermediate polysulfides. Correspondingly, the sulfur cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including a high initial discharge capacity (1162 mAh gs-1 at 0.1C), long cycling stability (491 mAh gs-1 after 1000 cycles at 1C), and excellent rate performance (565 mAh gs-1 at 5C). Importantly, the newly prepared sulfur cathode shows a high areal capacity of 4.0 mAh cm-2 and long cycle stability under harsh conditions (high sulfur loading of 5.3 mg cm-2 and lean electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 5.8 µL mg-1). This work proposes an effective strategy to develop the catalytic hosts of sulfur for achieving high-performance Li-S batteries via surface phosphidation.

Lancao decoction alleviates cognitive dysfunction: A new therapeutic drug and its therapeutic mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized primarily by the decline of learning and memory abilities. The physiological and pathological mechanisms of CD are very complex, which is mainly related to normal function of the hippocampus. Lancao decoction (LC) is a Chinese medicine formula, which has been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders. However, the potential of LC for the treatment of CD, as well as its underlying mechanisms, is unclear. PURPOSE: In the study, we aimed to reveal the functional and neuronal mechanisms of LC's treatments for CD in scopolamine-induced mice. METHODS: Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the stability of LC's extraction. CD model was established by the chronic induction of scopolamine (Scop, 1 mg/kg/day) for 1 week. Behavioral tests including morris water maze (MWM) and y-maze were used to evaluate learning and memory abilities of mice after LC's treatments. Immunofluorescence was used to detected the expressions of cFOS, Brdu and Ki67 after LC's treatments. Pharmacological blockade experiments explored the role of α-Amino-3­hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) in LC's treatments for CD and its relationships with regeneration, activities and differentiation of neurons. RESULTS: The results showed that LC was capable of improving spatial learning and memory and spontaneous alternating abilities in Scop-induced mice, which was similar to donepezil. LC could increase the number of cFOS positive cells, which was used as a marker of neuronal activity to upregulate by neuronal activities in hippocampus, but donepezil did not. Moreover, LC could strengthen neurogenesis and neuro-differentiation by increasing the number of Brdu and Ki67 positive cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), meanwhile, donepezil could only enhance the number of Ki67 positive cells. Transient inhibition of AMPAR by NBQX blunted the function of LC's treatment for CD and inhibited the enhanced effect of LC on Scop-induced hippocampal neuronal excitability and neurogenesis in mice. CONCLUSION: To sum up, our study demonstrated that LC had the function of treating CD by enhancing content of acetylcholine (ACh) to activate AMPAR, which further up-regulated neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation to strengthen neuroactivities in hippocampus.

Protein/polysaccharide-based hydrogels loaded probiotic-mediated therapeutic systems: A review.

The natural characteristics of protein/polysaccharide-based hydrogels, as a potential drug delivery platform, have attracted extensive attention. Probiotics have attracted renewed interest in drug research because of their beneficial effects on host health. The idea of using probiotics loaded on protein/polysaccharide-based hydrogels as potential drugs to treat different diseases has been put forward and shows great prospects. Based on this, in this review, we highlight the design strategy of hydrogels loaded probiotic-mediated therapy systems and review the potential diseases that have been proved to be treatable in the laboratory, including promoting wound healing and improving intestinal health and vaginal health, and discuss the challenges existing in the current design.

Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of UAP56 regulates the stability of UAP56.

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that plays pivotal roles during the cell cycle and cell proliferation. Although a number of important targets have been identified, the mechanism of Plk1-regulated pathways and the bulk of the Plk1 interactome are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Plk1 interacts with the DExH/D RNA helicase, UAP56. The protein levels of UAP56 and Plk1 are inversely correlated during the cell cycle. We also show that Plk1 phosphorylates UAP56 in vitro and in vivo and that Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of UAP56 triggers ubiquitination and degradation of UAP56 through proteasomes. This result suggests that Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of UAP56 regulates the stability of UAP56. Our results will be helpful in further understanding mRNA metabolism, cell cycle progression, and the link between mRNA metabolism and cellular function.

Induction and modulation of the unfolded protein response during porcine deltacoronavirus infection.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that has the potential for cross-species infection. Many viruses have been reported to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). To date, little is known about whether and, if so, how the UPR is activated by PDCoV infection. Here, we investigated the activation state of UPR pathways and their effects on viral replication during PDCoV infection. We found that PDCoV infection induced ERS and activated all three known UPR pathways (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 [IRE1], activating transcription factor 6 [ATF6], and PKR-like ER kinase [PERK]), as demonstrated by IRE1-mediated XBP1 mRNA cleavage and increased mRNA expression of XBP1s, ATF4, CHOP, GADD34, GRP78, and GRP94, as well as phosphorylated eIF2α expression. Through pharmacologic treatment, RNA interference, and overexpression experiments, we confirmed the negative role of the PERK-eIF2α pathway and the positive regulatory role of the ATF6 pathway, but found no obvious effect of IRE1 pathway, on PDCoV replication. Taken together, our results characterize, for the first time, the state of the ERS response during PDCoV infection and identify the PERK and ATF6 pathways as potential antiviral targets.

Serological AFP/Golgi protein 73 could be a new diagnostic parameter of hepatic diseases.

We have investigated the changing rule of serum form of GP73 (sGP73) in different hepato-pathologic processes and identified the sGP73 role in inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis since sGP73 has been regarded as a candidate tumor marker. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected sGP73 in 535 subjects with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver cirrhosis (LC), hepatitis, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), angioma, intra-hepatic cholangio-carcinoma (ICC) and metastatic cancer from adenocarcinomas (MC). Median sGP73 in LC was higher than in HCC and hepatitis (p = 0.001), and sGP73 in all three groups were higher than those in healthy individuals (p < 0.001); sGP73 in LC patients with Child-Pugh class A was lower than in class B and C (p = 0.001), no significant difference was found between early and advanced HCC groups (110.4 µg/L vs. 102.8 µg/L). AFP/GP73 had a sensitivity of 75.8% and specificity of 79.7% with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 0.844 vs. 0.812 for AFP (p = 0.055) with a sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 47.1%; in detecting early HCC, AUROC of AFP/GP73 was 0. 804 vs. 0.766 for AFP (p = 0.086). sGP73 correlated with AST, AST/ALT, ALB, A/G and ALP in LC. The positive rate of sGP73 in angioma, FNH, ICC, and MC was 0, 50, 63.3, 53.3%, respectively; AFP/GP73 was 0.796 with the sensitivity of 81.4% and specificity of 70.0% when differentiating MC from AFP-negative HCC. Increased sGP73 is related to hepatic impairment and chronic fibrosis, and when combined with AFP could improve the differential diagnosis of hepatic diseases.

Serum microRNA characterization identifies miR-885-5p as a potential marker for detecting liver pathologies.

Circulating miRNAs (microRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for several pathological conditions, and the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using serum miRNAs as biomarkers for liver pathologies. Real-time qPCR (quantitative PCR)-based TaqMan MicroRNA arrays were first employed to profile miRNAs in serum pools from patients with HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) or LC (liver cirrhosis) and from healthy controls. Five miRNAs (i.e. miR-885-5p, miR-574-3p, miR-224, miR-215 and miR-146a) that were up-regulated in the HCC and LC serum pools were selected and further quantified using real-time qPCR in patients with HCC, LC, CHB (chronic hepatitis B) or GC (gastric cancer) and in normal controls. The present study revealed that more than 110 miRNA species in the serum samples and wide distribution ranges of serum miRNAs were observed. The levels of miR-885-5p were significantly higher in sera from patients with HCC, LC and CHB than in healthy controls or GC patients. miR-885-5p yielded an AUC [the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve] of 0.904 [95% CI (confidence interval), 0.837-0.951, P<0.0001) with 90.53% sensitivity and 79.17% specificity in discriminating liver pathologies from healthy controls, using a cut off value of 1.06 (normalized). No correlations between increased miR-885-5p and liver function parameters [AFP (α-fetoprotein), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and GGT (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase)] were observed in patients with liver pathologies. In summary, miR-885-5p is significantly elevated in the sera of patients with liver pathologies, and our data suggest that serum miRNAs could serve as novel complementary biomarkers for the detection and assessment of liver pathologies.

Malignant transformation of 293 cells induced by ectopic expression of human Nanog.

Tumor development has long been known to resemble abnormal embryogenesis. The ESC self-renewal gene NANOG is purportedly expressed in some epithelial cancer cells and solid tumors, but a casual role in tumor development has remained unclear. In order to more comprehensively elucidate the relationship between human Nanog and tumorigenesis, the hNanog was ectopically expressed in the 293 cell line to investigate its potential for malignant transformation of cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here we provide compelling evidence that the overexpression of hNanog resulted in increased cell proliferation, anchor-independent growth in soft agar, and formation of tumors after subcutaneous injection of athymic nude mice. Pathologic analysis revealed that these tumors were poorly differentiated. In analysis of the underlying molecular mechanism, two proteins, FAK and Ezrin, were identified to be upregulated in the hNanog expressing 293 cells. Our results demonstrate that hNanog is a potent human oncogene and has the ability to induce cellular transformation of human cells.

Construction, Characterization and Application of Recombinant Porcine Deltacoronavirus Expressing Nanoluciferase.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes diarrhoea in suckling piglets and has the potential for cross-species transmission. No effective PDCoV vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available. Here, we successfully generated an infectious clone of PDCoV strain CHN-HN-2014 using a combination of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based reverse genetics system with a one-step homologous recombination. The recued virus (rCHN-HN-2014) possesses similar growth characteristics to the parental virus in vitro. Based on the established infectious clone and CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a PDCoV reporter virus expressing nanoluciferase (Nluc) was constructed by replacing the NS6 gene. Using two drugs, lycorine and resveratrol, we found that the Nluc reporter virus exhibited high sensibility and easy quantification to rapid antiviral screening. We further used the Nluc reporter virus to test the susceptibility of different cell lines to PDCoV and found that cell lines derived from various host species, including human, swine, cattle and monkey enables PDCoV replication, broadening our understanding of the PDCoV cell tropism range. Taken together, our reporter viruses are available to high throughput screening for antiviral drugs and uncover the infectivity of PDCoV in various cells, which will accelerate our understanding of PDCoV.

Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Amoxicillin in Chinese Infants.

Amoxicillin is used to treat various bacterial infections (eg, pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis) in infants. Despite its frequent use, there is a lack of population pharmacokinetic studies in infants, resulting in a substantial variability in dosing regimens used in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous amoxicillin in infants and suggest an optimal dosage regimen. Blood samples were collected for the determination of amoxicillin concentrations using an opportunistic sampling strategy. The amoxicillin plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM. A total of 62 pharmacokinetic samples from 47 infants (age range, 0.09 to 2.0 years) were available for analysis. A 2-compartment model with first-order elimination was most suitable to describe the population pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin, and covariate analysis showed that only current body weight was a significant covariate. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that the currently used dosage regimen (25 mg/kg twice daily) resulted in only 22.4% of infants reaching their pharmacodynamic target, using a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) break point of 2 mg/L, whereas a dosage regimen (60 mg/kg thrice daily), as supported by the British National Formulary for Children, resulted in 80.9% of infants achieving their pharmacodynamic target. It is recommended to change antibiotics for infections caused by Escherichia coli (MIC = 8.0 mg/L) because only 27.9% of infants reached target using 60 mg/kg thrice daily.