Three new sesquiterpene polyol esters from Celastrus angulatus.

Three new sesquiterpene polyol ester compounds angulatins S-U, together with three known compounds were isolated from Celastrus angulatus Maxim. According to mainly 1D NMR and 2D NMR analysis, the structures of the new compounds were completely determined as angulatin S (1ß-furoyloxy-2ß,8α-diisobutanoyloxy-9ß-benzoyloxy-15-acetoxy-4α,6α-dihydroxy-ß-dihydroagarofuran), angulatin T (1ß,2ß,6α-triacetoxy-8ß,15-diisobutanoyloxy-9α-benzoyloxy-ß-dihydroagrofuran), and angulatin U (1ß,6α,15-triacetoxy-8ß-isobutanoyloxy-9α-benzoyloxy-ß-dihydroagarofuran).

Preparation of Boronic Acid-Functionalized Silica Nanocomposites for Selective Enrichment of Glycoproteins.

A facile method was developed for synthesis of boronic acid-functionalized silica nanocomposites (SiO2 -BA) by 'thiol-ene' click reaction, where silica nanoparticles were synthesized by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and γ-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (γ-MPTS) as precursors. The morphology and structure properties of the resultant SiO2 -BA were characterized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurements (BET). The adsorption behavior of the SiO2 -BA for glycoproteins was evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the SiO2 -BA exhibited higher adsorption capacity towards glycoproteins (ovalbumin, OVA, 7.64 µmol/g) than non-glycoproteins (bovine serum albumin, BSA, 0.83 µmol/g). In addition, the practicality of the SiO2 -BA was further assessed by selective enrichment of glycoproteins from egg white samples.

Two new sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids from root barks of Celastrus angulatus.

Two new sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids, Chinese bittersweet alkaloid A (1) and Chinese bittersweet alkaloid B (2), together with five known compounds 3ß- hydroxyolean-9(11),12-diene, ß-sitosterol, 1ß,2ß,6α,15ß-tetraacetoxy-8ß,9α- dibenzoyloxy-ß-dihydroagarofuran, angulatin A and angulatin J, were isolated from the root barks of Celastrus angulatus. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as 1ß,6α,8ß,9ß-tetraacetoxy-2ß,4α-dihydroxy-15ß-isobutanoyloxy-(3,12)-evoninoyloxy-ß-dihydroagarofuran and 1ß,2ß,6α,8ß,9ß-pentaacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-15ß- isobutanoyloxy- (3,12)- evoninoyloxy-ß-dihydroagarofuran mainly by NMR spectroscopic means.

miR-101a targeting EZH2 promotes the differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells.

miR-101a promotes the differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs), as we previously reported, but the underpinning mechanism remains to be illuminated. In this study, we predicted the target gene of miR-101a by employing online softwares PicTar, TargetScan and miRanda, and found that enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) was targeted by miR-101a. Further we identified that EZH2 contained miR-101a binding sites at its 3'UTR by using the dual-luciferase reporter assay system. In addition, we showed that during SMSC differentiation, the downregulated levels of EZH2 mRNA and protein were accompanied by increasing miR-101a expression via qRT-PCR and Western blot. Additionally, the expression of EZH2 significantly increased (P<0.01) when miR-101a was suppressed, whereas overexpressing miR-101a almost had no effect on EZH2 expression (P>0.05). These data demonstrated that miR-101a promotes SMSC differentiation directly through EZH2, which provides a theoretical reference for further elucidating the mechanism of miR-101a in SMSC differentiation.

Extracellular α-synuclein--a possible initiator of inflammation in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the loss of dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies which contain high levels of α-synuclein. Although the causative factors of PD remain unclear, the progression of PD is accompanied by a highly localized inflammatory response mediated by reactive microglia. Recently, attention has focused on the relationship between α-synuclein and microglial activation. This review examines the role of α-synuclein on microglia in PD pathogenesis and progression, we also discuss the way of α-synuclein induced microglial activation.

[Helminth Infections in Goats in Nimu County of Tibet].

Postmortem examinations were made in 99 goats in Nimu County of Tibe, and parasites were collected and identified based on morphology. The collected parasites were categorized, and infection status was analyzed. The helminth infection rate was 100% among the goats, and all showed a pattern of mixed infection. The identified parasites belonged to 21 species, 15 genera, and 9 families. The Trichuris genus（36.4%） was the most prevailing among nematodes in the gastrointestinal tract; Paramphistomum cervi（60.6%） and Paramphistomum gotoi（60.6%） were predominant among trematodes detected; Cysticercus tenuicollis（52.5%） was the predominant cestode detected; and Orientobilharzia turkestanicum was the major parasite detected in the portal vein (69.7%).

Organocatalytic Enantioselective Chloroiminocyclization for the Synthesis of Imidazoline.

Imidazoline is an important scaffold in organic synthesis and a pharmacophore in medicinal chemistry. We apply basic imines as nucleophiles for the catalytic asymmetric chloroiminocyclization to furnish tetrasubstituted stereocenter-containing imidazolines in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The reaction can be conducted in the polar solvent acetonitrile under concentrated reaction conditions.

BMP-7 attenuates TGF-ß1-induced fibroblast-like differentiation of rat dermal papilla cells.

Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) show phenotypic plasticity during wound healing. The multipotency of DPCs is well recognized, but the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of these cells into fibroblasts are poorly understood. A preliminary experiment showed that transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-ß1) can induce DPCs to differentiate into fibroblast-like cells, which suggests that DPCs may be a source of wound-healing fibroblasts. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7), a member of the TGF-ß superfamily, can prevent and reverse fibrosis by counteracting the TGF-ß1-mediated profibrotic effect. To determine whether BMP-7 attenuates the TGF-ß1-induced differentiation of DPCs into fibroblasts, we established an in vitro system for DPC differentiation and recorded the gene expression patterns that distinguished DPCs from fibroblasts. The proportion of fibroblast-like cells was significantly enhanced in DPCs treated with TGF-ß1, as evidenced by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. BMP-7 and TGF-ß1 administration substantially decreased fibroblast-like differentiation, indicating inhibition of TGF-ß1-induced differentiation. The antagonistic BMP-7- and TGF-ß1-activated signaling pathways can be used to promote wound healing or suppress hypertrophic scarring.

[Effects of selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor on expression of aquaporin 5 in airway mucus hypersecretion model of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor and observe its effects on the in vitro expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in a rat model of airway mucus hypersecretion. METHODS: Forty healthy male rats were randomized into 4 groups (n = 10 each). The normal control and drug control groups underwent normal saline aerosol inhalation or YM976 lavage respectively for 12 days while the model and treatment groups acrolein atomization inhalation or acrolein atomization inhalation plus YM976 lavage respectively for 12 days. The middle lobe of right lung were fixed, embedded and stained by hematoxylin and eosin to observe the histological changes of small airway. The mucin secretion by goblet cells in lung tissue was tested by alcian blue staining. And the effects of selective PDE4 inhibitor on the expression of AQP5 were detected by immunohistochemical stain. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to determine the levels of AQP5 mRNA and protein. RESULTS: In the treatment group, mucus gland hyperplasia and airway mucus hypersecretion and positive staining area ratio of alcian blue staining decreased significantly compared with the model group (10.23% ± 0.94% vs 14.74% ± 1.06%, P < 0.05). And the expression of AQP5 mRNA (1.26 ± 0.19) and protein (0.56 ± 0.13) also declined significantly versus the model group ((0.96 ± 0.17), (0.43 ± 0.15), P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Selective PDE4 inhibitors alleviate the pathological damage of lung tissue and enhance the expression of AQP-5 in airway mucus hypersecretion.

Anti-apoptotic effect of HeidihuangWan in renal tubular epithelial cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Heidihuang Wan (HDHW) is a classic Chinese herbal formula, which was first recorded in the "Suwen Bingji Qiyi Baoming Collection" written by Liu Wansu during the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234 AD). It is commonly used clinically for the treatment of kidney diseases and its curative effect is stable. Previous animal experiments have confirmed that HDHW can effectively improve renal fibrosis. However, the underlying pharmacological mechanism remains unclear. AIMS OF THIS STUDY: Renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) apoptosis is one of the main pathological features of renal fibrosis. This study aimed to observe the effect and underlying mechanism of HDHW on the apoptosis of RTECs to further explore the pathological mechanism of HDHW against renal fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the HDHW composition in rat serum. In vitro, we first screened out the optimal intervention concentration of HDHW on RTECs using the MTT assay. Hypoxia/reoxygenation was then used to induce apoptosis of RTECs (H/R-RTECs), which were divided into H/R-RTEC, astragaloside IV (positive control), HDHW, and RTECs groups. After 48 h of drug intervention, apoptosis of RTECs was detected using flow cytometry and protein expression was detected by western blotting. The 5/6 nephrectomy rat model was constructed and divided into the normal control, 5/6 nephrectomy, HDHW, and astragaloside IV groups. After 8 weeks of treatment, TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis, and western blotting was used to detect protein expression. RESULTS: HDHW downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase3, up-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, and reversed the early apoptosis of RTECs, thereby resisting the apoptosis of RTECs. CONCLUSION: HDHW inhibits apoptosis of RTECs by modulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This study provides experimental evidence for the anti-fibrotic effect of HDHW on the kidneys and partially elucidates its pharmacological mechanism of action.

Cellular senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells in renal fibrosis.

Renal fibrosis (RF) is the common pathological manifestation of virtually all chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), but the pathogenesis of which is still unclear. Renal tubulointerstitial lesions have been identified as a key pathological hallmark of RF pathology. Renal tubular epithelial cells are the resident cells of the tubulointerstitium and play an important role in kidney recovery versus renal fibrosis following injury. Studies in recent years have shown that senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells can accelerate the progression of renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress(OS), telomere attrition and DNA damage are the major causes of renal tubular epithelial cell senescence. Current interventions and therapeutic strategies for cellular senescence include calorie restriction and routine exercise, Klotho, senolytics, senostatics, and other related drugs. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms and the key signaling pathways including Wnt/ß-catenin/RAS, Nrf2/ARE and STAT-3/NF-κB pathway involved in renal tubular epithelial cell senescence in RF and therapies targeting renal tubular epithelial cell senescence future therapeutic potential for RF patients. These findings may offer promise for the further treatment of RF and CKD.

[Research Progress of SOA Formation from Anthropogenic VOCs Under Complex Pollution Condition].

Although the air quality in China has been greatly improved in recent years, the air pollution remains severe. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations have not met the second grade of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards in China and are still much higher than the guideline value of the World Health Organization. Thus, the PM2.5 concentration needs to be further reduced. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important component of PM2.5 and has an important impact on air quality, global climate change, and human health. Therefore, understanding the formation mechanism of SOA is an important basis to control SOA and further reduce PM2.5. As an important precursor of SOA, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be oxidized by oxidants such as ·OH, NO3[KG-*2/3]·, Cl·, and O3 to generate low volatile organic compounds and further to form SOA through gas-particle partitioning, homogeneous nucleation, aqueous phase reaction, and heterogeneous reaction processes. The formation of SOA can be affected by many factors, such as the types and initial concentrations of VOCs, VOCs/NOx ratios, relative humidity (RH), temperature (T), seed aerosols, oxidants, aqueous phase process, and photochemical process. The observed SOA concentration is always underestimated by air quality models because a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of SOA chemical composition and formation mechanisms is still lacking, especially that under the highly complex air pollution conditions in China. Therefore, the formation mechanism and influencing factors of SOA under highly complex air pollution conditions have become an important concern in the field of atmospheric sciences. Recently, much laboratory work has focused on the formation of SOA under complex conditions. The research progress of SOA formation from different anthropogenic VOCs are reviewed here, and the methods used and the impact of different influencing factors on SOA formation are introduced. Finally, the key scientific issues that exist in the research of the SOA mechanism at present are put forward, and the future research direction is projected.

[Cloning and expression in follicle anagen of ILK gene in sheep].

Integrin linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffold protein, which plays important roles in hair follicle development. The cDNA sequence of novel ILK gene in sheep was cloned by PCR method and analyzed by bioinformatics. Tissue expression profiling in eight tissues and temporal profiling at different wool follicle anagen stages in skin was analyzed. The results showed that the whole open reading frame (ORF) of ILK gene was 1 359 bp in length, which encoded 452 amino acids. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the secondary structure of ILK gene was mainly made up of three ankyrin repeats and a kinase domain, and there were multiple phosphorylation and Protein Kinase C sites in this gene. The RT-PCR result confirmed that ILK mRNA was expressed in heart, liver, spleen, lung, skeletal muscle, skin, and small intestine, and the expression level was much higher in skin, spleen, and liver than others. The q-PCR analysis demonstrated that the ex-pression level of ILK was significantly increased from March to May (early follicle anagen initiation) in both sheep breeds, Chinese Merino and Kazakh sheep, and there were certain differences from June to October between the two breeds. The above results indicated that ILK gene may play key roles in regulating secondary follicle growth.

[Magnetic resonance spectroscopy-guided stereotactic biopsy for brain lesion].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) image in stereotactic biopsy for brain lesion. METHODS: From April 2008 to April 2010, 126 cases (72 male and 54 female, aged from 10 to 82 years, mean 45 years) of brain lesion which were difficult to diagnose were divided into two groups by random number table, 62 cases were executed for MRI-guided frameless stereotactic biopsy (MRI group), 64 cases were executed for MRI and MRS-guided frameless stereotactic biopsy (MRS group). Operation used MRI and Three-dimensional MRS image to locate, and used frameless CAS-R-2 robots to carry out the positioning operating. RESULTS: No surgery-related deaths and infections. Pathological diagnosis was 106 cases of brain tumors, 6 cases of inflammatory disease, 4 cases of tumor-like demyelinating disease and multiple sclerosis, 3 cases of neurodegenerative disease, 7 cases failed to obtain positive pathological diagnosis. The total rate of positive diagnosis was 94.4%, the positive rate in MRS-guided stereotactic biopsy group was 98.4% (63/64), the positive rate of conventional MRI-guided biopsy group was 90.3% (56/62), and there was statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ(2) = 3.92, P = 0.047). Four cases presented with postoperative complications, the complication rate was 3.2% (4/126); the complications were cerebral hemorrhage associated with aphasia, epilepsy, subcutaneous hematoma, gastrointestinal bleeding, which were improved after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MRS-guided stereotactic biopsy group has a higher positive rate than MRI-guided stereotactic biopsy group, indicating that this method can improve the positive rate of diagnosis, and thus will help to formulate treatment plan for brain lesion.

[Experimental study of angiography using vascular interventional robot-2(VIR-2)].

OBJECTIVE: To verify the feasibility and safety of new vascular interventional robot system used in vascular interventional procedures. METHODS: Vascular interventional robot type-2 (VIR-2) included master-slave parts of body propulsion system, image navigation systems and force feedback system, the catheter movement could achieve under automatic control and navigation, force feedback was integrated real-time, followed by in vitro pre-test in vascular model and cerebral angiography in dog. Surgeon controlled vascular interventional robot remotely, the catheter was inserted into the intended target, the catheter positioning error and the operation time would be evaluated. RESULTS: In vitro pre-test and animal experiment went well; the catheter can enter any branch of vascular. Catheter positioning error was less than 1 mm. The angiography operation in animal was carried out smoothly without complication; the success rate of the operation was 100% and the entire experiment took 26 and 30 minutes, efficiency was slightly improved compared with the VIR-1, and the time what staff exposed to the DSA machine was 0 minute. The resistance of force sensor can be displayed to the operator to provide a security guarantee for the operation. No surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: VIR-2 is safe and feasible, and can achieve the catheter remote operation and angiography; the master-slave system meets the characteristics of traditional procedure. The three-dimensional image can guide the operation more smoothly; force feedback device provides remote real-time haptic information to provide security for the operation.

Heidihuangwan alleviates renal fibrosis in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy by inhibiting autophagy.

Renal fibrosis is a common pathway for the progression of various chronic kidney diseases (CKD), and the formation and deterioration will eventually lead to end-stage renal failure, which brings a heavy medical burden to the world. HeidihuangWan (HDHW) is a herbal formulation with stable and reliable clinical efficacy in the treatment of renal fibrosis. However, the mechanism of HDHW in treating renal fibrosis is not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of HDHW to improve renal fibrosis. Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal control group, 5/6 Nephrectomy group, astragaloside IV (AS-IV) group, HDHW group, and HDHW + IGF-1R inhibitor (JB1) group. Except for the normal control group, the rat renal fibrosis model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy and intervened with drugs for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected to evaluate renal function. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), Modified Masson's Trichrome (Masson) staining were used to evaluate the pathological renal injury, and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the protein expression of renal tissue. The results showed that HDHW was effective in improving renal function and reducing renal pathological damage. HDHW down-regulated the levels of fibrosis marker proteins, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin, and transforming growth factors-ß(TGF-ß), which in turn reduced renal fibrosis. Further studies showed that HDHW down-regulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin1 and LC3II, indicating that HDHW inhibited autophagy. In addition, we examined the activity of the class I phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (Akt)/mTOR pathway, an important signaling pathway regulating autophagy, and the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an upstream activator of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. HDHW upregulated the expression of IGF-1 and activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may be a vital pathway for its inhibition of autophagy. Application of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor further confirmed that the regulation of autophagy and renal fibrosis by HDHW was associated with IGF-1-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our study showed that HDHW inhibited autophagy by upregulating IGF-1 expression, promoting the binding of IGF-1 to IGF-1R, and activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby reducing renal fibrosis and protecting renal function. This study provides support for the application and further study of HDHW.

Two new sesquiterpene polyol esters from the root barks of Celastrus angulatus.

Angulatin F (1) and angulatin I (2), two new sesquiterpene polyol esters, were isolated from the root barks of Celastrus angulatus, together with six known compounds 1ß,2ß-diacetoxy-4α,6α-dihydroxy-8α-isobutanoyloxy-9ß-benzoyloxy-15-(α-methyl) butanoyloxy-ß-dihydroagrofuran (3), angulatin A (4), angulatin B (5), celangulatin E (6), 1ß,2ß,15-triacetoxy-4α,6α-dihydroxy-8α-isobutanoyloxy-9ß-benzoyloxy-ß-dihydroagrofuran (7), and celangulin I (8). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as 1ß,2ß,6α,15-tetraacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-8ß,9α-difuroyloxy-ß-dihydroagrofuran and 1ß,2ß,6α,8ß,15-pentaacetoxy-4α-hydroxy-9ß-furoyloxy-ß-dihydroagrofuran by spectroscopic means.

The essential roles of Mps1 in spermatogenesis and fertility in mice.

Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1), which plays a critical role in somatic mitosis, has also been revealed to be essential for meiosis I in oocytes. Spermatogenesis is an important process involving successive mitosis and meiosis, but the function of MPS1 in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here, we generated Mps1 conditional knockout mice and found that Ddx4-cre-driven loss of Mps1 in male mice resulted in depletion of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells and subsequently of differentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In addition, Stra8-cre-driven ablation of Mps1 in male mice led to germ cell loss and fertility reduction. Spermatocytes lacking Mps1 have blocked at the zygotene-to-pachytene transition in the prophase of meiosis I, which may be due to decreased H2B ubiquitination level mediated by MDM2. And the expression of many meiotic genes was decreased, while that of apoptotic genes was increased. Moreover, we also detected increased apoptosis in spermatocytes with Mps1 knockout, which may have been the reason why germ cells were lost. Taken together, our findings indicate that MPS1 is required for mitosis of gonocytes and spermatogonia, differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, and progression of meiosis I in spermatocytes.

[Clinical experience of stereotactic biopsy for the brain lesions].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the methodology of diversified advanced image-guided stereotactic biopsy for the brain lesions, and its diagnostic significance and experience in nervous system diseases. METHODS: Retrospectively reviewed 1187 cases of brain lesions underwent image-guided stereotactic biopsy from December 1987 to January 2009. There were 694 male (58.5%) and 493 female (41.5%) patients, aged from 1 to 85 years (average 39.7 years). There were 607 cases in CT-guided, including positron emission computed tomography (PET) guided stereotactic biopsy; 580 cases in MRI-guided, including proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) guided stereotactic biopsy. Routine frame was used in 726 cases and frameless stereotactic biopsy in 461 cases, including neuroendoscopic biopsy in 28 cases, guided by computer assisted surgery (CAS) computer-assistant robot. In the early 450 cases, CT/MRI images films were employed to measure the coordinates of the target by hand, while in the late 737 cases, computer-assistant planning software rebuilt the CT/MRI images and figured out the optimal neurosurgical path for biopsy. RESULTS: The positive diagnosis rate of biopsy was 97.4%, 983 (82.8%) cases were diagnosed pathologically as brain tumors, and 173 (14.6%) cases as non-tumor diseases. The tumors mainly including neuroglioma, metastatic tumor, primary central nervous system lymphoma and germ cell tumors. In non-tumor diseases, mainly including multiple sclerosis, tumefactive demyelinating lesion, neurodegenerative disease, inflammation and parasite. The biopsy operation caused small hematoma without neurological deficits in 20 cases (1.7%), and caused large hematoma (> 10 ml) which need neurosurgical treatment (catheterization or craniotomy evacuation of hematoma) in 9 cases (0.8%). Hemorrhage associated with biopsy caused 3 cases (0.3%) death. There were no severe intracranial infection cases. CONCLUSIONS: The stereotactic biopsy with advanced image-guided technique represents a safe, reliable and minimally invasive method for pathological diagnosis of intracranial lesions. Moreover, the developments of biochemical imaging gives a new concept to the stereotactic biopsy.

[Experimental study of angiography using vascular interventional robot].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of vascular interventional surgery by using vascular interventional robot system (VIRS). METHODS: VIRS included image navigation systems and body propulsion systems, and adopted a master-slave structure. The surgeon sat at the master site, sending controlling instructions to the robot fixed at the slave site, and then the robot translated these instructions into catheter motion. A 3D vascular model was reconstructed so that the surgeon can perform surgical planning easily. In glass model and animal experiments, the surgeon remotely controlled VIRS, which inserted a catheter into predefined targets, and the catheter positioning error and robotic surgery time were measured. RESULTS: The robot was initially tested on a glass vascular model. Under robotic manipulation, the catheter could enter an arbitrary branch of the vascular model. The catheter positioning error was less than 1 mm. Then robotic interventional surgery was performed successfully in ten adult dogs. The renal artery and the vertebral artery angiography carried out smoothly without complication. Experiment took 35 minutes, and the time what staff exposed to the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) machine was 0 minute. CONCLUSION: Vascular interventional surgical robot system is safe and feasible, and can achieve the catheter remote operation, meet the requirements of angiography basically.