RESUMO
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the species Enterovirus D in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. As an emerging non-polio enterovirus, EV-D68 is widely spread all over the world and causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses. Although the intrinsic restriction factors in the cell provide a frontline defense, the molecular nature of virus-host interactions remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that the major histocompatibility complex class II chaperone, CD74, inhibits EV-D68 replication in infected cells by interacting with the second hydrophobic region of 2B protein, while EV-D68 attenuates the antiviral role of CD74 through 3Cpro cleavage. 3Cpro cleaves CD74 at Gln-125. The equilibrium between CD74 and EV-D68 3Cpro determines the outcome of viral infection. IMPORTANCE As an emerging non-polio enterovirus, EV-D68 is widely spread all over the world and causes severe neurological and respiratory illnesses. Here, we report that CD74 inhibits viral replication in infected cells by targeting 2B protein of EV-D68, while EV-D68 attenuates the antiviral role of CD74 through 3Cpro cleavage. The equilibrium between CD74 and EV-D68 3Cpro determines the outcome of viral infection.
Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano D , Infecções por Enterovirus , Enterovirus , Humanos , Antígenos Virais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogenic agent of COVID-19, which has evolved into a global pandemic. Compared with some other respiratory RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is a poor inducer of type I interferon (IFN). Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 nsp12, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), suppresses host antiviral responses. SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 attenuated Sendai virus (SeV)- or poly(I:C)-induced IFN-ß promoter activation in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited IFN promoter activation triggered by RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and IRF3 overexpression. Nsp12 did not impair IRF3 phosphorylation but suppressed the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Mutational analyses suggested that this suppression was not dependent on the polymerase activity of nsp12. Given these findings, our study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 RdRp can antagonize host antiviral innate immunity and thus provides insights into viral pathogenesis.
Assuntos
COVID-19/metabolismo , RNA-Polimerase RNA-Dependente de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Proteína DEAD-box 58/genética , Proteína DEAD-box 58/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/genética , Interferon Tipo I/genética , Helicase IFIH1 Induzida por Interferon/genética , Helicase IFIH1 Induzida por Interferon/metabolismo , Interferon beta/genética , Interferon beta/metabolismo , Mutação , Fosforilação , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/enzimologia , Vírus Sendai/metabolismoRESUMO
The pandemic of COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented threat to global public health. However, the interplay between the viral pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and host innate immunity is poorly understood. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 induces overt but delayed type-I interferon (IFN) responses. By screening 23 viral proteins, we find that SARS-CoV-2 NSP1, NSP3, NSP12, NSP13, NSP14, ORF3, ORF6 and M protein inhibit Sendai virus-induced IFN-ß promoter activation, whereas NSP2 and S protein exert opposite effects. Further analyses suggest that ORF6 inhibits both type I IFN production and downstream signaling, and that the C-terminus region of ORF6 is critical for its antagonistic effect. Finally, we find that IFN-ß treatment effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication. In summary, our study shows that SARS-CoV-2 perturbs host innate immune response via both its structural and nonstructural proteins, and thus provides insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.