Fabrication of Defined Polydopamine Nanostructures by DNA Origami-Templated Polymerization.

A versatile, bottom-up approach allows the controlled fabrication of polydopamine (PD) nanostructures on DNA origami. PD is a biosynthetic polymer that has been investigated as an adhesive and promising surface coating material. However, the control of dopamine polymerization is challenged by the multistage-mediated reaction mechanism and diverse chemical structures in PD. DNA origami decorated with multiple horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme motifs was used to control the shape and size of PD formation with nanometer resolution. These fabricated PD nanostructures can serve as "supramolecular glue" for controlling DNA origami conformations. Facile liberation of the PD nanostructures from the DNA origami templates has been achieved in acidic medium. This presented DNA origami-controlled polymerization of a highly crosslinked polymer provides a unique access towards anisotropic PD architectures with distinct shapes that were retained even in the absence of the DNA origami template.

Bottom-Up Fabrication of Nanopatterned Polymers on DNA Origami by In†Situ Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Bottom-up strategies to fabricate patterned polymers at the nanoscale represent an emerging field in the development of advanced nanodevices, such as biosensors, nanofluidics, and nanophotonics. DNA origami techniques provide access to distinct architectures of various sizes and shapes and present manifold opportunities for functionalization at the nanoscale with the highest precision. Herein, we conduct in situ atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) on DNA origami, yielding differently nanopatterned polymers of various heights. After cross-linking, the grafted polymeric nanostructures can even stably exist in solution without the DNA origami template. This straightforward approach allows for the fabrication of patterned polymers with low nanometer resolution, which provides access to unique DNA-based functional hybrid materials.

Organophotoredox-Catalyzed C-H Functionalizations of Benzophospholes.

An organophotoredox-catalyzed oxidative C-H functionalization of benzophospholes has been developed. The C-H alkoxycarbonylation with methyl carbazate occurs in the presence of Rose bengal, whereas Eosin Y enables the dehydrogenative coupling with secondary phosphine oxides and ethers, delivering the C-H phosphinylated and alkylated products. The scope of coupling partners is complementary to that of conventional metal-promoted C-H activation, thus successfully expanding the chemical space of substituted phospholes accessed by C-H functionalization protocols.

Pd-catalysed C-H alkynylation of benzophospholes.

A palladium-catalysed C2-H alkynylation of benzophospholes with alkynyl bromides has been developed to afford the corresponding phosphole-alkyne conjugations in good to high yields. The C-C triple bond as well as terminal alkyne C-H bond in the obtained products is a good synthetic handle for further manipulations, thus giving the versatile π-conjugated benzophosphole derivatives. The optoelectronic properties of the newly synthesized conjugated benzophospholes are also described.

Pd-catalysed, Ag-assisted C2-H alkenylation of benzophospholes.

A palladium-catalysed, silver-assisted regioselective C2-H alkenylation of benzophospholes with terminal alkenes has been developed. The palladium catalysis accommodates styrenes and electron-deficient alkenes including ester, ketone, nitrile, and phosphonate. Thus, this protocol enables the rapid construction of various benzophosphole-vinylene conjugations from the two simple C-H starting substrates. Optical properties of newly synthesized C2-alkenylated benzophospholes are also investigated.

Construction of tunable peptide nucleic acid junctions.

We report here the construction of 3-way and 4-way peptide nucleic acid (PNA) junctions as basic structural units for PNA nanostructuring. The incorporation of amino acid residues into PNA chains makes PNA nanostructures with more structural complexity and architectural flexibility possible, as exemplified by building 3-way PNA junctions with tunable nanopores. Given that PNA nanostructures have good thermal and enzymatic stabilities, they are expected to have broad potential applications in biosensing, drug delivery and bioengineering.

Encoding function into polypeptide-oligonucleotide precision biopolymers.

We report a novel synthesis strategy to prepare precision polymers providing exact chain lengths, molecular weights and monomer sequences that allow post modifications by convenient DNA hybridization. Two grafted single strand DNA (ssDNA) side chains serve as a versatile platform for sequence-specific attachment of chromophores, proteins, cell-targeting peptide, and a Y-shape DNA linker. This approach resembles a LEGO®-type incorporation of functionalities to create functional biopolymers of high structure definition under mild conditions.

Polymer tube nanoreactors via DNA-origami templated synthesis.

We describe the stepwise synthesis of precise polymeric objects programmed by a 3D DNA tube transformed from a common 2D DNA tile as a precise biotemplate for atom transfer radical polymerization. The catalytic interior space of the DNA tube was utilized for synthesizing a bio-inspired polymer, polydopamine.

Boosting Antitumor Drug Efficacy with Chemically Engineered Multidomain Proteins.

A facile chemical approach integrating supramolecular chemistry, site-selective protein chemistry, and molecular biology is described to engineer synthetic multidomain protein therapeutics that sensitize cancer cells selectively to significantly enhance antitumor efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics. The desired bioactive entities are assembled via supramolecular interactions at the nanoscale into structurally ordered multiprotein complexes comprising a) multiple copies of the chemically modified cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin for selective targeting and internalization into human A549 lung cancer cells expressing SST-2 receptors and b) a new cysteine mutant of the C3bot1 (C3) enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a Rho protein inhibitor that affects and influences intracellular Rho-mediated processes like endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation. The multidomain protein complex, SST3-Avi-C3, retargets C3 enzyme into non-small cell lung A549 cancer cells and exhibits exceptional tumor inhibition at a concentration ≈100-fold lower than the clinically approved antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) in vivo. Notably, SST3-Avi-C3 increases tumor sensitivity to a conventional chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin) in vivo. These findings show that the integrated approach holds vast promise to expand the current repertoire of multidomain protein complexes and can pave the way to important new developments in the area of targeted and combination cancer therapy.

Directing intracellular supramolecular assembly with N-heteroaromatic quaterthiophene analogues.

Self-assembly in situ, where synthetic molecules are programmed to organize in a specific and complex environment i.e., within living cells, can be a unique strategy to influence cellular functions. Here we present a small series of rationally designed oligothiophene analogues that specifically target, locate and dynamically self-report their supramolecular behavior within the confinement of a cell. Through the recognition of the terminal alkyl substituent and the amphiphilic pyridine motif, we show that the cell provides different complementary pathways for self-assembly that can be traced easily with fluorescence microscopy as their molecular organization emits in distinct fluorescent bands. Importantly, the control and induction of both forms are achieved by time, temperature and the use of the intracellular transport inhibitor, bafilomycin A1. We showcase the importance of both intrinsic (cell) and extrinsic (stimulus) factors for self-organization and the potential of such a platform toward developing synthetic functional components within living cells.

Synthesis of Peptide-Functionalized Poly(bis-sulfone) Copolymers Regulating HIV-1 Entry and Cancer Stem Cell Migration.

Peptide-polymer conjugates have been regarded as primary stronghold in biohybrid nanomedicine, which has seen extensive development due to its intrinsic property to provide complementary functions of both the peptide material and the synthetic polymer platform. Here we present an advanced macromolecular therapeutic that targets two exclusive classes of important diseases (namely, the HIV and cancer) that are implicated by extremely different causative agents. Using a facile thiol-reactive monomer, the eventual polymer facilitates multivalent conjugation of an endogenous peptide WSC02 that targets the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. The biohybrid material demonstrated both potent antiviral effects against HIV-1 as well as inhibiting cancer stem cell migration thus establishing the foundation for multimodal nanotherapeutics that simultaneously target more than one class of disease implications.

A Supramolecular Approach toward Bioinspired PAMAM-Dendronized Fusion Toxins.

Nature has provided a highly optimized toolbox in bacterial endotoxins with precise functions dictated by their clear structural division. Inspired by this streamlined design, a supramolecular approach capitalizing on the strong biomolecular (streptavidin (SA))-biotin interactions is reported herein to prepare two multipartite fusion constructs, which involves the generation 2.0 (D2) or generation 3.0 (D3) polyamidoamine-dendronized transporter proteins (dendronized streptavidin (D3SA) and dendronized human serum albumin (D2HSA)) non-covalently fused to the C3bot1 enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a potent and specific Rho-inhibitor. The fusion constructs, D3SA-C3 and D2HSA-C3, represent the first examples of dendronized protein transporters that are fused to the C3 enzyme, and it is successfully demonstrated that the C3 Rho-inhibitor is delivered into the cytosol of mammalian cells as determined from the characteristic C3-mediated changes in cell morphology and confocal microscopy. The design circumvents the low uptake of the C3 enzyme by eukaryotic cells and holds great promise for reprogramming the properties of toxin enzymes using a supramolecular approach to broaden their therapeutic applications.