Human accidents involving Rhinocricus spp., a common millipede genus observed in urban areas of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The most important millipede species causing accidents in Brazil is Rhinocricus padbergi (order Spirobolida, family Rhinocricidae), a vegetarian scavenger distributed from Central to South America. Eleven clinical cases of dermal and oral accidental exposures to secretions from Rhinocricus spp. milipedes are described. CASE SERIES: Eleven cases of skin and oral involvement after accidental contact with the secretions of Rhinocricus spp. in patients from 1to 46 years are detailed. Ten of the 11 accidents involved the feet and in 1 child the mouth. Mild pain was reported in two of the cases, and a transient local burning sensation was described by most of the patients. Three reported no pain or any sensation at all. What was observed in all patients was a dark reddish or blackish staining of the skin simulating inflammatory or even necrotic lesions, which resolved naturally after some weeks. CONCLUSION: Despite the necrotic appearance of Rhinocricus spp. skin lesions, only a very mild inflammation and no necrosis occur. Analysis of the content of 50 glands of these animals captured in the southeast region of Brazil identified 2-methil-1,4-benzoquinone and 3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo-[2,3-b] pyridine-2,6-dione as the substances responsible for the lesions. Benzoquinones are strongly irritant and persistent compounds, working very well as insect repellents and are toxic to a great variety of other parasites and pathogens. They also have tanning properties. No systemic toxic effects have been described so far after skin contact with benzoquinones or Rhinocricus species.

Lead poisoning due to gunshot bullet in contact with cerebrospinal fluid: case report.

CONTEXT: Lead poisoning due to retained gunshot bullets is a well-known clinical problem that is fairly frequently described in the literature. The risk factors for this occurrence relate mainly to whether the lead bullet is in contact with the joint fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The treatment for these cases entails chelation therapy while symptoms are shown and definitive surgical removal of the bullet as a potential source of lead. The aim of this paper is to describe a clinical case of lead poisoning due to a retained gunshot bullet in contact with CSF. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male was hit by gunshot bullets during a holdup, and one of them was retained in the spinal cord. Six years later, he developed intense low back pain and underwent laminectomy. Nine years later, he then underwent arthrodesis on L5-S1, but he developed intense abdominal pain after the surgical procedure. For five years, he was treated with calcium versenate in five-day cycles, with a good response. The chelation therapy cycles showed great efficacy during symptomatic periods, thus reducing the symptoms and signs of poisoning and promoting great amounts of lead excretion, thereby reducing the total lead burden responsible for the symptoms. Fortunately, over the last four years, the symptoms have improved and the urine levels of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) have declined, to reach complete normalization. This shows that a healing process is probably taking place on the spinal wound, thereby isolating the bullet fragments from CSF contact.

Lead poisoning due to gunshot bullet in contact with cerebrospinal fluid: case report / Intoxicação por chumbo devida a projétil de arma de fogo em contato com o líquido cefalorraquidiano: relato de caso

CONTEXT: Lead poisoning due to retained gunshot bullets is a well-known clinical problem that is fairly frequently described in the literature. The risk factors for this occurrence relate mainly to whether the lead bullet is in contact with the joint fluid or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The treatment for these cases entails chelation therapy while symptoms are shown and definitive surgical removal of the bullet as a potential source of lead. The aim of this paper is to describe a clinical case of lead poisoning due to a retained gunshot bullet in contact with CSF. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male was hit by gunshot bullets during a holdup, and one of them was retained in the spinal cord. Six years later, he developed intense low back pain and underwent laminectomy. Nine years later, he then underwent arthrodesis on L5-S1, but he developed intense abdominal pain after the surgical procedure. For five years, he was treated with calcium versenate in five-day cycles, with a good response. The chelation therapy cycles showed great efficacy during symptomatic periods, thus reducing the symptoms and signs of poisoning and promoting great amounts of lead excretion, thereby reducing the total lead burden responsible for the symptoms. Fortunately, over the last four years, the symptoms have improved and the urine levels of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) have declined, to reach complete normalization. This shows that a healing process is probably taking place on the spinal wound, thereby isolating the bullet fragments from CSF contact.

CONTEXTO: A intoxicação por chumbo devida a projétil retido em ferimento por arma de fogo é uma complicação já conhecida e descrita na literatura. O risco de intoxicação endógena por chumbo está associado ao contato do projétil com o líquido sinovial ou líquido o cefalorraquidiano. O tratamento requer terapia de quelação e retirada cirúrgica do projétil como tratamento definitivo. Este artigo descreve caso clínico de paciente que desenvolveu intoxicação por chumbo devida a projétil retido em contato com líquido cefalorraquidiano. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente masculino, 42 anos, foi baleado durante assalto e teve projéteis que se alojaram no abdômen, perna direita e coluna lombo-sacra. Seis anos depois, desenvolveu intensa lombociatalgia e foi submetido a laminectomia. Nove anos após o acidente, foi submetido a artrodese de L5-S1, quando foi tentada a retirada do projétil, sem sucesso, desenvolvendo no pós-operatório intensa dor abdominal. Foi então feito diagnóstico de intoxicação por chumbo, que foi tratada com gluconato de cálcio, com boa resposta. Durante os cinco anos seguintes, fez ciclos de quelação com ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) cálcico, com boa evolução. Os ciclos de quelação mostraram grande eficácia na redução dos sinais e sintomas da intoxicação, promovendo um grande aumento da excreção de chumbo e reduzindo a carga corpórea total de chumbo responsável pelos sintomas. Nos últimos quatro anos, apresentou melhora dos sintomas de intoxicação, com diminuição dos níveis de ALA urinário até a normalização, mostrando que provavelmente houve um processo de cicatrização da lesão, isolando os fragmentos de chumbo do contato com o líquor.