RESUMO
IL-9-secreting Th9 cells have been considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. To what extent IL-9-producing cells are induced or regulated by sensitization with naturally occurring allergens is not yet clear. Naturally occurring allergens are capable of inducing IL-6 production in dendritic cells (DCs). Whether allergen-induced IL-6 supports a Th9 subtype by increasing IL-9 production, as observed in in vitro studies, or rather favors Th17 differentiation is not finally resolved. Therefore, in the present study we have investigated the impact of IL-6 on the Th9/Th17 balance depending on the predominant cytokine milieu and, additionally, in vivo using a DC-driven murine asthma model. In vitro, IL-6 increases Th9 cells under strong IL-4 and TGF-ß activation, whereas under moderate IL-4 and TGF-ß activation the presence of IL-6 shifts naive CD4(+) cells to Th17 cells. To induce allergic airway inflammation, OVA-pulsed DCs from IL-6-deficient or wild-type donors were adoptively transferred into BALB/c mice. Recipients receiving IL-6-producing wild-type DCs showed a significant decrease of Th9- and IL-4-producing Th2 cells but an increase of Th17 cells in lung tissue in comparison with recipients sensitized with IL-6-deficient DCs. Our data suggest that the IL-6-mediated reduction of Th2-related IL-4 leads to a decline of the Th9 immune response and allows Th17 differentiation.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Interleucina-9/imunologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The challenge of performing a time-resolved comprehensive analysis of molecular systems has led to the quest to optimize extraction methods. When the size of a biological sample is limited, there is demand for the simultaneous extraction of molecules representing the four areas of "omics": genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Here we optimized a protocol for the simultaneous extraction of DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites and compared it with two existing protocols. Our optimization comprised the addition of a methanol/chloroform metabolite purification before the separation of DNA/RNA and proteins. Extracted DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites were quantitatively and/or qualitatively analyzed. Of the three methods, only the newly developed protocol yielded all biomolecule classes of adequate quantity and quality.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Biologia Computacional/métodos , DNA/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas/isolamento & purificação , RNA/isolamento & purificação , DNA/química , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , RNA/químicaRESUMO
Differentiation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes into effector and memory cells is key for an adequate immune response and relies on complex interplay of pathways that convey signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. In this study, we investigated the proteome of four cytotoxic T-cell subtypes; naïve, recently activated effector, effector, and memory cells. Cells were fractionated into membrane, cytosol, soluble nuclear, chromatin-bound, and cytoskeletal compartments. Following LC-MS/MS analysis, identified peptides were analyzed via MaxQuant. Compartment fractionation and gel-LC-MS separation resulted in 2399 proteins identified in total. Comparison between the different subsets resulted in 146 significantly regulated proteins for naïve and effector cells, followed by 116 for activated, and 55 for memory cells. Besides Granzyme B signaling (for activated and/ or effector cells vs. naïve cells), the most prominent changes occurred in the TCA cycle and aspartate degradation. These changes suggest that correct balancing of metabolism is key for differentiation processes. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001065 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001065).
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Memória Imunológica , Proteoma/análise , Animais , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Bases de Dados de Proteínas , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteoma/isolamento & purificação , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Recent years have seen a constant development of tools for the global assessment of phosphoproteins. Here, we outline a concept for integrating approaches for quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics. The strategy was applied to the analysis of changes in signalling and protein synthesis occurring after activation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) pathway in a T-cell line (Jurkat cells). For this purpose, peptides were obtained from four biological replicates of activated and control Jurkat T-cells and phosphopeptides enriched via a TiO2-based chromatographic step. Both phosphopeptide-enriched and flow-through fractions were analyzed by LC-MS. We observed 1314 phosphopeptides in the enriched fraction whereas 19 were detected in the flow-through, enabling the quantification of 414 and eight phosphoproteins in the respective fractions. Pathway analysis revealed the differential regulation of many metabolic pathways. Among the quantified proteins, 11 kinases with known TCR-related function were detected. A kinase-substrate database search for the phosphosites identified also confirmed the activity of a further ten kinases. In total, these two approaches provided evidence of 19 unique TCR-related kinases. The combination of phosphoproteomics and conventional quantitative shotgun analysis leads to a more comprehensive assessment of the signalling networks needed for the maintenance of the activated status of Jurkat T-cells.
Assuntos
Células Jurkat/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Cromatografia Líquida , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Fosfopeptídeos/análise , Fosfopeptídeos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/análise , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismoRESUMO
The differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells into T helper cell subtypes and regulatory T cells is crucial to the immune response. Among subtypes, Th1 cells are dominant, representing approximately 50% of all lymphocytes. Thus far, most global proteomic studies have used only partially purified T helper cell subpopulations and/or have employed artificial protocols for inducing specific T helper cell subtypes and/or used gel-based approaches. These studies have shed light on molecular details of certain aspects of the proteome; nevertheless a global analysis of high purity primary naïve and Th1 cells by LC-MS/MS is required to provide a reference dataset for proteome-based T cell subtype characterization. The utilization of highly purified Th1 cells for a global proteome assessment and the bioinformatic comparison to naïve cells reveals changes in cell metabolism and the ubiquitination pathway upon T cell differentiation. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001066 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001066).
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular , Proteoma/metabolismo , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cromatografia Líquida , Humanos , Proteoma/análise , Proteômica , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Células Th1/citologia , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Since people in industrialized countries spend most of their time indoors, the effects of indoor contaminants such as volatile organic compounds become more and more relevant. Benzene and toluene are among the most abundant compounds in the highly heterogeneous group of indoor volatile organic compounds. In order to understand their effects on lung epithelial cells (A549) representing lung's first line of defense, we chose a global proteome and a targeted metabolome approach in order to detect adverse outcome pathways caused by exposure to benzene and toluene. Using a DIGE approach, 93 of 469 detected protein spots were found to be differentially expressed after exposure to benzene, and 79 of these spots were identified by MS. Pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of proteins involved in Nrf2-mediated and oxidative stress response glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. The occurrence of oxidative stress at nonacute toxic concentrations of benzene and toluene was confirmed by the upregulation of the stress related proteins NQO1 and SOD1. The changes in metabolism were validated by ion chromatography MS/MS analysis revealing significant changes of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and NADPH. The molecular alterations identified as a result of benzene and toluene exposure demonstrate the detrimental effect of nonacute toxic concentrations on lung epithelial cells. The data provided here will allow for a targeted validation in in vivo models.
Assuntos
Benzeno/toxicidade , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tolueno/toxicidade , Carbono/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Análise por Conglomerados , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Humanos , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Proteoma/análise , Proteoma/química , Proteoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteômica , Mucosa Respiratória/citologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Toxicidade SubagudaRESUMO
There is a clear evidence that environmental pollutants, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), can have detrimental effects on the immune system, whereas the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. Jurkat T cells share many properties with native T lymphocytes and therefore are an appropriate model to analyze the effects of environmental pollutants on T cells and their activation. Since environmental compounds frequently occur at low, not acute toxic concentrations, we analyzed the effects of two subtoxic concentrations, 50nM and 5µM, on non- and activated cells. B[a]P interferes directly with the stimulation process as proven by an altered IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, B[a]P exposure results in significant proteomic changes as shown by DIGE analysis. Pathway analysis revealed an involvement of the AhR independent Nrf2 pathway in the altered processes observed in unstimulated and stimulated cells. A participation of the Nrf2 pathway in the change of IL-2 secretion was confirmed by exposing cells to the Nrf2 activator tBHQ. tBHQ and 5µM B[a]P caused similar alterations of IL-2 secretion and glutamine/glutamate metabolism. Moreover, the proteome changes in unstimulated cells point towards a modified regulation of the cytoskeleton and cellular stress response, which was proven by western blotting. Additionally, there is a strong evidence for alterations in metabolic pathways caused by B[a]P exposure in stimulated cells. Especially the glutamine/glutamate metabolism was indicated by proteome pathway analysis and validated by metabolite measurements. The detrimental effects were slightly enhanced in stimulated cells, suggesting that stimulated cells are more vulnerable to the environmental pollutant model compound B[a]P.
Assuntos
Benzo(a)pireno/farmacologia , Glutamina/metabolismo , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Células Jurkat/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Allergic reactions to wood dust allergens are rare, and only few in vitro diagnostic tools and information about relevant allergens are available. To differentiate between protein-based allergy and probably clinically silent glycogenic sensitization, it is helpful to characterize the relevant protein allergens and specify IgE binding. The current case report deals with the occupational softwood allergy of a carpenter exposed to different wood dusts. Skin tests and IgE tests against wood were performed with specifically tailored ImmunoCAPs and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. Potential allergens were identified by IgE blots and tandem mass spectrometry. The clinical relevance was verified by challenge tests. Specific IgE to softwood (spruce, pine and larch wood), beech wood, natural rubber latex (NRL) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were detected. Allergens in spruce wood, the dominant allergen source, were identified as peroxidases. Softwood were the strongest inhibitors. HRP reduced IgE binding to softwood to <50%, indicating predominantly proteinogenic epitopes, whereas IgE binding to NRL and beech wood was reduced to >50% by HRP, indicating predominantly glycogenic IgE epitopes. Skin and challenge tests underlined that softwoods were the source of sensitization. For the polysensitized patient, a clinically relevant softwood allergy was diagnosed, not only by challenge tests but also with specifically tailored in vitro tools.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/imunologia , Poeira/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Doenças Profissionais/imunologia , Madeira/imunologia , Adulto , Alérgenos/análise , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/diagnóstico , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Masculino , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/imunologiaRESUMO
Obesity is associated with multiple adverse health effects and a high risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, there is a great need to identify circulating parameters that link changes in body fat mass with obesity. This study combines proteomic and metabolomic approaches to identify circulating molecules that discriminate healthy lean from healthy obese individuals in an exploratory study design. To correct for variations in physical activity, study participants performed a one hour exercise bout to exhaustion. Subsequently, circulating factors differing between lean and obese individuals, independent of physical activity, were identified. The DIGE approach yielded 126 differentially abundant spots representing 39 unique proteins. Differential abundance of proteins was confirmed by ELISA for antithrombin-III, clusterin, complement C3 and complement C3b, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), serum amyloid P (SAP), and vitamin-D binding protein (VDBP). Targeted serum metabolomics of 163 metabolites identified 12 metabolites significantly related to obesity. Among those, glycine (GLY), glutamine (GLN), and glycero-phosphatidylcholine 42:0 (PCaa 42:0) serum concentrations were higher, whereas PCaa 32:0, PCaa 32:1, and PCaa 40:5 were decreased in obese compared to lean individuals. The integrated bioinformatic evaluation of proteome and metabolome data yielded an improved group separation score of 2.65 in contrast to 2.02 and 2.16 for the single-type use of proteomic or metabolomics data, respectively. The identified circulating parameters were further investigated in an extended set of 30 volunteers and in the context of two intervention studies. Those included 14 obese patients who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy and 12 patients on a hypocaloric diet. For determining the long-term adaptation process the samples were taken six months after the treatment. In multivariate regression analyses, SAP, CLU, RBP4, PEDF, GLN, and C18:2 showed the strongest correlation to changes in body fat mass. The combined serum proteomic and metabolomic profiling reveals a link between the complement system and obesity and identifies both novel (C3b, CLU, VDBP, and all metabolites) and confirms previously discovered markers (PEDF, RBP4, C3, ATIII, and SAP) of body fat mass changes.
Assuntos
Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Obesidade/sangue , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adulto , Cirurgia Bariátrica/métodos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Focalização Isoelétrica/métodos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Metabolômica/métodosRESUMO
Lung lining fluid is the first biological barrier nanoparticles (NPs) encounter during inhalation. As previous inhalation studies revealed considerable differences between surface functionalized NPs with respect to deposition and toxicity, our aim was to investigate the influence of lipid and/or protein binding on these processes. Thus, we analyzed a set of surface functionalized NPs including different SiO2 and ZrO2 in pure phospholipids, CuroSurf(TM) and purified native porcine pulmonary surfactant (nS). Lipid binding was surprisingly low for pure phospholipids and only few NPs attracted a minimal lipid corona. Additional presence of hydrophobic surfactant protein (SP) B in CuroSurf(TM) promoted lipid binding to NPs functionalized with Amino or PEG residues. The presence of the hydrophilic SP A in nS facilitated lipid binding to all NPs. In line with this the degree of lipid and protein affinities for different surface functionalized SiO2 NPs in nS followed the same order (SiO2 Phosphate â¼ unmodified SiO2 < SiO2 PEG < SiO2 Amino NPs). Agglomeration and biomolecule interaction of NPs in nS was mainly influenced by surface charge and hydrophobicity. Toxicological differences as observed in short-term inhalation studies (STIS) were mainly influenced by the core composition and/or surface reactivity of NPs. However, agglomeration in lipid media and lipid/protein affinity appeared to play a modulatory role on short-term inhalation toxicity. For instance, lipophilic NPs like ZrO2, which are interacting with nS to a higher extent, exhibited a far higher lung burden than their hydrophilic counterparts, which deserves further attention to predict or model effects of respirable NPs.
Assuntos
Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Biológicos , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Fosfolipídeos/química , Proteínas/química , Surfactantes Pulmonares/química , Animais , Produtos Biológicos/química , Proteínas Sanguíneas/química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Pulmão/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/metabolismo , Tamanho da Partícula , Ligação Proteica , Coroa de Proteína/química , Surfactantes Pulmonares/isolamento & purificação , Dióxido de Silício/química , Dióxido de Silício/metabolismo , Dióxido de Silício/toxicidade , Propriedades de Superfície , Suínos , Zircônio/química , Zircônio/metabolismo , Zircônio/toxicidadeRESUMO
To identify the gene responsible for the production of a ß-1,3-glucanase (laminarinase) within crustacea, a glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GHF16) gene was sequenced from the midgut glands of the gecarcinid land crab, Gecarcoidea natalis and the freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor. An open reading frame of 1098 bp for G. natalis and 1095 bp for C. destructor was sequenced from cDNA. For G. natalis and C. destructor respectively, this encoded putative proteins of 365 and 364 amino acids with molecular masses of 41.4 and 41.5 kDa. mRNA for an identical GHF16 protein was also expressed in the haemolymph of C. destructor. These putative proteins contained binding and catalytic domains that are characteristic of a ß-1,3-glucanase from glycosyl hydrolase family 16. The amino acid sequences of two short 8-9 amino acid residue peptides from a previously purified ß-1,3-glucanase from G. natalis matched exactly that of the putative protein sequence. This plus the molecular masses of the putative proteins matching that of the purified proteins strongly suggests that the sequences obtained encode for a catalytically active ß-1,3-glucanase. A glycosyl hydrolase family 16 cDNA was also partially sequenced from the midgut glands of other amphibious (Mictyris platycheles and Paragrapsus laevis) and terrestrial decapod species (Coenobita rugosus, Coenobita perlatus, Coenobita brevimanus and Birgus latro) to confirm that the gene is widely expressed within this group. There are three possible hypothesised functions and thus evolutionary routes for the ß-1,3-glucanase: 1) a digestive enzyme which hydrolyses ß-1,3-glucans, 2) an enzyme which cleaves ß-1,3-glycosidic bonds within cell walls to release cell contents or 3) an immune protein which can hydrolyse the cell walls of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms.
Assuntos
Celulases/genética , Decápodes/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Celulases/química , Celulases/metabolismo , Decápodes/classificação , Decápodes/enzimologia , Hemócitos/enzimologia , Hemócitos/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
The sulphated pentapeptide phytosulphokine (PSK) was identified as a substance that promotes cell division in low-density suspension cultures and has been implicated in various aspects of tissue differentiation in plants. The peptide is derived from PSK precursor proteins that are encoded by small gene families. The physiological roles of PSK are still not clearly defined and little is known about expression of members of the PSK precursor gene family in any plant species. In this study, highly regulated tissue and cell type-specific expression are described for four PSK genes from maize (Zea mays L.) in female and male gametophytes, and during seed development. ZmPSK1 and ZmPSK3 were specifically and differentially expressed in cells of female and male gametophytes and in female and male gametes. In anthers ZmPSK1 or ZmPSK3 transcripts were found, for example, at high levels in secretory tapetal cells which support developing microspores. ZmPSK1 mRNA was abundant in mature pollen including sperm cells. ZmPSK1 and ZmPSK3 transcripts were also detected in egg and central cells of the female gametophyte and ZmPSK1 mRNA was present in synergids, indicating that the PSK peptide probably plays a role during gametogenesis, pollen germination, and fertilization. In developing maize kernels all four ZmPSK genes were expressed, albeit with striking differences in their expression patterns. It is proposed here that PSK is required for numerous but defined processes during gametophyte and early sporophyte development. In general, PSK availability appears to be controlled through transcriptional regulation in a tissue and cell type-specific and development-dependent manner.