Rape, transactional sex and related factors among migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA.

Migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA are at risk of violence, including sexual violence, during the immigration process. This study sought to identify the socio-demographic factors, migration experiences and health conditions associated with the likelihood of sexual violence. A mixed methods study was conducted between 2012 and 2015. The quantitative phase of the work involved a non-random sample (n = 3539) of migrants who were the users of migrant shelters in Mexico. A probit regression model was used to identify the variables associated with the experience of sexual violence by participants. A total of 58 semi-structured interviews took place with migrants who had either experienced sexual violence or who were acquainted with the sexual violence experienced by other migrants. Of those who experienced any kind of violence, 5.7% reported having experienced sexual violence, with statistically significant differences by gender. According to male migrants, women in transit had the advantage of having an 'entry ticket [to the USA] between their legs'. The dynamics of undocumented transit migration provide multiple opportunities for gender-based inequality and sexual violence. We consider the major underreporting of sexual violence due to the stigma and normalisation of violence, in a social context marked by impunity.

[Transnational health service utilization by Mexican immigrants in the United States]. / Utilización transnacional de servicios de salud por parte de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos.

OBJECTIVE: Document the transnational utilization of health resources and services by Mexican immigrants in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between December 2009-February 2011, Interviews and focus groups were conducted in California and four states of México. Data were collected from 135 individuals, including return migrants, allopathic physicians and traditional healers. RESULTS: Faced with obstacles to accessing US health care and some health services within the Mexican system, many immigrants within the US make use of Mexican health resources and services, either from a distance or during visits to Mexico. These resources and services include allopathic medicine, traditional medicine, and home remedies and medicines. CONCLUSIONS: The legal status of immigrants and their access to health insurance in the US are related to whether their transnational use of Mexican health resources and services is formal or informal; immigrants who are undocumented and without health insurance are the most vulnerable.

Migrants in transit through Mexico to the US: Experiences with violence and related factors, 2009-2015.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study are to 1) estimate the burden of physical, sexual, and psychological violence among migrants in transit through Mexico to the US; and 2) examine the associations between experiencing violence and sociodemographic characteristics, migratory background, and health status in this vulnerable population. METHOD: A cross-sectional study combining qualitative and quantitative methods was carried out from 2009 to 2015 with a sample of 12,023 migrants in transit through Mexico to the US. Information on gender (male, female, and transsexual, transgender and transvestite -TTTs-); nationality; health status; migratory background; and experiences with violence was obtained. Fifty-eight migrants participated in in-depth interviews to explore any experiences of violence during their journey. A descriptive analysis was performed and a probit regression model was applied to analyze the factors associated with violence. Qualitative information was analyzed to understand experiences, meanings and responses to violence. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of suffering from any form of violence was 29.4%. Nearly 24% reported physical violence, 19.5% experienced psychological violence, and approximately 2% reported sexual violence. TTTs experienced a significantly greater burden of violence compared to men and women. Violence occurred more frequently among migrants from Central American (30.6%) and other countries (40.0%) than it did among Mexican migrants (20.5%). Experiences involving sexual, physical and psychological violence as well as theft and even kidnapping were described by interviewees. Migrants mistrust the police, migration authorities, and armed forces, and therefore commonly refrain from revealing their experiences. CONCLUSION: Migrants are subjected to a high level of violence while in transit to the US. Those traveling under irregular migratory conditions are targets of even greater violence, a condition exacerbated by gender inequality. Migrants transiting through Mexico from Central American and other countries undergo violence more frequently than do Mexican migrants. Protective measures are urgently needed to ensure the human rights of these populations.

Utilización transnacional de servicios de salud por parte de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos / Transnational health service utilization by Mexican immigrants in the United States

Objetivo. Documentar la utilización transnacional de recursos y servicios de salud de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos de América (EUA). Material y métodos. Entre diciembre de 2009 y febrero de 2011, a través de entrevistas y grupos focales, se platicó en cuatro estados mexicanos y en California con 135 personas: migrantes de retorno, médicos alópatas y médicos tradicionales. Resultados. Ante los obstáculos para acceder al sistema de salud de EUA y ciertas facilidades del sistema de salud mexicano, muchos migrantes utilizan en EUA, a la distancia y en sus visitas a México, recursos y servicios de salud mexicanos: médicos alópatas y tradicionales, medicamentos y remedios caseros. Conclusiones. La situación legal de los migrantes y su acceso a un seguro de salud en EUA están relacionados con una utilización transnacional más formal o informal de recursos y servicios de salud mexicanos, siendo los migrantes indocumentados y sin seguro los más vulnerables.

Objective. Document the transnational utilization of health resources and services by Mexican immigrants in the United States. Materials and methods. Between december 2009- february 2011, Interviews and focus groups were conducted in California and four states of México. Data were collected from 135 individuals, including return migrants, allopathic physicians and traditional healers. Results. Faced with obstacles to accessing US health care and some health services within the Mexican system, many immigrants within the US make use of Mexican health resources and services, either from a distance or during visits to Mexico. These resources and services include allopathic medicine, traditional medicine, and home remedies and medicines. Conclusions. The legal status of immigrants and their access to health insurance in the US are related to whether their transnational use of Mexican health resources and services is formal or informal; immigrants who are undocumented and without health insurance are the most vulnerable.