RESUMO
Telomere anchoring to nuclear envelope (NE) is a key feature of nuclear genome architecture. Peripheral localization of telomeres is important for chromatin silencing, telomere replication and for the control of inappropriate recombination. Here, we report that fission yeast quiescent cells harbor predominantly a single telomeric cluster anchored to the NE. Telomere cluster association to the NE relies on Rap1-Bqt4 interaction, which is impacted by the length of telomeric sequences. In quiescent cells, reducing telomere length or deleting bqt4, both result in an increase in transcription of the telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). In the absence of Bqt4, telomere shortening leads to deep increase in TERRA level and the concomitant formation of subtelomeric rearrangements (STEEx) that accumulate massively in quiescent cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Rap1-Bqt4-dependent telomere association to NE preserves telomere integrity in post-mitotic cells, preventing telomeric transcription and recombination. This defines the nuclear periphery as an area where recombination is restricted, creating a safe zone for telomeres of post-mitotic cells.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Membrana Nuclear/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Encurtamento do Telômero/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/genética , Divisão Celular/genética , Recombinação Genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Complexo Shelterina , Telômero/genética , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
In higher eukaryotes, efficient chromosome congression relies, among other players, on the activity of chromokinesins. Here, we provide a quantitative analysis of kinetochore oscillations and positioning in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a model organism lacking chromokinesins. In wild-type cells, chromosomes align during prophase and, while oscillating, maintain this alignment throughout metaphase. Chromosome oscillations are dispensable both for kinetochore congression and stable kinetochore alignment during metaphase. In higher eukaryotes, kinesin-8 family members control chromosome congression by regulating their oscillations. By contrast, here, we demonstrate that fission yeast kinesin-8 controls chromosome congression by an alternative mechanism. We propose that kinesin-8 aligns chromosomes by controlling pulling forces in a length-dependent manner. A coarse-grained model of chromosome segregation implemented with a length-dependent process that controls the force at kinetochores is necessary and sufficient to mimic kinetochore alignment, and prevents the appearance of lagging chromosomes. Taken together, these data illustrate how the local action of a motor protein at kinetochores provides spatial cues within the spindle to align chromosomes and to prevent aneuploidy.
Assuntos
Relógios Biológicos/fisiologia , Segregação de Cromossomos/fisiologia , Cromossomos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Cromossomos Fúngicos/genética , Cinesinas/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genéticaRESUMO
In this chapter, we describe a software called MAARS (Mitotic Analysis And Recording System) that enables automatic and quantitative analysis of mitotic progression on an open-source platform. This computer-assisted analysis of cell division allows the unbiased acquisition of multiple parameters such as cell shape or size, metaphase or anaphase delays, as well as various mitotic abnormalities. This chapter describes the power of such an expert system to highlight the complexity of the mechanisms required to prevent mitotic chromosome segregation errors, leading to aneuploidy.
Assuntos
Mitose , Fuso Acromático , Metáfase , Anáfase , Segregação de Cromossomos , SoftwareRESUMO
The Dam1 complex is a kinetochore component that couples chromosomes to the dynamic ends of kinetochore microtubules (kMTs). Work in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that the Dam1 complex forms a 16-unit ring encircling and tracking the tip of a MT in vitro, consistent with its cellular function as a coupler. Dam1 also forms smaller, nonring patches in vitro that track the dynamic ends of MTs. However, the identity of Dam1's functional form in vivo remains unknown. Here we report a comprehensive in vivo characterization of Dam1 in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In addition to their dense localizations on kinetochores and spindle MTs during mitosis, we identify that Dam1 is also localized onto cytoplasmic MTs as discrete spots in interphase, providing the unique opportunity to analyze Dam1 oligomers at the single-particle resolution in live cells. Such analysis shows that each oligomer contains one to five copies of Dam1, and is able to "switch-rail" while moving along MTs, precluding the possibility of a 16-unit encircling structure. Dam1 patches track the plus ends of the shortening, but not the elongating, MTs and retard MT depolymerization. Together with Mal3, the EB1-like MT-interacting protein, cytoplasmic Dam1 plays an important role in maintaining proper cell shape. In mitosis, kinetochore-associated Dam1 appears to facilitate kMT depolymerization. Together, our findings suggest that patches, instead of rings, are the physiologically functional forms of Dam1 in pombe. Our findings help establish the benchmark parameters of the Dam1 coupler and elucidate the mechanism of its functions.
Assuntos
Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos/fisiologia , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Dosagem de Genes , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Cinética , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Mitose/fisiologia , Mutação , Polímeros/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genéticaRESUMO
The localization of condensin along chromosomes is crucial for their accurate segregation in anaphase. Condensin is enriched at telomeres but how and for what purpose had remained elusive. Here, we show that fission yeast condensin accumulates at telomere repeats through the balancing acts of Taz1, a core component of the shelterin complex that ensures telomeric functions, and Mit1, a nucleosome remodeler associated with shelterin. We further show that condensin takes part in sister-telomere separation in anaphase, and that this event can be uncoupled from the prior separation of chromosome arms, implying a telomere-specific separation mechanism. Consistent with a cis-acting process, increasing or decreasing condensin occupancy specifically at telomeres modifies accordingly the efficiency of their separation in anaphase. Genetic evidence suggests that condensin promotes sister-telomere separation by counteracting cohesin. Thus, our results reveal a shelterin-based mechanism that enriches condensin at telomeres to drive in cis their separation during mitosis.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe , Schizosaccharomyces , Complexo Shelterina , Anáfase , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/metabolismo , Telômero/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismoRESUMO
Faithful chromosome segregation requires correct positioning of the spindle during mitosis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Toyoshima et al. describe a new mechanism for spindle orientation involving phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. They found that in metaphase cells, dynactin was associated with the cortex through the actin cytoskeleton, and accumulated in the midsections in a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent manner. Thus, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 regulates spindle orientation through dynein-dynactin motor complexes.
Assuntos
Actinas/metabolismo , Polaridade Celular , Metáfase/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/fisiologia , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Complexo Dinactina , Células HeLa/fisiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Current super-resolution microscopy (SRM) methods suffer from an intrinsic complexity that might curtail their routine use in cell biology. We describe here random illumination microscopy (RIM) for live-cell imaging at super-resolutions matching that of 3D structured illumination microscopy, in a robust fashion. Based on speckled illumination and statistical image reconstruction, easy to implement and user-friendly, RIM is unaffected by optical aberrations on the excitation side, linear to brightness, and compatible with multicolor live-cell imaging over extended periods of time. We illustrate the potential of RIM on diverse biological applications, from the mobility of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in U2OS cells and kinetochore dynamics in mitotic S. pombe cells to the 3D motion of myosin minifilaments deep inside Drosophila tissues. RIM's inherent simplicity and extended biological applicability, particularly for imaging at increased depths, could help make SRM accessible to biology laboratories.
Assuntos
Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Iluminação , Animais , Microscopia de Fluorescência/métodos , DrosophilaRESUMO
In mitosis, while the importance of kinetochore (KT)-microtubule (MT) attachment has been known for many years, increasing evidence suggests that telomere dysfunctions also perturb chromosome segregation by contributing to the formation of chromatin bridges at anaphase. Recent evidence suggests that Aurora B kinase ensures proper chromosome segregation during mitosis not only by controlling KT-MT attachment but also by regulating telomere and chromosome arm separation. However, whether and how Aurora B governs telomere separation during meiosis has remained unknown. Here, we show that fission yeast Aurora B localizes at telomeres during meiosis I and promotes telomere separation independently of the meiotic cohesin Rec8. In meiosis II, Aurora B controls KT-MT attachment but appears dispensable for telomere and chromosome arm separation. Likewise, condensin activity is nonessential in meiosis II for telomere and chromosome arm separation. Thus, in meiosis, the requirements for Aurora B are distinct at centromeres and telomeres, illustrating the critical differences in the control of chromosome segregation between mitosis and meiosis II.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Aurora Quinases/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Meiose , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Telômero , Cinetocoros , Microtúbulos , Schizosaccharomyces/enzimologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: In eukaryotic cells, proper formation of the spindle is necessary for successful cell division. For faithful segregation of sister chromatids, each sister kinetochore must attach to microtubules that extend to opposite poles (chromosome bi-orientation). At the metaphase-anaphase transition, cohesion between sister chromatids is removed, and each sister chromatid is pulled to opposite poles of the cell by microtubule-dependent forces. RESULTS: We have studied the role of the minus-end-directed motor protein dynein by analysing kinetochore dynamics in fission yeast cells deleted for the dynein heavy chain (Dhc1) or the light chain (Dlc1). In these mutants, we found an increased frequency of cells showing defects in chromosome segregation, which leads to the appearance of lagging chromosomes and an increased rate of chromosome loss. By following simultaneously kinetochore dynamics and localization of the checkpoint protein Mad2, we provide evidence that dynein function is not necessary for spindle-assembly checkpoint inactivation. Instead, we have demonstrated that loss of dynein function alters chromosome segregation and activates the Mad2-dependent spindle-assembly checkpoint. CONCLUSIONS: These results show an unexpected role for dynein in the control of chromosome segregation in fission yeast, most probably operating during the process of bi-orientation during early mitosis.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos/fisiologia , Cromossomos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Dineínas/metabolismo , Mitose/fisiologia , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Anáfase/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromátides/genética , Cromátides/metabolismo , Cromossomos Fúngicos/genética , Dineínas/genética , Deleção de Genes , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Proteínas Mad2 , Metáfase/fisiologia , Microtúbulos/genética , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/citologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Fuso Acromático/genética , Fuso Acromático/metabolismoRESUMO
In animal and yeast cells, the mitotic spindle is aligned perpendicularly to the axis of cell division. This ensures that sister chromatids are separated to opposite sides of the cytokinetic actomyosin ring. In fission yeast, spindle rotation is dependent upon the interaction of astral microtubules with the cortical actin cytoskeleton. In this article, we show that addition of Latrunculin A, which prevents spindle rotation, delays the separation of sister chromatids and anaphase promoting complex-mediated destruction of spindle-associated Securin and Cyclin B. Moreover, we find that whereas sister kinetochore pairs normally congress to the spindle midzone before anaphase onset, this congression is disrupted when astral microtubule contact with the actin cytoskeleton is disturbed. By analyzing the timing of kinetochore separation, we find that this anaphase delay requires the Bub3, Mad3, and Bub1 but not the Mad1 or Mad2 spindle assembly checkpoint proteins. In agreement with this, we find that Bub1 remains associated with kinetochores when spindles are mispositioned. These data indicate that, in fission yeast, astral microtubule contact with the medial cell cortex is monitored by a subset of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins. We propose that this checkpoint ensures spindles are properly oriented before anaphase takes place.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Anáfase/efeitos dos fármacos , Anáfase/fisiologia , Ciclossomo-Complexo Promotor de Anáfase , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/análise , Cromátides/metabolismo , Ciclina B/análise , Ciclina B/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas , Cinetocoros/imunologia , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases/análise , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/análise , Securina , Fuso Acromático/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Tiazolidinas , Complexos Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligase/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division relies on multiple processes such as chromosome attachment and correct spindle positioning. Yet mitotic progression is defined by multiple parameters, which need to be quantitatively evaluated. To study the spatiotemporal control of mitotic progression, we developed a high-content analysis (HCA) approach that combines automated fluorescence microscopy with real-time quantitative image analysis and allows the unbiased acquisition of multiparametric data at the single-cell level for hundreds of cells simultaneously. The Mitotic Analysis and Recording System (MAARS) provides automatic and quantitative single-cell analysis of mitotic progression on an open-source platform. It can be used to analyze specific characteristics such as cell shape, cell size, metaphase/anaphase delays, and mitotic abnormalities including spindle mispositioning, spindle elongation defects, and chromosome segregation defects. Using this HCA approach, we were able to visualize rare and unexpected events of error correction during anaphase in wild-type or mutant cells. Our study illustrates that such an expert system of mitotic progression is able to highlight the complexity of the mechanisms required to prevent chromosome loss during cell division.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos/fisiologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Análise de Célula Única/métodos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Segregação de Cromossomos/genética , Cinetocoros/fisiologia , Mitose/genética , Mitose/fisiologia , Saccharomycetales/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Software , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Fuso Acromático/fisiologiaAssuntos
Anáfase/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/genética , Proteínas de Transporte , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Genes cdc/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Fuso Acromático/genética , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Genes Letais/genética , Proteínas Mad2 , Mutação/genética , Proteínas Nucleares , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismoRESUMO
Increasing evidence in eukaryotic cells suggests that mechanical forces are essential for building a robust mitotic apparatus and correcting inappropriate chromosome attachments. In this issue, Cojoc et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol., http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201506011) use laser microsurgery in vivo to measure and study the viscoelastic properties of kinetochores.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Terapia a Laser , Mecanotransdução Celular , Microcirurgia , Microtúbulos/fisiologia , Schizosaccharomyces/fisiologia , HumanosRESUMO
The segregation of chromosomes is coordinated at multiple levels to prevent chromosome loss, a phenotype frequently observed in cancers. We recently described an essential role for telomeres in the physical separation of chromosomes and identified Aurora B kinase as a double agent involved in the separation of centromeric and telomeric heterochromatin.
RESUMO
The segregation of centromeres and telomeres at mitosis is coordinated at multiple levels to prevent the formation of aneuploid cells, a phenotype frequently observed in cancer. Mitotic instability arises from chromosome segregation defects, giving rise to chromatin bridges at anaphase. Most of these defects are corrected before anaphase onset by a mechanism involving Aurora B kinase, a key regulator of mitosis in a wide range of organisms. Here, we describe a new role for Aurora B in telomere dispersion and disjunction during fission yeast mitosis. Telomere dispersion initiates in metaphase, whereas disjunction takes place in anaphase. Dispersion is promoted by the dissociation of Swi6/HP1 and cohesin Rad21 from telomeres, whereas disjunction occurs at anaphase after the phosphorylation of condensin subunit Cnd2. Strikingly, we demonstrate that deletion of Ccq1, a telomeric shelterin component, rescued cell death after Aurora inhibition by promoting the loading of condensin on chromosome arms. Our findings reveal an essential role for telomeres in chromosome arm segregation.
Assuntos
Aurora Quinases/fisiologia , Cromossomos Fúngicos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/fisiologia , Schizosaccharomyces/enzimologia , Telômero/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Mitose , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Não Disjunção Genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Schizosaccharomyces/citologia , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Complexo Shelterina , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Telômeros/metabolismoRESUMO
In fission yeast, erroneous attachments of spindle microtubules to kinetochores are frequent in early mitosis. Most are corrected before anaphase onset by a mechanism involving the protein kinase Aurora B, which destabilizes kinetochore microtubules (ktMTs) in the absence of tension between sister chromatids. In this paper, we describe a minimal mathematical model of fission yeast chromosome segregation based on the stochastic attachment and detachment of ktMTs. The model accurately reproduces the timing of correct chromosome biorientation and segregation seen in fission yeast. Prevention of attachment defects requires both appropriate kinetochore orientation and an Aurora B-like activity. The model also reproduces abnormal chromosome segregation behavior (caused by, for example, inhibition of Aurora B). It predicts that, in metaphase, merotelic attachment is prevented by a kinetochore orientation effect and corrected by an Aurora B-like activity, whereas in anaphase, it is corrected through unbalanced forces applied to the kinetochore. These unbalanced forces are sufficient to prevent aneuploidy.
Assuntos
Segregação de Cromossomos/fisiologia , Cromossomos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Aurora Quinases , Cromátides/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/ultraestrutura , Processos EstocásticosRESUMO
Plastic surgery is reconstructive or cosmetic. It alters the appearance of a body which a patient is unable to live with, an unconventional or badly perceived body, one of the causes of malaise. After the operation, the patient must be supported without judgement in coming to terms with his or her new body image.
Assuntos
Corpo Humano , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , HumanosRESUMO
The plus-end microtubule binding proteins (+TIPs) play an important role in the regulation of microtubule stability and cell polarity during interphase. In S. pombe, the CLIP-170 like protein Tip1, together with the kinesin Tea2, moves along the microtubules towards their plus ends. Tip1 also requires the EB1 homolog Mal3 to localize to the microtubule tips. Given the requirement for Tip1 for microtubule stability, we have investigated its role during spindle morphogenesis and chromosome movement. Loss of Tip1 affects metaphase plate formation and leads to the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. In the absence of Tip1 we also observed the appearance of lagging chromosomes, which do not influence the normal rate of spindle elongation. Our results suggest that S. pombe Tip1/CLIP170 is directly or indirectly required for correct chromosome poleward movement independently of Mal3/EB1.
Assuntos
Polaridade Celular , Cromossomos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Filamentos Intermediários/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/citologia , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Polaridade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Deleção de Genes , Cinetocoros/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Metáfase/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Transporte Proteico/efeitos dos fármacos , Schizosaccharomyces/efeitos dos fármacos , Fuso Acromático/efeitos dos fármacos , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Tiabendazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Faithful segregation of sister chromatids requires the attachment of each kinetochore (Kt) to microtubules (MTs) that extend from opposite spindle poles. Merotelic Kt orientation is a Kt-MT misattachment in which a single Kt binds MTs from both spindle poles rather than just one. Genetic induction of merotelic Kt attachment during anaphase in fission yeast resulted in intra-Kt stretching followed by either correction or Kt disruption. Laser ablation of spindle MTs revealed that intra-Kt stretching and merotelic correction were dependent on MT forces. The presence of multiple merotelic chromosomes linearly antagonized the spindle elongation rate, and this phenomenon could be solved numerically using a simple force balance model. Based on the predictions of our mechanical model, we provide in vivo evidence that correction of merotelic attachment in anaphase is tension dependent and requires an Ase1/Prc1-dependent mechanism that prevents spindle collapse and thus asymmetric division and/or the appearance of the cut phenotype.
Assuntos
Anáfase , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/fisiologia , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/fisiologia , Fuso Acromático/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/metabolismoRESUMO
In eukaryotic cells, proper formation of the spindle is necessary for successful cell division. We have studied chromosome recapture in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We show by live cell analysis that lost kinetochores interact laterally with intranuclear microtubules (INMs) and that both microtubule depolymerization (end-on pulling) and minus-end-directed movement (microtubule sliding) contribute to chromosome retrieval to the spindle pole body (SPB). We find that the minus-end-directed motor Klp2 colocalizes with the kinetochore during its transport to the SPB and contributes to the effectiveness of retrieval by affecting both end-on pulling and lateral sliding. Furthermore, we provide in vivo evidence that Dam1, a component of the DASH complex, also colocalizes with the kinetochore during its transport and is essential for its retrieval by either of these mechanisms. Finally, we find that the position of the unattached kinetochore correlates with the size and orientation of the INMs, suggesting that chromosome recapture may not be a random process.