Relation of asymmetrical dimethylarginine levels with renal outcomes in hypertensive patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between high plasma ADMA levels, a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, with the progression of albuminuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hypertensive patients, with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We successfully contacted 213 of 644 patients who had been evaluated between 2004 and 2005 and for whom basal data were available. After the exclusion of 51 patients, 162 hypertensive patients who were free from albuminuria were stratified into the following 4 groups according to the presence of diabetes and plasma ADMA percentiles: general hypertensive patients with high levels of plasma ADMA (>P4 or ADMA > 0.61 µmol/L), general hypertensive patients with low levels of plasma ADMA (≤P4), diabetic hypertensive patients with high levels of plasma ADMA (>P4), and diabetic hypertensive patients with low levels of plasma ADMA (≤P4). RESULTS: The patients were prospectively evaluated over 5.8 years. High ADMA levels were associated with the progression of albuminuria in hypertensive patients, with and without type 2 diabetes. Major increases in the ADMA value during follow-up were associated with the progression of CKD, and direct correlations between ADMA changes and GFR changes were observed in the whole group and in the subgroup of diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that high plasma ADMA levels might be a biomarker of renal disease progression and might even be an early predictor of albuminuria and its progression to the late stages of renal disease in hypertensive and diabetic hypertensive patients.

Association of endothelial dysfunction with cardiovascular risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with hypertension.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is the main endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, plays a critical role in the process of endothelial dysfunction. The authors evaluated the association between high plasma ADMA levels in patients with hypertension and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular outcomes, including death. The authors evaluated 191 patients with hypertension who were stratified into two groups according to the median value of basal ADMA: those with high levels of plasma ADMA (>0.55 µmol/L) and low levels of plasma ADMA (≤0.55 µmol/L) who were prospectively evaluated over 5.8 years. High ADMA levels were seen in patients with higher weight, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, uric acid, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and in patients with type 2 DM. There was an association between high plasma ADMA levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular death. In a subgroup of patients with hypertension free from metabolic syndrome and DM at baseline, there was an association between high ADMA levels and the development of type 2 DM. This study confirms the association of high plasma ADMA levels and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with hypertension and suggests a positive predictive value of high plasma ADMA levels for cardiovascular death in patients with hypertension and also for the development of type 2 DM in a subgroup of patients with hypertension free from metabolic abnormalities.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate possible associations between cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 67 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. PAD was identified by Doppler ultrasonography: systolic ankle-brachial pressure index <0.9. Cardiovascular autonomic function, besides five conventional cardiovascular autonomic function tests, was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV; 24-h ambulatory ECG recording) in time and frequency domains (spectral analyses) and three dimensional return maps. Power spectral analyses (PSA) were quantified in low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and very low frequency. RESULTS: Patients with PAD (n = 30) had longer diabetes duration, higher systolic blood pressure (BP), waist-to-hip ratio, HbA1C test, and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) than patients without PAD. Most HRV indices in time domain were lower in patients with than without PAD. These patients also had lower PSA indices (LF=0.19±0.07 vs. 0.29±0.11 n.u.; LF/HF ratio=1.98±0.9 vs. 3.35±1.83; P< 0.001) and indices of sympathetic (three-dimensional return map: P1-night 61.7±9.4 vs. 66.8±9.7; P=0.04) and vagal (24-h P2 54.5±15.2 vs. 62.7±2.9; P< 0.02) activities (arbitrary units) than patients without PAD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, adjusted for systolic BP, DM duration, HbA1C test, and UAE, confirmed the associations between impaired autonomic modulation and PAD, except for P1 index. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, patients with type 2 diabetes with PAD had lower HRV indices than patients without PAD, reflecting a dysfunction of cardiovascular autonomic modulation.

[Macrovascular diabetic complications: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management]. / Complicações macrovasculares do diabetes melito: peculiaridades clínicas, de diagnóstico e manejo.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure, which are the main causes of death in these patients. Moreover, patients with DM and cardiovascular disease have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics, present lower short-term survival, higher risk of recurrence of the disease and a worse response to the treatments proposed. In the last decades, diagnostic and therapeutic progress had already shown benefits concerning cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients, but their absolute mortality risk is still twice that of non-diabetic patients. Because of this, the adoption of intensive treatment, with strict cardiovascular risk factor control, is a priority. The present study presents the main clinical characteristics and also the practical approach for screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetic macrovascular disease.

Complicações macrovasculares do diabetes melito: peculiaridades clínicas, de diagnóstico e manejo / Macrovascular diabetic complications: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management

O diabetes melito (DM) é um fator de risco independente para doença arterial coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, doença vascular periférica e insuficiência cardíaca, que são as principais causas de morte nesses pacientes. Além disso, pacientes com DM e doença cardiovascular têm pior prognóstico, por apresentarem menor sobrevida, maior risco de recorrência da doença e pior resposta aos tratamentos propostos. Os avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos das últimas décadas já mostram uma redução do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nesses pacientes, mas o risco absoluto desses é ainda duas vezes maior em relação ao dos pacientes não diabéticos. Portanto, é prioritária a adoção de um manejo intensivo, com controle rígido dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Esta revisão trata das principais características clínicas e apresenta uma abordagem prática do rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento da doença macrovascular nos pacientes com DM.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and heart failure, which are the main causes of death in these patients. Moreover, patients with DM and cardiovascular disease have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics, present lower short-term survival, higher risk of recurrence of the disease and a worse response to the treatments proposed. In the last decades, diagnostic and therapeutic progress had already shown benefits concerning cardiovascular risk reduction in these patients, but their absolute mortality risk is still twice that of non-diabetic patients. Because of this, the adoption of intensive treatment, with strict cardiovascular risk factor control, is a priority. The present study presents the main clinical characteristics and also the practical approach for screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetic macrovascular disease.

Nefrite intersticial aguda após exposição a Losartan / Losartan-induced acute interstitial nephritis

Nefrite intersticial aguda é uma causa comum de perda aguda de função renal. Exposição a drogas é o fator desencadeante mais freqüentemente relatado, porém auto-imunidade e infecções também estão associadas. Os inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina têm sido relatados como possíveis agentes, porém não há relato na literatura de nefrite intersticial com uso de losartan. Descrevemos o caso de perda aguda de função renal após exposição a losartan, em paciente com dano renal prévio por nefropatia diabética, cuja biópsia renal diagnosticou nefrite intersticial aguda

Acute interstitial nephritis is an important cause of acute renal failure. The majority of cases results from exposure to drugs. However imune-mediated injury and infection are common causes. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been implicated as possible etiologic agents, but we could not find previous data of acute intestitial nephritis associated with losartan exposure. We report a case of acute renal failure after losartan exposure, in a patient with diabetic nephropathy. The final diagnosis was confirmed by renal biopsy: acute interstitial nephritis

Avaliação da adesão ao protocolo de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade na emergência do HCPA / Assessment of adherence to community acquired pneumonia protocol at HCPA emergency room

Objetivo: O estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o grau de adesão ao protocolo para manejo de Pneumonia Adquirida na Comunidade (PAC) vigente na emergência do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Visamos também, buscar características epidemiológicas, clínicas e laboratoriais que possam contribuir para um desfecho mais grave nestes pacientes. Métodos: De forma prospectiva e observacional, selecionamos pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e radiológico de pneumonia, através de busca ativa na emergência do HCPA, durante o período de agosto a novembro de 2005. O já consagrado escore PORT (Pneumonia Patient outcomes Research Team) de gravidade foi utilizado para estratificação dos pacientes, os quais foram reavaliados no quinto dia. Resultados: Foram obtidos dados de 77 pacientes, com taxa geral de adesão de 65,8 por cento. Esta caiu para apenas 8,7 por cento quando analisados pacientes com PORT 1 e 2, subindo para 91,8 por cento quando considerados os pacientes com escores PORT maiores. Conclusões: Antibioticoterapia não recomendada, exames laboratoriais e internação desnecessários foram os pontos mais discordantes das recomendações do protocolo. Os dados demonstram a necessidade de uma maior adesão ao protocolo, com vistas à redução de gastos desnecessários e melhoria na qualidade do atendimento