Applications of Platelet Concentrates (PCs) in Regenerative Onco-Urology: A Systematic Review of Literature.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of Platelet Concentrates (PCs) in the contest of Hemorrhagic, Actinic, and Radiation Cystitis, plus Urethral Obstruction or Stenosis. Eligibility criteria: Open article in English or Italian regarding in situ applications of PCs for the selected pathologies. Information sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and ELSEVIER. Risk of bias: High (and discussed). Methods for synthesis of results: Selection of relevant contents, resumed by digital tools, checked by authors and used throughout the manuscript. Included studies: 13 screened articles + 7 personal sources + 37 "extra" articles. Synthesis of results: Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated substantial symptom relief, mucosal restoration, and improved growth factor levels, reducing recurrence rates and complications. However, preparation protocols and results varied among studies. Limitations of evidence: Frequent low-quality studies with mall sample size, plus heterogeneous experimental setups and nomenclature/preparations. Interpretation: PCs demonstrate promise due to their bioactive components, enhancing tissue repair and reducing inflammation with no significant adverse events. Despite positive outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies, variability in preparation protocols and small sample sizes, together with inconsistent results, highlight the need for high-quality research to validate PCs' clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness.

Double-Layered Hand-Sewn versus Stapled Intestinal Anastomosis in Patients Who Underwent Ileal Urinary Diversion in Radical Cystectomy: A Comparative and Cost Effective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal anastomosis can be performed by hand suturing (single layer or double layer) or by a mechanical suturing machine. The aim of the study was to compare complications, operative time, and costs of the intestinal anastomosis techniques. METHODS: A retrospective comparative study was conducted including patients who underwent radical cystectomy and uretero-ileo-cutaneostomy or vescica ileale Padovana orthotopic neobladder. Double-layered hand-sewn intestinal anastomosis (HS-IA) were performed using Vicryl stitches. Mechanical-stapled intestinal anastomosis (MS-IA) were performed with a mechanical stapler. RESULTS: Data of 195 patients who underwent were collected. 100 (51.3%) patients underwent HS-IA and 95 (48.7%) patients underwent MS-IA. Considering the complications classified according to Clavien-Dindo, a statistical difference with higher incidence for grade one in the HS-IA both in the ileal conduit group and in the neobladder one than the MS-IA (15.8% and 8.7%, respectively, in HS-IA vs. 1.7% and none in MS-IA). There is not a significant difference in time to flatus and time to defecation. Difference is recorded in the ileal conduit groups for the length of stay (10 days, range 9-12 with HS-IA vs. 13 days range 12-16 days with MS-IA (p < 0.001). The cost of the suture thread used for a single operation was 0.40 euros, whereas the overall cost of a disposable mechanical stapler and one refill was 350.00 €. CONCLUSION: Both HS-IA and MS-IA are safe and effective for patients. The cost for the stapling device is 350 €, in contrast, the cost for Vicryl sutures is negligible.

BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Current Treatment Landscape and Novel Emerging Molecular Targets.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the sixth most common cancer in Western countries, includes upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder carcinoma (BC) as the most common cancers among UCs (90-95%). BC is the most common cancer and can be a highly heterogeneous disease, including both non-muscle-invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive (MIBC) forms with different oncologic outcomes. Approximately 80% of new BC diagnoses are classified as NMIBC after the initial transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBt). In this setting, intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the current standard treatment for intermediate- and high-risk patients. Unfortunately, recurrence occurs in 30% to 40% of patients despite adequate BCG treatment. Radical cystectomy (RC) is currently considered the standard treatment for NMIBC that does not respond to BCG. However, RC is a complex surgical procedure with a recognized high perioperative morbidity that is dependent on the patient, disease behaviors, and surgical factors and is associated with a significant impact on quality of life. Therefore, there is an unmet clinical need for alternative bladder-preserving treatments for patients who desire a bladder-sparing approach or are too frail for major surgery. In this review, we aim to present the strategies in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, focusing on novel molecular therapeutic targets.

The Utility of Inflammatory Serum Markers in the Assessment of Perioperative Morbidity after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer.

Background and Objectives: To date, sparse evidence exists about the impact of inflammatory serum markers in predicting perioperative complications after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC). Here, we evaluated the role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma fibrinogen in predicting perioperative morbidity and unplanned 30-days readmission after RC for BC. Materials and methods: We relied on a collaborative database of 271 patients who underwent open RC for cT1-4a N0 M0 BC between January 2012 and December 2022. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) testing the ability of each serum marker to predict postoperative complications (any-grade and major complications), and 30-days unplanned readmission. Results: The median age at RC was 73 yr (IQR 67-79). A total of 182 (67.2%) patients were male and the median BMI was 25.2 (IQR 23.2-28.4). Overall, 172 (63.5%) patients had a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) greater than 2 points and 98 (36.2%) were current smokers at the time of RC. Overall, 233 (86.0%) patients experienced at least one complication after RC. Of these, 171 (63.1%) patients had minor complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 1-2) while 100 (36.9%) experienced major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 3). According to multivariable analysis, current smoking status, high plasma fibrinogen, and preoperative anemia were independently associated with major complications (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.15-4.90, p = 0.02), (OR 1.51, 95%CI 1.26-1.98, p = 0.09), and (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.17-2.57, p = 0.03), respectively. Overall, 56 (20.7%) patients experienced a 30-days unplanned readmission. According to univariable analysis, high preoperative CRP and hyperfibrinogenemia were significantly associated with an increased risk of unplanned readmission (OR 2.15, 95%CI 1.15-4.16, p = 0.02; OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.13-4.44, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: In our study, the preoperative immune-inflammation signature described by NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, and CRP showed a low reliability in predicting perioperative course after RC. Preoperative anemia and hyperfibrinogenemia were independent predictors of major complications. Further studies are pending in order to draw definitive conclusions.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who had undergone to prostate biopsy in between the EMA warning era: effects of fluoroquinolones in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Results of an observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of different antibiotic prophylaxis regimens in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) candidates to trans-rectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB). METHODS: 143 outpatients with DM who underwent TRUSPB during the period 2018-2020 were selected from a cohort of 1150 patients in 3 different institutions. Exclusion criteria were allergies, concomitant anti-platelet therapies and uncontrolled DM. Different antibiotic prophylaxis regimens were adopted. Bacterial resistance levels to fluoroquinolones into the different communities were also collected. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) testing the risk of infective complications' occurrence after adjusting for clinical covariates. RESULTS: Overall, DM patients were significantly associated with infective complications' occurrence (p < 0.001). No differences on the event of sepsis were found between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Clinically relevant infections with fever > 37 °C were found in 9.1% and 1.5% (p < 0.001) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, respectively. Trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole and fluoroquinolones were six times more efficient than Cefixime in non-diabetic patients. Fluoroquinolones confirmed the same effect in diabetic patients although the level of resistance in the period of study decreased only from 56 to 46%. CONCLUSION: Fluoroquinolones were active in antibiotic prophylaxis of diabetic patients who had undergone to TRUSPB independently from the level of bacterial resistance found in the community. These results conflict with the recent European warning and support the Japanese and American guidelines on the topic.

Preliminary Results of ERAS Protocol in a Single Surgeon Prospective Case Series.

Background and Objectives: The aim was to compare the intra and postoperative outcomes between the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol versus the standard of care protocol (SCP) in patients who underwent radical cystectomy performed by a single surgeon. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted including patients who underwent radical cystectomy from 2017 to 2020. Length of stay (LOS), incidence of ileus, early postoperative complications, and number of re-hospitalizations within 30 days were considered as primary comparative outcomes of the study. Results: Data were collected for 91 patients who underwent cystectomy, and 70 and 21 patients followed the SCP and ERAS protocol, respectively. The mean age of the patients was 70.6 (SD 9.5) years. Although there was a statistically significant difference in time to flatus (TTF) [3 (2.7−3) vs. 1 (1−2 IQR) days, p < 0.001, in the SC hospital and in the ERAS center respectively], no difference was reported in time to first defecation (TTD) [5 (4−6) vs. 4 (3−5.8), p = 0.086 respectively]. The median LOS in the SCP group was 12 (IQR 11−13) days vs. 9 (IQR 8−13 p = 0.024). In the postoperative period, patients reported 22 complications (37% in SCP and 42.8% in ERAS group, p = 0.48). Conclusions: The study reveals how even partial adherence to the ERAS protocols leads to similar outcomes when compared to SCP. As a single surgeon series, our study confirmed the role of surgeons in reducing complications and improving surgical outcomes.

Sildenafil orodispersible film in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: A single-centre open-label uncontrolled trial.

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are the first-line therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP). This single-centre open-label uncontrolled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the new sildenafil orodispersible film (ODF) in ED treatment after RP. Sildenafil 100 mg ODF was administered twice a week for 3 months to patients under 75 years of age, with a Framingham cardiovascular risk score < 20% and a pre-operative International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 score ≥ 17, who had undergone open RP between 2016 and 2018. Erectile function was assessed pre-operatively, post-operatively and after treatment through the IIEF-5 score, the Sexual Encounter Profile Question (SEP-Q) 2 and SEP-Q3; adverse events (AE) were also investigated after 3 months. A total of 65 patients with a median (25th-75th percentile) post-operative IIEF-5 score of 8 (7-9) were treated. Nine (13.8%) patients reported AE of mild/moderate grade and discontinued treatment. A significant IIEF-5 score median (25th-75th percentile) increase of 10 (0-12) was found after treatment in the other 56 patients (p < .001). Sildenafil 100 mg ODF was effective in ED after RP in terms of improved IIEF-5 score and improved SEP-Q2 and SEP-Q3 in 67.9% of patients. It could represent a valid alternative for those patients with low compliance to tablet intake.

Targeted Prostate Biopsy: How, When, and Why? A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer, the second most diagnosed cancer among men, requires precise diagnostic techniques to ensure effective treatment. This review explores the technological advancements, optimal application conditions, and benefits of targeted prostate biopsies facilitated by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to compare traditional 12-core systematic biopsies guided by transrectal ultrasound with targeted biopsy techniques using mpMRI. We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2015 to December 2024 using keywords such as "targeted prostate biopsy", "fusion prostate biopsy", "cognitive prostate biopsy", "MRI-guided biopsy", and "transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy". Studies comparing various biopsy methods were included, and data extraction focused on study characteristics, patient demographics, biopsy techniques, diagnostic outcomes, and complications. CONCLUSION: mpMRI-guided targeted biopsies enhance the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer while reducing unnecessary biopsies and the detection of insignificant cancers. These targeted approaches preserve or improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes, minimizing the risks associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. By utilizing mpMRI, targeted biopsies allow for precise targeting of suspicious regions within the prostate, providing a cost-effective method that reduces the number of biopsies performed. This review highlights the importance of integrating advanced imaging techniques into prostate cancer diagnosis to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Penile Metastasis: Case Report and Systematic Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: Penile metastases (PMs) are a rare clinical presentation mainly related to advanced stages of disease. Considering the low incidence, an optimal treatment approach has not yet been defined; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (RT) are different options used in the vast majority with palliative intent. The advances in modern RT can represent an innovative tool in PM management and a curative option. This paper aimed to report the case of a PM patient treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and perform a systematic literature review of current evidence on the RT approach to PM. CASE PRESENTATION: We reported the case of an 80-year-old patient with PM from primary bladder cancer. Following the surgical approach for the primary tumor, evidence of PM was shown, and the patient was admitted to SBRT treatment on PM after an adjuvant RT course on the pelvis. A 25 Gy in 5-fraction SBRT treatment was performed, and a complete clinical response was shown at the first follow-up. A PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase systematic review was carried out. The search strategy terms were [("penile metastasis"/exp OR "penile metastasis" OR (penile AND ("metastasis"/exp OR metastasis))) AND ("radiotherapy"/exp OR radiotherapy)] and only original articles up to October 24, 2023 were considered. CONCLUSION: A total of 174 studies were obtained using the previously mentioned search strategy, and the analysis was performed on 15 papers obtained following the complete selection process. All reported evidence was focused on the palliative approach of PM, showing good results in terms of symptom control. The potential role of modern RT in the management of PM has yet to be defined. The reported case showed the feasibility and the clinical impact of SBRT in PM treatment.

A conservative treatment for eosinophilic cystitis.

Introduction: Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare condition which causes common symptoms and may mimic other conditions. Eosinophilic cystitis has several causes such as hypereosinophilic syndrome, inflammatory diseases, neoplasia, parasites or fungal infection, IgE-related diseases, Drug Reaction and Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, or Churg-Strauss syndrome. Therefore, differential diagnosis is difficult. Case presentation: We report the case of a middle-aged man affected by eosinophilic cystitis with persistent hematuria and other peculiar symptoms that may be brought back to hypereosinophilic crisis. Conclusion: Conservative approach is preferred, avoiding radical cystectomy rather than corticosteroid, antihistaminic and second line therapy. Hyperbaric therapy is an innovative approach for severe relapsing gross hematuria without specific literature and should be studied for further indications.

Analysis of Bacterial Stent Colonization: The Role of Urine and Device Microbiological Cultures.

In this study, we explored the incidence of double J (JJ) contamination of patients who underwent an endourological procedure for urinary stones and ureteral stenosis. We developed a prospective study between January 2019 and December 2021. Ninety-seven patients, 54 male and 43 female, were enrolled. Urine culture was taken during four steps: before stent insertion, a sample from selective renal pelvis catheterization, a sample two days after the JJ insertion and finally, after the stent removal procedure. At the time of the stent removal, 1 cm of proximal and distal ends were cut off and placed in the culture for bacterial evaluation. Cohen's kappa coefficient value (k) and concordance rates of microbiological culture results were evaluated. The study group comprised 56% of male patients. Proximal and distal stent cultures were positive in 81 and 78 patients. The concordance rate of microbiological cultures between proximal and distal double J stent is 88% (k 0.6). The most common pathogens isolated from urine and stent cultures were Enterococcus spp. in 52 cases and Klebsiella spp. in 27 cases.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Prostate Cancer: An Overview of Diagnostic Performance, Oncological Outcomes, Safety, and Feasibility.

Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for prostate cancer (PCa) represents an innovative technique aimed at improving nodal staging accuracy. The routinary adoption of this procedure in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) might be crucial to identify candidates who could effectively benefit from extensive pelvic lymph nodal dissection (ePLND). Despite some promising results, SNB for PCa is still considered experimental due to the lack of solid evidence and procedural standardization. In this regard, our narrative review aimed to analyze the most recent literature in this field, providing an overview of both the diagnostic accuracy measures and the oncological outcomes of SNB.

Urethral fixation technique improves urinary continence recovery in men undergoing open radical cystectomy and ileal orthotopic neobladder.

BACKGROUND: We assessed urinary continence recovery and perioperative complications in patients operated on with the novel urethral fixation technique during open radical cystectomy (RC) with ileal orthotopic neobladder (IONB). METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 82 consecutive male patients undergoing open RC with IONB between 07/2013 and 06/2020 was analyzed. A study group of 48 patients operated on with the urethral fixation technique was compared with a control group of 34 patients receiving standard neovesico-urethral anastomosis. In the study group, the urethral stump was fixed to the dorsal median raphe posteriorly and to the medial portion of levator ani muscle postero-laterally in order to avoid urethral retraction/deviation. Urinary continence recovery and perioperative complications were assessed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with regard to demographic, clinical and pathological variables. At the median follow-up of 36 months, 42 (87.5%) patients in the study, and 22 (64.7%) in the control group during daytime, and 32 (66.7%) patients in the study, and 15 (44.1%) patients in the control group during nighttime used no pads or a safety pad (P=0.01 and P=0.04, respectively). Ninety-day postoperative complications were observed in 14 (29.2%) patients in the study, and in 10 (29.4%) cases in the control group (P=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: In our exploratory case-control study of male patients undergoing open RC with IONB, we observed a significant improvement in daytime and nighttime urinary continence recovery with no increase in perioperative complications using the novel urethral fixation technique compared to the standard neovesical-urethral anastomosis.

Comparison of Fluoroquinolones and Other Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens for Preventing Complications in Patients Undergoing Transrectal Prostate Biopsy.

Our study aimed to compare the incidence of infective complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSBx) when adopting different antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens. A multi-institutional cohort of 1150 patients who underwent TRUSBx was retrospectively analyzed. Procedures were performed between 2017 and 2019 (before and after the EMA warning about the use of fluoroquinolones for the antibiotic prophylaxis of patient candidates to TRUSBx). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of infective complications, including sepsis and/or fever. The population was stratified according to the antibiotic prophylaxis adopted: fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, prulifloxacin), cephalosporins (cefixime, ceftriaxone) or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regression models were used to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) testing of the risk of infective complication after adjusting for each prebiopsy covariate. In total, 478 (41.6%) patients received fluoroquinolone-based prophylaxis. Among these, 443 (38.5%), 25 (2.2%) and 10 (0.9%) patients received levofloxacin prophylaxis, ciprofloxacin and prulifloxacin, respectively while 14.6% received cefixime, 20.7% received the comedication of ceftriaxone/fosfomycin and 23.1% received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolone regimens were significantly associated with a lower risk of infective complications (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03−0.48, p = 0.003 and OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06−0.43, p < 0.001, respectively). The ceftriaxone/fosfomycin (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.04−0.92, p = 0.04) and fluoroquinolone (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.00−0.70, p = 0.048) prophylaxis were associated with a lower risk of infective sequelae. Fluoroquinolone-based prophylaxis was associated with a lower risk of infective complications after TRUSBx compared to other prophylaxis regimens although its clinical application was recently forbidden by European Medical Agency restrictions.

Sexual dysfunction in dialytic patients. A prospective cross-sectional observational study in two hemodialysis centers.

OBJECTIVES: Incidence and prevalence of patients in dialytic therapy increased considerably in recent years. The onset of new issues, once overshadowed, linked to a lower quality of life like sexual dysfunction became increasingly common. The first study in this area, dating back to the 1970s, shows the high prevalence of sexual dysfunction among patients in dialytic therapy of both sexes. Later studies proved an association of sexual dysfunction with psyche disorders, anxiety, depression and lack of self-confidence. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of male and female sexual main dysfunctions, the latter not least in literature, in patients in hemodialytic therapy. With this aim two dialytic centers have been compared, one located in northern Italy and one in southern Italy, and the different prevalence has been compared to the general population. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional observational study in patients undergoing dialytic therapy in two hemodialysis centers, one located in Palermo and one in Lecco. Male sexual dysfunction was investigated by the International Index of Erectile Function-15 (IIEF15) questionnaire and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnotic Tool (PEDT) questionnaire, and the female dysfunction by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Criteria for inclusion in our study were: age < 75 years and dialytic age > 3 months; exclusion criteria were: advanced cancer diseases, life expectancy < 6 months, previous urological manipulation, anti-androgenic therapy, sexual dysfunction unrelated to kidney disease, psychiatric disorders. Data were compared with mean-standard deviation (SD) and with the variance analysis (ANOVA). A value of p < 0.05 is considered significant. Discrete data were analyzed with contingency analysis. A chi2 < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Data of 78 patients have been collected. Mean age and dialytic time were 54 ± 12 years and 42 ± 35 month; 33 patients were from Palermo and 24 from Lecco; 21 patients were excluded. Age and dialytic age of the two subgroups did not demonstrate statistically significant differences. Between the two centers there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005) in the distribution of basic nephropathy: an higher incidence of diabetic and obstructive nephropathy has been observed in the southern center compared to northern center, while glomerulonephritis and polycystic kidney disease had an higher incidence in the northern center compared to southern one. The main sexual dysfunctions in both sexes, erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation (PE) in men and orgasm disorder and pelvic pain in women, have been investigated. ED was present in 70%  of hemodialyzed patients, which is an higher incidence compared to the general population. The severity of ED between patients of the two groups was significantly different (chi2 < 0.001) with higher incidence of moderate/severe forms in northern Italy. The score, in addition to discrete data (severe, moderate, mild, absence), of ED was significantly different (p < 0.001) between patients of the two centers (22 ± 7 Palermo vs. 9 ± 8, Lecco). The PE was absent in 20 patients (54%), present in 12 patients (32%) and probable in 5 patients (14%) (scores of 7.6 ± 4.0 and 8.9 ± 6.8, respectively in Palermo and Lecco patients). For women, orgasmic dysfunction was severe in 10 patients (50%), mild in 4 patients (20%), very mild in 5 patients (25%), while it was normal in 1 patient (5%), with a statistically significant difference (p< 0.05) between Palermo and Lecco patients (3.0 ± 1.4 vs 1.2 ± 2.0). Sexual pain in women was severe in 11 patients (55%), moderate in 4 patients (20%) and mild in 5 patients (25%). Sexual pain was present in all patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of sex, sexual dysfunction is one of the most common side effect in patients with end stage renal disease in dialytic therapy. Our study confirms literature data. The growing number of the dialytic population with sexual disorders needs specialist support to improve quality of life of these patients.

Percutaneous Nephrostomy Catheter Misplacement into Inferior Vena Cava in a Patient with a Horseshoe Kidney.

Background: Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) is commonly indicated for upper urinary tract drainage in case of obstruction or fistula. Only a few cases of PCN catheter misplacement into the inferior vena cava (IVC) have been published. Case Presentation: We report a case of a PCN catheter misplaced into the IVC through a fistula between the urinary tract and an ipsilateral renal vein in a patient with horseshoe kidney, after bedside urgent replacement for hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock. Conclusion: Although a nephrostomy Foley catheter can be used for adequate urinary drainage and hemostatic purposes after percutaneous nephrolithotomy, its placement should be always verified through antegrade pyelography and particular care should be used for horseshoe kidneys. In case of massive hemorrhage, after temporary closure of the PCN catheter, the cause of bleeding should be investigated with urgent angiography or contrast-enhanced CT scan and promptly treated.