Rapid Geometry-Corrected Echo-Planar Diffusion Imaging at Ultrahigh Field: Fusing View Angle Tilting and Point-Spread Function Mapping.

PURPOSE: Severe geometric distortions induced by tissue susceptibility, water-fat chemical shift, and eddy currents pose a substantial obstacle in single-shot EPI, especially for high-resolution imaging at ultrahigh field. View angle tilting (VAT)-EPI can mitigate in-plane distortion. However, the accompanied strong image blurring prevented its widespread applications. On the other hand, point-spread function mapping (PSF)-EPI can correct distortion and blurring accurately but requires prolonged scan time. We present fused VAT-PSF-EPI and possibilities for acceleration. METHODS: MR signal equations were explicitly derived to quantify image blurring in VAT-EPI and the maximum acceleration capacity in VAT-PSF-EPI. To validate the theoretical prediction, phantom measurements with varying in-plane parallel imaging factors, slice thicknesses, and RF pulses were conducted at 7 Tesla. In addition, in vivo human brain scans were acquired with T2 and diffusion weighting to assess distortion and blurring correction. RESULTS: VAT can effectively suppress distortion, and the introduced image blurring is corrected through PSF encoding. Up to fourfold acceleration (only 5 shots) in VAT-PSF-EPI was achieved compared with standard PSF-EPI without VAT. VAT-induced signal loss was mitigated by adjusting the sequence parameters and EPI resolution. In vivo T2 -weighted EPI data with 1.4 mm3 resolution demonstrate immunity to water-fat chemical shift-induced distortion. Very high-spatial resolution diffusion-weighted EPI (0.7 × 0.7 × 2.8 mm3 and 1.2 mm3 ) demonstrates the immunity to eddy current-induced distortion. CONCLUSION: VAT-PSF-EPI is a novel spin-echo EPI-based sequence for fast high-resolution diffusion imaging at ultrahigh field.

Dynamic 2D self-phase-map Nyquist ghost correction for simultaneous multi-slice echo planar imaging.

PURPOSE: To develop a reconstruction pipeline that intrinsically accounts for both simultaneous multislice echo planar imaging (SMS-EPI) reconstruction and dynamic slice-specific Nyquist ghosting correction in time-series data. METHODS: After 1D slice-group average phase correction, the separate polarity (i.e., even and odd echoes) SMS-EPI data were unaliased by slice GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partial Parallel Acquisition. Both the slice-unaliased even and odd echoes were jointly reconstructed using a model-based framework, extended for SMS-EPI reconstruction that estimates a 2D self-phase map, corrects dynamic slice-specific phase errors, and combines data from all coils and echoes to obtain the final images. RESULTS: The percentage ghost-to-signal ratios (%GSRs) and its temporal variations for MB3Ry 2 with a field of view/4 shift in a human brain obtained by the proposed dynamic 2D and standard 1D phase corrections were 1.37 ± 0.11 and 2.66 ± 0.16, respectively. Even with a large regularization parameter λ applied in the proposed reconstruction, the smoothing effect in fMRI activation maps was comparable to a very small Gaussian kernel size 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 . CONCLUSION: The proposed reconstruction pipeline reduced slice-specific phase errors in SMS-EPI, resulting in reduction of GSR. It is applicable for functional MRI studies because the smoothing effect caused by the regularization parameter selection can be minimal in a blood-oxygen-level-dependent activation map.

A specific absorption rate reduction method for simultaneous multislice magnetic resonance imaging.

This study proposes a modified Shinnar-Le Roux method to synthesize the excitation radio frequency (RF) pulse for a 2D gradient echo (GRE) based simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with features of low specific absorption rate (SAR) and small out-of-slice ripple. This synthesis method for SMS RF pulses employs thinner slice bandwidth and lower multislice offset frequencies to reduce SAR values and adopts a weighted Parks-McClellan algorithm to reduce sidelobes. Formulas for estimating relative SAR values of the SMS pulses are also introduced. Relative SAR values and out-of-slice ripples of the proposed and typical RF pulses with different parameters are presented. In simultaneous 5-slice phantom and 3-slice human brain imaging, SMS pulses synthesized with the proposed method achieve 32% and 28% SAR values of standard pulses while providing similar image qualities. Typical RF pulses such as sinc x cos can also take advantage of the proposed method and offer lower SAR values for SMS imaging. The RF pulse synthesized using the proposed method features low SAR, small sidelobes, and consistent image quality for 2D GRE-based SMS MRI. This method is applicable to the synthesis of typical SMS RF pulses for significant SAR reduction.