RESUMO
BACKGROUND: ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are observed in many reservoirs. Pets might play an important role in the dissemination of ESBL-E to humans since they live closely together. OBJECTIVES: To identify prevalence, risk factors, molecular characteristics, persistence and acquisition of ESBL-E in dogs and cats, and co-carriage in human-pet pairs belonging to the same household. METHODS: In a nationwide study, one person per household was randomly invited to complete a questionnaire and to submit a faecal sample. Dog and cat owners were invited to also submit a faecal sample from their pet. Repeated sampling after 1 and 6 months was performed in a subset. ESBL-E were obtained through selective culture and characterized by WGS. Logistic regression analyses and random forest models were performed to identify risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of ESBL-E carriage in these cohorts was 3.8% (95% CI: 2.7%-5.4%) for human participants (n=550), 10.7% (95% CI: 8.3%-13.7%) for dogs (n=555) and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.5%-3.8%) for cats (n=285). Among animals, blaCTX-M-1 was most abundant, followed by blaCTX-M-15. In dogs, persistence of carriage was 57.1% at 1 month and 42.9% at 6 months. Eating raw meat [OR: 8.8, 95% CI: 4.7-16.4; population attributable risk (PAR): 46.5%, 95% CI: 41.3%-49.3%] and dry food (OR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.5; PAR: 56.5%, 95% CI: 33.2%-66.6%) were predictors for ESBL-E carriage in dogs. Human-dog co-carriage was demonstrated in five households. Human-cat co-carriage was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: ESBL-E prevalence was higher in dogs than in humans and lowest in cats. The main risk factor for ESBL-E carriage was eating raw meat. Co-carriage in dogs and household members was uncommon.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Animais , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Infections due to extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are often preceded by asymptomatic carriage. Higher incidences in enteric infectious diseases during summer have been reported. Here, we assessed whether the presence of seasonality in intestinal ESBL-Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-E/K) carriage in the general Dutch population exists. From 2014 to 2017, the faecal carriage of ESBL-E/K in healthy individuals was determined in three cross-sectional studies in the Netherlands, including 5985 subjects. Results were pooled to identify seasonal trends in prevalence (by month of sampling). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results were adjusted for age, sex, antibiotic use and travel. Overall prevalence of ESBL-E/K carriage was 4.3% (n = 260 ESBL-E/K-positive), with differences between months ranging from 2.6% to 7.4%. Compared to January, the monthly prevalence of ESBL-E carriage was highest in August (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.02-3.49) and September (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.30-3.89). The observed monthly differences in ESBL-E/K carriage rates suggest that there is seasonal variation in exposure to ESBL-E/K other than due to travelling and antibiotic use. This should be taken into account in designing future ESBL-E prevalence studies in temperate regions.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Proteínas de Bactérias , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estações do Ano , Adulto Jovem , beta-LactamasesRESUMO
Background: The prevalence of ampicillin- and/or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (AREf and VREf) has increased in hospitalized patients in the Netherlands. Objectives: To quantify the prevalence, risk factors and co-carriage of AREf and VREf in humans, cats and dogs in the Dutch population. Methods: From 2014 to 2015, â¼2000 inhabitants of the Netherlands each month were randomly invited to complete a questionnaire and provide a faecal sample. Subjects owning pets were also asked to submit one dog or cat sample. Faecal samples were screened for AREf and VREf. The genetic relatedness of isolates was determined using core genome MLST. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors. Results: Of 25â365 subjects, 4721 (18.6%) completed the questionnaire and 1992 (42.2%) human, 277 dog and 118 cat samples were submitted. AREf was detected in 29 human (1.5%), 71 dog (25.6%) and 6 cat (5.1%) samples. VREf (vanA) was detected in one human and one dog. AREf/VREf co-carriage was not detected in 388 paired samples. The use of antibiotics (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-11.2) and proton pump inhibitors (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.3) were risk factors for AREf carriage in humans. In dogs, these were the use of antibiotics (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.6) and eating raw meat (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-6.6). Core genome MLST-based phylogenetic linkage indicated clonal relatedness for a minority of human (16.7%) and pet AREf isolates (23.8%) in three clusters. Conclusions: Intestinal carriage with AREf or VREf is rare in the Dutch general population. Although AREf carriage is high in dogs, phylogenetic linkage between human and pet AREf isolates was limited.
Assuntos
Portador Sadio/veterinária , Infecção Hospitalar/veterinária , Enterococcus faecium/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/epidemiologia , Intestinos/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Portador Sadio/epidemiologia , Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Gatos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Cães , Enterococcus faecium/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus faecium/genética , Feminino , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Enterococos Resistentes à Vancomicina/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging public health concern. As households with preschool children may substantially contribute to the community burden of antimicrobial resistance, we determined the prevalence, risk factors and co-carriage of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria in preschool children and their parents. METHODS: From April 2013 to January 2015, each month 2000 preschool children were randomly selected from Dutch population registries. The parents were invited to complete an epidemiological questionnaire and to obtain and send a faecal sample from the selected child and from one parent. Samples were tested for ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for ESBL/AmpC carriage in children and parents, and findings were internally validated by bootstrapping. RESULTS: In total, 1016 families were included and ESBL/AmpC prevalence was 4.0% (95% CI 3.2%-5.0%); 3.5% (95% CI 2.5%-4.8%) in children and 4.5% (95% CI 3.4%-6.0%) in parents. Attending a daycare centre (DCC) was the only significant risk factor for children (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.3). For parents, the only significant risk factor was having one or more children attending DCCs (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.8). For parents of ESBL/AmpC-positive children the OR for ESBL/AmpC carriage was 19.7 (95% CI 9.2-42.4). Co-carriage of specific ESBL/AmpC genotypes in child and parent occurred more often than expected by chance (14.6% versus 1.1%, Pâ<â0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, intestinal carriage with ESBL/AmpCs was detected in â¼4% of households with preschool children. DCC attendance was a risk factor in both children and parents and co-carriage of specific genotypes frequently occurred in child-parent pairs. These findings suggest household transmission or/and family-specific exposure to common sources of ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria.