Speciation Features of Ferdinandcohnia quinoae sp. nov to Adapt to the Plant Host.

The bacterial strain SECRCQ15T was isolated from seeds of Chenopodium quinoa in Spain. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic analyses, as well as genome similarity indices, support the classification of the strain into a novel species of the genus Ferdinandcohnia, for which we propose the name Ferdinandcohnia quinoae sp. nov. To dig deep into the speciation features of the strain SECRCQ15T, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of the genome of this strain and those of the type strains of species from the genus Ferdinandcohnia. We found several genes related with plant growth-promoting mechanisms within the SECRCQ15T genome. We also found that singletons of F. quinoae SECRCQ15T are mainly related to the use of carbohydrates, which is a common trait of plant-associated bacteria. To further reveal speciation events in this strain, we revealed genes undergoing diversifying selection (e.g., genes encoding ribosomal proteins) and functions likely lost due to pseudogenization. Also, we found that this novel species contains 138 plant-associated gene-cluster functions that are unique within the genus Ferdinandcohnia. These features may explain both the ecological and taxonomical differentiation of this new taxon.

Reclassification of type strains of Rhizobium indigoferae and Sinorhizobium kummerowiae into the species Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti, respectively.

The species Rhizobium indigoferae and Sinorhizobium kummerowiae were isolated from legume nodules and the 16S rRNA sequences of their respective type strains, CCBAU 71042T and CCBAU 71714T, were highly divergent from those of the other species of the genera Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium, respectively. However, the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained for strains CCBAU 71042T and CCBAU 71714T several years after description, were different from the original ones, showing 100 % similarity to the type strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of two housekeeping genes, recA and atpD, confirmed the high phylogenetic closeness of strains CCBAU 71042T and CCBAU 71714T to the respective type strains of R. leguminosarum and S. meliloti. In the present work, we compared the genomes of the type strains of R. indigoferae and S. kummerowiae available in several culture collections with those of the respective type strains of R. leguminosarum and S. meliloti, some of them obtained in this study. The calculated average nucleotide identity-blast and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values in both cases were higher than those recommended for species differentiation, supporting the proposal for the reclassification of the type strains of R. indigoferae and S. kummerowiae into the species R. leguminosarum and S. meliloti, respectively.

Ferranicluibacter rubi gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of family Rhizobiaceae isolated from stems of elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius Schott) in Northwest Spain.

Strain CRRU44T was isolated from the stems of Rubus ulmifolius plants growing in Salamanca (Spain). The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence places this strain within the family Rhizobiaceae showing that it is equidistant to the type species of several genera from this family with similarity values ranging from 91.0 to 96.3 %. Strain CRRU44T formed a divergent lineage which clustered with Endobacterium cereale RZME27T, Neorhizobium galegae HAMBI540T and Pseudorhizobium pelagicum R1-200B4T. The phylogenomic analysis showed that strain CRRU44T was equal to or more distant from the remaining genera of the family Rhizobiaceae than other genera among them. The calculated average nucleotide identity based on blast and average amino acid identity values with respect to the type species of all genera from the family Rhizobiaceae were lower than 78.5 and 76.5 %, respectively, which are the currently cut-off values proposed to differentiate genera within this family. All these results together with those from phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses support that strain CRRU44T represents a novel species of a novel genus within the family Rhizobiaceae, for which the name Ferranicluibacter rubi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain CRRU44T=CECT 30117T=LMG 31822T).

Definition of the symbiovar viciae in the species Rhizobium azibense and biogeographic implications.

Vicia faba L. (faba bean) is a legume cultivated worldwide which commonly establishes effective symbiosis with the symbiovar viciae of species from the Rhizobium leguminosarum phylogenetic group. However, on the basis of the rrs, recA, and atpD gene phylogenies, in this work we identified a strain named EFBRI 42 nodulating V. faba as Rhizobium azibense. This is the first report on the nodulation of Vicia by R. azibense which commonly nodulates P. vulgaris and to date encompasses strains harboring the nodC genes typical of the symbiovars gallicum and phaseoli. However, the strain EFBRI 42 carries a nodC gene typical of the symbiovar viciae for which we report here by the first time this symbiovar in R. azibense. This finding showed the existence of symbiotic genes horizontal transfer events during the coevolution of R. azibense with P. vulgaris and V. faba in their respective distribution centers of Mesoamerica and the Middle East.

Strain ATCC 4720T is the authentic type strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is not a later heterotypic synonym of Agrobacterium radiobacter.

The original type strains of Agrobacterium radiobacter and Agrobacterium tumefaciens recorded in the eighth edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology published in 1974 were NCIB 9042T and ATCC 4720T, respectively. However, in the list of the valid names of bacteria compiled in 1980, both strains were changed, A. radiobacter NCIB 9042T to ATCC 19358T and A. tumefaciens ATCC 4720T to ATCC 23308T. These changes were unjustified, particularly in the case of A. tumefaciens whose type strain was replaced by another strain from the same collection, although the original type strain ATCC 4720T was never lost and it is currently available in several culture collections. Therefore, we request that the type strain of A. tumefaciens be corrected from ATCC 23308T to ATCC 4720T.

Agrobacterium cavarae sp. nov., isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) roots.

A bacterial strain designated as RZME10T was isolated from a Zea mays L. root collected in Spain. Results of analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain belongs to the genus Agrobacterium with Agrobacterium larrymoorei ATCC 51759T being the most closely related species with 99.9 % sequence similarity. The similarity values of the rpoB, recA, gyrB, atpD and glnII genes between strain RZME10T and A. larrymoorei ATCC 51759T were 93.5, 90.0, 88.7, 87.9 and 90.1 %, respectively. The estimated average nucleotide identity using blast and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between these two strains were 80.4 and 30.2 %, respectively. The major fatty acids of strain RZME10T are those from summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c/C18 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0. Pathogenicity tests on tomato and carrot roots showed that strain RZME10T was not able to induce plant tumours. Based on the results of genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses, we propose that strain RZME10T represents a novel species named Agrobacterium cavarae sp. nov. (type strain RZME10T=CECT 9795T=LMG 31257T).

The promiscuity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) for nodulation with rhizobia: a review.

Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) is a legume indigenous to American countries currently cultivated in all continents, which is nodulated by different rhizobial species and symbiovars. Most of species able to nodulate this legume worldwide belong to the genus Rhizobium, followed by those belonging to the genera Ensifer (formerly Sinorhizobium) and Pararhizobium (formerly Rhizobium) and minority by species of the genus Bradyrhizobium. All these genera belong to the phylum alpha-Proteobacteria, but the nodulation of P. vulgaris has also been reported for some species belonging to Paraburkholderia and Cupriavidus from the beta-Proteobacteria. Several species nodulating P. vulgaris were originally isolated from nodules of this legume in American countries and are linked to the symbiovars phaseoli and tropici, which are currently present in other continents probably because they were spread in their soils together with the P. vulgaris seeds. In addition, this legume can be nodulated by species and symbiovars originally isolated from nodules of other legumes due its high promiscuity, a concept currently related with the ability of a legume to be nodulated by several symbiovars rather than by several species. In this article we review the species and symbiovars able to nodulate P. vulgaris in different countries and continents and the challenges on the study of the P. vulgaris endosymbionts diversity in those countries where they have not been studied yet, that will allow to select highly effective rhizobial strains in order to guarantee the success of P. vulgaris inoculation.

Bacillus safensis subsp. osmophilus subsp. nov., isolated from condensed milk, and description of Bacillus safensis subsp. safensis subsp. nov.

A bacterial strain, designated BC09T, was isolated from a contaminated sample of condensed milk. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain BC09T into the genus Bacillus with its closest relatives being Bacillus safensis and Bacillus australimaris with 100 and 99.9 % similarity, respectively. Analysis of the gyrB gene confirmed the closeness of strain BC09T with respect to the species B. safensis since it presented 97.8 and 95.2 % similarity values, respectively, to the type strains of B. safensis and B. australimaris. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed these results showing averages of 67 and 56 %, respectively, between strain BC09T and the type strains of B. safensis and B. australimaris. Average nucleotide identity blast values obtained for BC09T compared to the closest relative type strains were 95.7 and 67.6 %, respectively, and predicted DNA-DNA hybridization values were 93.1 and 51.9 %, respectively. However, strain BC09T differs from the type strains of its closest relatives in several phenotypic characteristics. MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected and iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0 were the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentifed glycolipids, three unidentified lipids and one unidentifed phosphoglycolipid. Meso-diaminopimelic acid was detected in the peptidoglycan. The G+C content was 40.9 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain BC09T represents a new subspecies of B. safensis, for which the name Bacillus safensis subsp. osmophilus subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BC09T (=LMG 30124T, =CECT 9344T).

Heterologous Expression of Rhizobial CelC2 Cellulase Impairs Symbiotic Signaling and Nodulation in Medicago truncatula.

The infection of legume plants by rhizobia is tightly regulated to ensure accurate bacterial penetration, infection, and development of functionally efficient nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Rhizobial Nod factors (NF) have key roles in the elicitation of nodulation signaling. Infection of white clover roots also involves the tightly regulated specific breakdown of the noncrystalline apex of cell walls in growing root hairs, which is mediated by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii cellulase CelC2. Here, we have analyzed the impact of this endoglucanase on symbiotic signaling in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Ensifer meliloti constitutively expressing celC gene exhibited delayed nodulation and elicited aberrant ineffective nodules, hampering plant growth in the absence of nitrogen. Cotreatment of roots with NF and CelC2 altered Ca2+ spiking in root hairs and induction of the early nodulin gene ENOD11. Our data suggest that CelC2 alters early signaling between partners in the rhizobia-legume interaction.

Phyllobacterium salinisoli sp. nov., isolated from a Lotus lancerottensis root nodule in saline soil from Lanzarote.

A Gram-negative rod, designated strain LLAN61T, was isolated from a root nodule of Lotus lancerottensis growing in a saline soil sample from Lanzarote (Canary Islands). The strain grew optimally at 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl and tolerated up to 3.5 %. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain LLAN61T belonged to genus Phyllobacterium and that Phyllobacteriumleguminum ORS 1419T and Phyllobacteriummyrsinacearum IAM 13584T are the closest related species with 97.93 and 97.86% similarity values, respectively. In the atpD phylogeny, P. leguminum ORS 1419T and P. myrsinacearum ATCC 43591T, sharing similarities of 87.6 and 85.8% respectively, were also the closest species to strain LLAN61T. DNA-DNA hybridization showed an average value of 21 % between strain LLAN61T and P. leguminum LMG 22833T, and 6 % with P. myrsinacearum ATCC 43590T. The predominant fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c (summed feature 8). The DNA G+C content was 58.0 mol%. Strain LLAN61T differed from its closest relatives in some culture conditions and in assimilation of several carbon sources. Based upon the results of phylogeny, DNA-DNA hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid analysis, this strain should be classified as a novel species of Phyllobacterium for which the name Phyllobacterium salinisoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain LLAN61T=LMG 30173T = CECT 9417T).

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria in the preparation of traditional fermented potato product 'tunta'.

Fermentation microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast from 12 samples of tunta production chain were quantified, from the native potatoes used by the process fermentation of potatoes in the river up to the final product. During fermentation, the LAB population steadily increased from 3 to 4 to 8 log CFU/g during the first 8 days in the river and the yeast population increased from 2 to 3 to 3-4 log CFU/g. Overall, 115 LAB strains were isolated using a culture-dependent method. Molecular techniques and 16S rRNA gene sequencing enabled the identification of native species. In LAB isolates, members of the Lactobacillaceae (64%), Leuconostocaceae (9%) and Enterococcaceae (2%) families were identified. The most prevalent LAB species in the tunta production chain was Lactobacillus curvatus, followed by Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus brevis and Enterococcus mundtii were also present. Only 13 LAB strains showed anti-listerial activity, and one of them, identified as En. mundtii DSM 4838T [MG031213], produced antimicrobial compounds that were determined to be proteins after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. Based on these results, we suggest that traditional fermented product-derived LAB strains from specific environments could be selected and used for technological application to control pathogenic bacteria and naturally protect food from post-harvest deleterious microbiota.

Reclassification of Arthrobacter viscosus as Rhizobium viscosum comb. nov.

The species Arthrobacter viscosus was isolated from soil from Guatemala and it was classified into the genus Arthrobacter on the basis of phenotypic traits. Nevertheless, the results of16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that this species is a member of the genus Rhizobium, with Rhizobium alamii GBV016T and Rhizobium mesosinicum CCBAU 25010T as the most closely related species with 99.64 and 99.48 % similarity, respectively. The similarity values for the recA gene are 92.2 and 94.4 % with respect to R. alamii GBV016T and R. mesosinicum CCBAU 25010T, respectively, and those for the atpD gene are 92.9 and 98.7 %, respectively. Results of DNA-DNA hybridization analysis yield averages of 46 and 41 % relatedness with respect to the type strains of R. alamii and R. mesosinicum, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics also differed from those of the most closely related species of the genus Rhizobium. Therefore, based on the data obtained in this study, we propose to classify strain LMG 16473T as representing a novel species named Rhizobiumviscosum comb. nov. (type strain LMG 16473T=CECT 908T).

Rhizobium zeae sp. nov., isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) roots.

A bacterial strain designated CRZM18RT was isolated from a root of Zea mays in Spain. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this strain belongs to the genus Rhizobium, with Rhizobium cellulosilyticum ALA10B2T and Rhizobium yantingense H66T being the most closely related species with 98.3 and 97.9 % sequence similarity, respectively. The analysis of the concatenated recA and atpD genes showed that strain CRZM18RT forms a cluster with these species and also with Rhizobiumsmilacinae PTYR-5T, but the recA and atpD genes of strain CRZM18RT were phylogenetically distant, with identities lower than 90 and 96 %, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed mean relatedness of 43, 22 and 38 % with respect to R. cellulosilyticum ALA10B2T, R. yantingense LMG 28229T and R. smilacinae LMG 27604T. Phenotypic characteristics also differed from those of the most closely related species of the genus Rhizobium. The major fatty acids were those from summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. Based on the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data obtained in this study, we propose to classify strain CRZM18RT in a novel species named Rhizobium zeae sp. nov. (type strain CRZM18RT=LMG 29735T=CECT 9169T).

Mesorhizobium helmanticense sp. nov., isolated from Lotus corniculatus nodules.

In this study, three strains belonging to the genus Mesorhizobium, CSLC115NT, CSLC19N and CSLC37N, isolated from Lotus corniculatus nodules in Spain, were characterized. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences were closely related to those of Mesorhizobium metallidurans STM 2683T, Mesorhizobium tianshanense A-1BST, Mesorhizobium tarimense CCBAU 83306T, Mesorhizobium gobiense CCBAU 83330T and Mesorhizobium caraganae CCBAU 11299T with similarity values higher than 99.7 %. The analysis of concatenated recA and glnII genes showed that the most closely related type strains were M. metallidurans STM 2683T, M. tianshanense A-1BST and M. tarimense CCBAU 83306T with 96, 95 and 94 % similarity values in the recA gene and 95, 94 and 94 % in the glnII gene, respectively. M. metallidurans LMG 24485T, M. tianshanense USDA 3592T and M. tarimense LMG 24338T showed means of 44, 41 and 42 % DNA-DNA relatedness, respectively, with respect to strain CSLC115NT. The major fatty acids were those from summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl. The results of phenotypic characterization support that the L. corniculatus nodulating strains analysed in this work belong to a novel species of the genus Mesorhizobium for which the name Mesorhizobium helmanticense sp. nov. is proposed, and the type strain is CSLC115NT (= LMG 29734T=CECT 9168T).

Delftia rhizosphaerae sp. nov. isolated from the rhizosphere of Cistus ladanifer.

A bacterial strain, designated RA6T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Cistus ladanifer. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the isolate into the genus Delftia within a cluster encompassing the type strains of Delftia lacustris, Delftia tsuruhatensis, Delftia acidovorans and Delftia litopenaei, which presented greater than 97 % sequence similarity with respect to strain RA6T. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed average relatedness ranging from of 11 to 18 % between these species of the genus Delftia and strain RA6T. Catalase and oxidase were positive. Casein was hydrolysed but gelatin and starch were not. Ubiquinone 8 was the major respiratory quinone detected in strain RA6T together with low amounts of ubiquinones 7 and 9. The major fatty acids were those from summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain RA6T should be considered as a representative of a novel species of genus Delftia, for which the name Delftia rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA6T (=LMG 29737T= CECT 9171T).

Paenibacillus tritici sp. nov., isolated from wheat roots.

A bacterial strain designated RTAE36T was isolated from wheat roots in northern Spain. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the isolate into the genus Paenibacillus with its closest relative being Paenibacillus borealis DSM 13188T with 97.7 % sequence similarity. Cells of the isolate were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, motile and sporulating rods. Catalase and oxidase were positive. Gelatin, casein and starch were not hydrolysed. Growth was supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources. MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected, and anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The polar lipids profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified phosphoaminolipids, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was detected in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. Strains RTAE36T and P. borealis DSM 13188T had an mean DNA-DNA relatedness of 39 % and differed in several phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, confirming that strain RTAE36T should be considered as a representative of a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus tritici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RTAE36T (=LMG 29502T=CECT 9125T).

Bradyrhizobium cajani sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Cajanus cajan.

Two slow-growing strains, AMBPC1010T and AMBPC1011, were isolated from nodules of Cajanus cajan in the Dominican Republic. 16S rRNA gene analysis placed these strains within the genus Bradyrhizobium, being phylogenetically equidistant to several species of this genus. Analysis of the recA and atpD genes showed that the strains isolated belong to a cluster containing the strains Bradyrhizobium ottawaense OO99T, 'Bradyrhizobium americanum' CMVU44 and Bradyrhizobium daqingense CCBAU 15774T, and presented similarity values lower than 96 % for both genes with respect to the strains nodulating C. cajan. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed averages of 36, 40 and 39 % relatedness with respect to the representative strains of Bradyrhizobium ottawaense, 'Bradyrhizobium americanum' and Bradyrhizobium daqingense, respectively. Phenotypic characteristics also differed from those of the most closely related species of the genus Bradyrhizobium. Therefore, based on the data obtained in this study, we propose to classify the strains AMBPC1010T (=LMG 29967T=CECT 9227T) and AMBPC1011 into a novel species named Bradyrhizobium cajani sp. nov.

Bacillus terrae sp. nov. isolated from Cistus ladanifer rhizosphere soil.

A bacterial strain designated RA9T was isolated from a root of Cistus ladanifer in Spain. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate into the genus Bacillus with its closest relatives being Bacillus fortis R-6514T and Bacillus fordii R-7190T with 98.2 % similarity in both cases. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed mean relatedness values of 29 and 30 %, respectively, between strain RA9T and the type strains of B. fortis and B. fordii. Cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-positive, motile, sporulating rods. Catalase and oxidase were positive. Gelatin, starch and casein were not hydrolysed. Menaquinone MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected and iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentifed glycolipid and one unidentified lipid. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was detected in the peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 43.1 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain RA9T should be considered as representing a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA9T (=LMG 29736T=CECT 9170T).

Brevundimonas canariensis sp. nov., isolated from roots of Triticum aestivum.

A bacterial strain designated GTAE24T was isolated from a root of wheat growing in soil from the Canary Islands, Spain. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate in the genus Brevundimonas with Brevundimonas abyssalisTAR-001T as its closest relative at 99.4 % similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed an average of 38 % relatedness between strain GTAE24T and the type strain of B. abyssalis. Cells were Gram-stain-negative and motile by polar flagella. The strain was positive for oxidase and weakly positive for catalase. Gelatin, starch and casein were not hydrolysed. Growth was supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon source. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c (summed feature 8) and C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1,4)-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol, 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[6'-phosphatidyl-α-d-glucopyranosyl] glycerol, 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl glycerol, and 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol. The DNA G+C content was 63.9 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain GTAE24T should be considered as representing a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas canariensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GTAE24T (=LMG 29500T=CECT 9126T).

Paenibacillus hispanicus sp. nov. isolated from Triticum aestivum roots.

A bacterial strain designated AMTAE16T was isolated from a root of wheat in Spain. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate in the genus Paenibacilluswith its closest relative being Paenibacillus daejeonensis AP-20T with 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed a mean of 30 % DNADNA relatedness between strain AMTAE16T and the type strain of P. daejeonensis. The isolate was a Gram-stainvariable, motile and sporulating rod. Catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Gelatin and starch were hydrolysed but not casein. Growth was supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon source. MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected and anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, four unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified lipids. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was detected in the peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 55.4 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain AMTAE16T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus hispanicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AMTAE16T(=LMG 29501T=CECT 9124T).