Oral health of older people: tracking soft tissue injuries for the prevention of oral cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To detect oral soft tissue injuries in older people. METHOD: A quantitative analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Fortaleza, Ceará. Individual interviews addressed age, gender, marital status, income, and education. The community oral health indicator was used to detect oral soft tissue injuries and their location. RESULTS: Most of the 821 participants aged 60-100 years were women (580; 70.6%), attended school for up to 5 years (401; 48.8%), were illiterate (201; 24.5%), were retired (608; 74.1%), and received up to 2 wages (701; 85.4%). A total of 604 participants (73.6%) wore dentures. Injuries included red patches (152; 55.9%), blisters (58; 21.3%), lesions and/or wounds (39; 14.3%), and white patches (30; 11%). Locations of injuries were the roof of the mouth (167; 61.4%), gums (62; 22.8%), cheeks (39; 14.3%), tongue (15; 5.5%), lips (15; 5.5%), and the floor of the mouth (12; 4.4%). Injuries were associated with age (p<0.001), retirement (p=0.005), education (p=0.010), dentures (p<0.001) and red patches (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Tracking soft tissue injuries and referring older adults with suspected malignant lesions to the health team should be included as oral cancer identification and prevention measures. Furthermore, health care providers should raise older adults' awareness of the importance of regular preventive examinations.

Mucoadhesive chitosan films as a potential ocular delivery system for ofloxacin: preliminary in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the physical properties, in vitro release profile, and antibacterial efficiency of chitosan films prepared with ofloxacin. PROCEDURE: Mucoadhesive films were prepared by means of a casting and solvent evaporation technique performed in a 2 wt% acetic acid solution and distilled water. Physical properties were characterized by release and swelling studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis. The in vitro evaluation of the films was performed by inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa through activity studies. RESULTS: Circular ofloxacin-loaded chitosan-developed films with 0.3 mg of drug weighed 7 mg were 110 µm thick and 5 mm in diameter. The DSC curve of ofloxacin-loaded chitosan films suggests an amorphous dispersion of ofloxacin within these films. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that ofloxacin is indeed present in the matrix film. The drug was released in vitro over a 1-h period. No statistical difference could be observed between the ofloxacin-loaded chitosan films and sterile disk soaked for 1 min in 0.3% commercial ofloxacin ophthalmic solution for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (P = 0.1686, P = 0.1172, respectively).The films presented a significantly larger mean bacterial inhibition zone of S. aureus than did the commercial ciprofloxacin control disk (P = 0.0002) and a significantly larger mean bacterial kill zone of P. aeruginosa than did the commercial enrofloxacin control disk (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Ofloxacin was successively incorporated onto chitosan films and was not inactivated during the process of manufacturing, thus preserving antibacterial proprieties.

Association of Training in Basic Life Support with the Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performed by Firefighters.

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the results of professional technical and anthropometric anamnesis data with the transmission of external chest compressions performed by military firefighters at different execution times. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the performance and perceived effort of the sequence of external chest compressions performed in two minutes, as well as the evolution of the technique over time. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, correlational study involving adult firefighters who were members of a specific firefighter group, comprising a population of 105 individuals with a voluntary sample of 44 participants. The study used a Bayesian statistical approach to provide probabilistic expressions. Results: The participants had an average work experience of 17 years, an average age of 38.6 years, an average weight of 81.48 kilograms, an average height of 176 centimeters, and an average of 2.5 qualifications. The results indicated that the firefighters performed external chest compressions with excellent technique and a moderate level of perceived effort in a two-minute evaluation. The evaluation of the evolution of the technique over time showed that the participants were able to maintain high-quality compressions for an average of 6 minutes, with a maximum of 20 uninterrupted minutes. Conclusion: The study underscores the critical role of professional firefighters in performing and maintaining high-quality external chest compressions, which has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality in cases of cardiorespiratory arrest.

Growth Inhibition and Morphological Alterations of Trichophyton Rubrum Induced by Essential oil from Cymbopogon Winterianus Jowitt Ex Bor.

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. Researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte T. rubrum. The antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 T. rubrum strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. The effects on mycelial dry weight and morphology were also observed. Screening showed essential oil in natura inhibited all the tested strains, with inhibition zones between 24-28 mm diameter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of the essential oil were 312 µg/mL for nearly all the essayed strains (93.75 %) while the MFC50 and MFC90 values were about eight times higher than MIC for all tested strains. All tested essential oil concentrations managed to inhibit strongly the mycelium development. Main morphological changes on the fungal strains observed under light microscopy, which were provided by the essential oil include loss of conidiation, alterations concerning form and pigmentation of hyphae. In the oil presence, colonies showed folds, cream color and slightly darker than the control, pigment production was absent on the reverse and with evident folds. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil showed activity against T. rubrum. Therefore, it could be known as potential antifungal compound especially for protection against dermatophytosis.

Rational selection of non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts for mixed starters based on ester formation and enological traits.

Thirty-eight yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida, Hanseniaspora, Pichia, Torulaspora and Zygosaccharomyces were screened for ester formation on synthetic microbiological medium. The genera Hanseniaspora and Pichia stood out as the best acetate ester producers. Based on the ester profile Hanseniaspora guilliermondii 11027 and 11102, Hanseniaspora osmophila 1471 and Pichia membranifaciens 10113 and 10550 were selected for further characterization of enological traits. When growing on must H. osmophila 1471, which displayed a glucophilic nature and was able to consume more than 90% of initial must sugars, produced levels of acetic acid, medium chain fatty acids and ethyl acetate, within the ranges described for wine. On the other hand, it was found to be a strong producer of 2-phenylethyl acetate. Our data suggest that H. osmophila 1471 is a good candidate for mixed starters, although the possible interactions with S. cerevisiae deserve further research.

Simultaneous quantification of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and besifloxacin concentrations in cornea and aqueous humor by LC-QTOF/MS after topical ocular dosing.

The fourth-generation fluoroquinolones are widely used as ophthalmic antimicrobials. This study aimed to validate a new analytical technique for simultaneous quantification of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and besifloxacin concentrations in the cornea and aqueous humor by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF/MS) at 10min and 1h after instillation of topical ophthalmic antimicrobial suspensions. It was used twenty-two male dogs without ocular lesions verified by ophthalmic and histologic examinations. Methanol:water (4:1) was used for the extraction procedure for cornea and acetonitrile:water (4:1) was used for aqueous humor. The chromatographic separations were carried out on a C18 column with a linear gradient of water and methanol, both containing 0.1% formic acid. The total chromatographic run time was 4min. Mass spectrometry analyses were performed on a Xevo™ G2-S QTof tandem mass spectrometer, operated in a positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode. The retention times were approximately 1.42min for gatifloxacin, 1.87min for moxifloxacin, and 3.01min for besifloxacin. No interference peak was detected for the three tested antimicrobials in samples obtained from both cornea and aqueous humor, ensuring that the peak response was exclusive to the analyte of interest. The limit of detection for the three antimicrobials was 0.11µg/mL and the limit of quantification was 0.42µg/mL for both cornea and aqueous humor samples. At both time points post instillation of the three antimicrobials, moxifloxacin had the highest corneal concentration and besifloxacin demonstrated the highest concentration in the aqueous humor.

Evaluation of the stereotactic 8G vacuum-assisted breast biopsy in the histologic evaluation of suspicious mammography findings (BI-RADS IV).

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the new 8G stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (ST-driver, Mammotome; Ethicon Endosurgery) in the histologic evaluation of BI-RADS IV microcalcifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with 61 mammographic BI-RADS IV microcalcifications underwent stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (SVAB). The new 8G system was mounted on the ST driver, which was formerly used only with the hand-held version under sonographic guidance. The evaluation criteria for each biopsy were minimally invasive and operative histologies, the time needed for biopsy, the amount of bleeding, number of rotations and specimen, the degree of resection, and the complications. RESULTS: Fifty-eight of 61 biopsies were technically successful because > or = 50% were resected (29 x 100%, 8 x 90%, 5 x 80%, 6 x 70%, 3 x 50%, 3 x 0%). In 7 cases with representative biopsies of segmental suspicious microcalcifications, the degree of resection could not be exactly measured. All but 2 biopsies were performed without clinically relevant complications and after gaining enough specimens (Ø 12.6 specimen, 1.85 rotations). Those 2 patients showed evidence of severe bleeding into the breast tissue and operative revision had to be performed (3.5%). The size of intramammary hematoma was measurable in 27 biopsies and showed a range from 0.5 to 5 cm (Ø 2.7 cm). The average external bleeding was still low with 16 mL (5-80 mL). In 3 of 61 lesions, it was not possible to gain representative tissue as a result of displacement of the lesion after introducing or shooting the needle. The average time needed for all biopsies was 28.2 minutes for all but 5 very complicated biopsies, which took 16.1 minutes. The histologic findings with further operative workup were: 10 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), 4 atypical ductal hyperplasias, 1 atypical lobular hyperplasias (ALH), 3 lobular carcinomas in situ (LCIS), and 6 invasive ductal carcinomas. In 7 of 12 of the initial DCIS histologies, the operative histology was also DCIS, whereas in 4 of 12, no residual malignant tumor was found. In 1 of 12 patients with an initial DCIS histology, operative histology revealed invasive ductal cancer (8.3%). The cases with lobular lesions (ALH, LCIS) did not show any evidence for residual tissue in the operative workup. Most frequent benign histologies were mastopathy (13), ductal hyperplasia (9), fibroadenoma (8), and sclerosing adenosis (5). The control examinations (maximum 1 year) did not show any signs for a false-negative biopsy. CONCLUSION: The 11-G SVAB has proven to be a perfect adjunct to the existing breast biopsy methods. The new 8G SVAB speeds up the method when used for the same size of lesions and enables the user to representatively biopsy lesions up to 3 cm in diameter. The method is still minimally invasive; however, the amount of hematomas as well as clinically relevant complications is increased.

Value of electrical impedance scanning (EIS) in the evaluation of BI-RADS III/IV/V-lesions.

Two hundred and fifty-six (256) patients (72% preoperative, 28% pre-Mammotome) were prospectively examined with EIS using the TS 2000 (TransScan Research and Development Center, Israel; temporarily distributed by Siemens, Erlangen) with the "LOS"-software (level of suspicion). All exams were performed with the targeted scan probe, the observer knowing all clinical and imaging facts. The area of the lesions was examined with EIS at least with 5 single scans. The evaluation included a scaling of lesions from 1 (surely benign) up to 5 (highly suggestive for malignancy) as well as the additional notification of spots. Results of EIS were based upon the automatic scaling which is provided by the software and were compared with mammography and histology. Furthermore the influence of the histology, size of lesions, and presence/absence of spots on the EIS results were analyzed. Histology revealed benign results in 138 lesions and malignant results in 118 lesions (DCIS=61, ID-Ca=51, IL-Ca=5, mucinous Ca=1). Mammography as expected yielded high values with 91% sensitivity and 62% specificity. Overall sensitivity of EIS was 75.4%, specificity 42.03%, negative predictive value 66.7% and positive predictive value 52.7% (89 TP, 58 TN, 80 FP, 29 FN). EIS was false negative in 20 ID-Ca, 3 IL-Ca, 1 IDL-Ca, 4 DCIS, and 1 mucinous carcinoma. Sensitivity and specificity of EIS did not differ for the different histological differentiations neither for the degree of invasion. Also the additional notification of "spots" didn't show a correlation to malignancy. There were significant differences of the sensitivity of EIS regarding the tumor size. While EIS correctly diagnosed 85% of lesions <10 mm in size, only 64% of lesions >10 mm were detected. Most frequent lesion types for false positives were mastopathy (55/80 FP) and fibroadenoma (21/80 FP). Patient acceptance of EIS was perfect and there were no drop outs because of movement artifacts. In conclusion the "LOS"-software clearly improved the clinical performance of the TS 2000 as compared to the initial software. The high sensitivity of EIS in small cancers which was found in our study may indicate an advantage of this method. However, the overall sensitivity and specificity with this setup of EIS is still far too low. Further improvements especially including the measurement of higher frequencies should be realized.

Oral health of older people: tracking soft tissue injuries for the prevention of oral cancer / Saúde bucal de idosos: rastreio de lesões dos tecidos moles na prevenção do câncer bucal / Salud bucal de personas mayores: rastreo de lesiones de tejidos blandos en la prevención del cáncer bucal

ABSTRACT Objective: To detect oral soft tissue injuries in older people. Method: A quantitative analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Fortaleza, Ceará. Individual interviews addressed age, gender, marital status, income, and education. The community oral health indicator was used to detect oral soft tissue injuries and their location. Results: Most of the 821 participants aged 60-100 years were women (580; 70.6%), attended school for up to 5 years (401; 48.8%), were illiterate (201; 24.5%), were retired (608; 74.1%), and received up to 2 wages (701; 85.4%). A total of 604 participants (73.6%) wore dentures. Injuries included red patches (152; 55.9%), blisters (58; 21.3%), lesions and/or wounds (39; 14.3%), and white patches (30; 11%). Locations of injuries were the roof of the mouth (167; 61.4%), gums (62; 22.8%), cheeks (39; 14.3%), tongue (15; 5.5%), lips (15; 5.5%), and the floor of the mouth (12; 4.4%). Injuries were associated with age (p<0.001), retirement (p=0.005), education (p=0.010), dentures (p<0.001) and red patches (p<0.001). Conclusion: Tracking soft tissue injuries and referring older adults with suspected malignant lesions to the health team should be included as oral cancer identification and prevention measures. Furthermore, health care providers should raise older adults' awareness of the importance of regular preventive examinations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Detectar agravos aos tecidos moles orais em pessoas idosas. Método: Estudo quantitativo, analítico, transversal, realizado. As entrevistas individuais abordaram idade, sexo, estado civil, renda e educação. O Indicador Comunitário de Saúde Bucal foi utilizado para detectar agravos aos tecidos moles orais e sua localização. Resultados: A maioria dos 821 participantes tinha entre 60 e 100 anos, era mulheres (580; 70,6%), com até 5 anos de escolaridade (401; 48,8%), analfabeta (201; 24,5%), aposentada (608; 74,1%), recebia até dois salários (701; 85,4%) e 604 (73,6%) usava prótese dentária. Os agravos incluíram manchas vermelhas (152; 55,9%), bolhas (58; 21,3%), lesões e/ou feridas (39; 14,3%) e manchas brancas (30; 11%). As localizações foram palato (167; 61,4%), gengivas (62; 22,8%), bochechas (39; 14,3%), língua (15; 5,5%); lábios (15; 5,5%) e assoalho da boca (12; 4,4%). As localizações estiveram associadas à idade (p <0,001), aposentadoria (p = 0,005), escolaridade (p = 0,010), próteses (p <0,001) e manchas vermelhas (p <0,001). Conclusão: Rastrear agravos aos tecidos moles e encaminhar idosos com suspeita de lesões malignas à equipe de saúde devem ser medidas de identificação e prevenção do câncer bucal. Além disso, os profissionais de saúde devem conscientizar os idosos da importância de exames preventivos regulares.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Detectar agravamientos en los tejidos blandos orales en personas mayores. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, analítico, trasversal, llevado a cabo en Fortaleza, Ceará. Entrevistas individuales abordaron edad, sexo, estado civil, ingresos y educación. El Indicador Comunitario de Salud Bucal fue utilizado para detectar agravamientos a los tejidos blandos orales y su ubicación. Resultados: La mayoría de los 821 participantes tenían entre 60 y 100 años, estaba compuesto de mujeres (580; 70,6%), con hasta 5 años de escolaridad (401; 48,8%), analfabetas (201; 24,5%), jubiladas (608; 74,1%), cobraban hasta dos sueldos mínimos (701; 85,4%) y 604 (73,6%) llevaban prótesis dental. Los agravamientos incluyeron manchas rojas (152; 55,9%), burbujas (58; 21,3%), lesiones y/o heridas (39; 14,3%) y manchas blancas (30; 11%). Las ubicaciones fueron paladar (167; 61,4%), encías (62; 22,8%), mejillas (39; 14,3%), lengua (15; 5,5%), labios (15; 5,5%) y suelo de la boca (12; 4,4%). Las ubicaciones estuvieron asociadas con la edad (p<0,001), jubilación (p = 0,005), escolaridad (p = 0,010), prótesis (p <0,001) y manchas rojas (p <0,001). Conclusión: Rastrear agravamientos a los tejidos blandos y derivar a las personas mayores con sospecha de lesiones malignas al equipo de salud deben ser medidas de identificación y prevención del cáncer bucal. Además, los profesionales sanitarios deben concienciar a los ancianos acerca de la importancia de hacer exámenes preventivos regulares.

New mucoadhesive chitosan film for ophthalmic drug delivery of timolol maleate: in vivo evaluation.

PURPOSE: Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide biopolymer with mucoadhesive properties, presents a promising future in the prolonged ocular delivery of drugs. The present study compared the efficacy and safety of chitosan-coated timolol maleate (TM) mucoadhesive film, using a 0.5% TM commercial ophthalmic solution in a rabbit model. In addition, this study investigates the maximum release time of these implants in vivo. METHODS: The mucoadhesive films were prepared by means of a casting and solvent evaporation technique performed in a 2 wt% acetic acid solution and distilled water. Physical properties were characterized by release and swelling studies, differential scanning calorimetry, and attenuated total reflectance fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The developed formulations were evaluated for their pharmacodynamics in ocular normotensive albino rabbits, in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by means of applanation tonometer on alternative days (13 h) for 11 weeks. For 15 days, 0.5% TM commercial ophthalmic solution was administered twice a day (n=5) and compared to chitosan-coated TM (n=5). In the control group (n=5), saline was used twice a day. The maximum TM release time from chitosan films were also recorded. After euthanasia, the right eyes were removed from the 3 groups for histological analyses. RESULTS: In an in vitro study, TM was released over a 4-week period, in which 85% of the drug was released over the first 2 weeks. However, the film's release of TM lowered the in vivo IOP levels over a 10-week period. No significant difference in the lowering of IOP in rabbits treated with 0.5% TM commercial ophthalmic solution, as compared to those that received the films (P<0.05), could be observed. No signs of ocular discomfort or irritations could be identified upon ophthalmic examination by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Ophthalmic structures that came in direct contact with the films revealed no alterations within the histopathological studies. Moreover, the animals showed no signs of ocular discomfort during the experimental assays. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the TM-loaded chitosan film is safe and efficient and presents a promising future as an ocular drug delivery system in the treatment and prevention of glaucoma.

Monitoring a mixed starter of Hanseniaspora vineae-Saccharomyces cerevisiae in natural must: impact on 2-phenylethyl acetate production.

The effect of simultaneous or sequential inoculation of Hanseniaspora vineae CECT 1471 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae T73 in non-sterile must on 2-phenylethyl acetate production has been examined. In both treatments tested, no significant differences in Saccharomyces yeast growth were found, whereas non-Saccharomyces yeast growth was significantly different during all days of fermentation. Independently of the type of inoculation, S. cerevisiae was the predominant species from day 3 till the end of the fermentation. The dynamics of indigenous and inoculated yeast populations showed H. vineae to be the predominant non-Saccharomyces species at the beginning of fermentation in sequentially inoculated wines, whereas the simultaneous inoculation of S. cerevisiae did not permit any non-Saccharomyces species to become predominant. Differences found in non-Saccharomyces yeast growth in both fermentations influenced the analytical profiles of final wines and specifically 2-phenylethyl acetate concentration which was two-fold increased in sequentially inoculated wines in comparison to those co-inoculated. In conclusion we have shown that H. vineae inoculated as part of a sequential mixed starter is able to compete with native yeasts present in non-sterile must and modify the wine aroma profile.

Esferas de quitosana/D. ambrosioides (mastruz) para aplicação como biomaterial / Chitosan/D. ambrosioides (mastruz) spheres to be applied as a biomaterial

Objetivo: Desenvolver esferas de quitosana/D. ambrosioides (mastruz) para aplicação como biomaterial. Material e Métodos: Para obtenção das esferas de quitosana e quitosana com extrato alcoólico bruto do mastruz (EAB) utilizou-se a técnica de GeleificaçãoIonotrópica. Foram formados quatro grupos: QO- quitosana; Q5; Q10 e Q20, quitosana com 5%, 10% e 20% de EAB, respectivamente. Foram caracterizadas por Microscopia Óptica (MO); Citotoxicidade e Biodegradação. Resultados: NoMO, observou-se esferas bem delimitadas e mais escuras, à medida que o percentual do EAB aumentou. Todos os grupos foram não citotóxicos. Na presença de lisozima, observou-se perda de massa, já na solução tampão fosfato salina (PBS) constatou-se ganho de massa. Conclusão: Conclui-se que as esferas apresentaram potencial para utilização como biomaterial.

Objective: This worked aimed to develop chitosan/D. ambrosioides (mastruz) spheres to be applied as a biomaterial. Material and Methods: To obtain the chitosan spheres and the chitosan with crude ethanolic extract of mastruz (CEE) the Ionotropic gelation technique was used. Four groups were formed: QO- Chitosan; Q5; Q10 and Q20, Chitosan with 5%, 10% and 20% of CEE, respectively. Were characterized by Optic Microscopy (OM); Cytotoxicity and Biodegradation.Results: InOM, well delimited and darker spheres were observed, as the CEE percentage increased. All groups were noncytotoxic. In the presence of lysozyme, mass loss was observed, as for in solution Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) the mass gain was found. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the spheres presented potential for use as a biomaterial.

Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of Mentha crispa in the treatment of giardiasis.

It's estimated that around 200 million people are annually infected with Giardia lamblia, making the disease a major cause of morbidity worldwide. The current treatment of giardiasis includes the use of several drugs, among them, herbal medicines formulated with Mentha crispa. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of M. crispa in the treatment of giardiasis. The research consisted initially of a cross-sectional study for the selection of subjects with giardiasis. After that, there was a randomized, open, in parallel with active control study, in order to verify the therapeutic efficacy of M. crispa in the treatment of giardiasis. Coprology samples were collected from 1622 patients between May 2005 and May 2007 for a series of parasitological examinations. Ninety-six patients with G. lamblia were selected, which were then distributed randomly into two groups: Secnidazole, consisting of 50 patients treated with 2g of Secnidazole and M. crispa, containing 46 patients treated with 2g of M. crispa. After 7 days, healing was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay in a fresh fecal sample. Additionally, the subjects were questioned about possible adverse effects and answered a questionnaire covering socioeconomic and hydrosanitary issues. The analysis of the clinical trial data showed that the cure rate for the Secnidazole group (84.0%) was significantly higher (P=0.0002) as that verified in the M. crispa group (47.83%). Therefore, the study concludes that, in the dose used in this trial, the effect of M. crispa in the treatment of giardisis is less effective than that of Secnidazole.

Avaliação de vídeos sobre Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV) publicados no Youtube / Evaluation of Basic Life Support (BLS) videos published on YouTube

O presente trabalho tratará de uma análise de vídeos do YouTube relacionada ao suporte básico de vida de acordo com as diretrizes da American HeartAssociation (AHA) de 2010. O trabalho em questão é uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada no sítio de compartilhamento de vídeos do YouTube, cujo endereço é "www.youtube.com.br, um "site bastante acionado pelos usuários da "internet" para adquirir conhecimentos de qualquer área. Foram analisados 104 vídeos. A média de duração dos vídeos foi de 6 minutos e 21 segundos. Dos 104 vídeos, 40 (38%) estavam de acordo com AHA e 64 (62%) não estavam conforme as diretrizes AHA. Quanto ao número de erros por vídeos os resultados demonstraram que metade dos vídeos analisados apresentaram 3 erros de publicação de acordo com AHA de 2010. Os vídeos analisados perfizeram um total de 148 desconformidades. O não seguimento da sequência CABD foi o erro mais comum observado com 45 (30,4%) aparições. Em relação à autoria dos vídeos, estes foram publicados por organização/instituição, pessoa física e ONG. Os vídeos analisados apresentaram um grande número de visualizações obtendo uma média de 23.829 visualizações... (AU)

This research will deal with an analysis of YouTube videos related to basic life support according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association (AHA) 2010. These is an exploratory research with a quantitative approach, carried out at the site of sharing YouTube videos, whose address is "www.youtube.com.br " a " site " that is very driven by users internet " to acquire knowledge in any field . 104 videos were analyzed. The average length of the videos were 6 minutes and 21 seconds. Of the 104 videos analyzed, 40 (38 %) were in accordance with AHA and 64 (62%) were not in accordance with guidelines AHA. As for the number of errors per video results showed that half of the videos analyzed present 3 Mistakes of publication according to AHA 2010. Videos analyzed resulted in a total of 148 discontinuities in total. Failure to follow the sequence CABD was the most common error observed in 45 (30.4%) appearances. Regarding the authorship of the videos were posted by the same organization / institution, individuals and NGOs. The videos analyzed showed a large number of views getting an average of 23,829 views... (AU)

Evaluation of adverse effects in tamoxifen exposed healthy female dogs.

BACKGROUND: Mammary tumors are among the most frequent neoplasms in female dogs, but the strategies employed in animal treatment are limited. In human medicine, hormone manipulation is used in cancer therapy. Tamoxifen citrate is a selective inhibitor of oestrogen receptors and exerts a potent anti-oestrogen effect on the mammary gland. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects when exposing healthy female dogs to tamoxifen. METHODS: Tamoxifen was administered for 120 days at a dose of 0.5 or 0.8 mg/kg/day to either intact or spayed female dogs. The effects were assessed through clinical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry, ophthalmology and bone marrow aspirate examination. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and the uterus examined by histopathology. RESULTS: Vulva oedema and purulent vaginal discharge developed with 10 days of tamoxifen exposure in all groups. Pyometra was diagnosed after around 90 days of exposure in intact females with frequencies increasing during the following 30 days of exposure. Up to 50% of dogs within the groups developed retinitis but none of the dogs had signs of reduced visual acuity. The prevalence of retinitis in each group was similar after 120 days of exposure. Haematological, biochemical and bone marrow changes were not observed. Due to the high risk of developing pyometra after prolonged exposure to tamoxifen, only spayed animals should be given this medication. CONCLUSIONS: A dose of 0.8 mg tamoxifen/kg body weight/day is recommended when treating tamoxifen-responsive canine mammary tumors. Due to the high risk of developing pyometra, ovariohysterectomy is recommended.

Increasing the levels of 2-phenylethyl acetate in wine through the use of a mixed culture of Hanseniaspora osmophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The impact of mixed cultures of Hanseniaspora osmophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different initial yeast ratios on wine composition has been examined. The mixed culture significantly affected sugar consumption, the main enological parameters and ester concentrations, with the exception of glycerol, isoamyl acetate and diethyl succinate levels. Remarkably, in wines obtained with mixed cultures the concentration of 2-phenylethyl acetate was approximately 3- to 9-fold greater than that produced by S. cerevisiae pure culture. Moreover sensory evaluation revealed a stronger fruity character in wines fermented with mixed cultures than in control wines. Independently of the mixed culture used, all wines showed concentrations of acetic acid and ethyl acetate within the ranges described for wines. Our data suggest that a mixed culture of H. osmophila and S. cerevisiae can be used as a tool to increase 2-phenylethyl acetate in wine and that its concentration can be controlled by modulating the initial yeast ratio in the culture.

Effects of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Trichophyton mentagrophytes / Efeitos do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor no crescimento e na morfogênese de Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a fungus causative agent of dermatophytosis, affecting humans worldwide. This has driven the search for products for the treatment of these infections. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of the Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil against T. mentagrophytes. The antifungal tests consisted of antifungal screening, determination of MIC and MFC, analysis of the essential oil's effects on mycelial growth, germination of fungal spores, fungal viability, morphogenesis, cell wall (test with sorbitol) and cell membrane (cell leakage test) of T. mentagrophytes. Upon screening, the oil inhibited all strains, with zones of growth inhibition of 24-28 mm in diameter. The MIC was 312 μg/mL and CFM was 2500 μg/mL for almost all the strains tested. There were morphological changes in the conidia group, form and pigmentation of hyphae. The antifungal action of the product does not involve the cell wall and its action may involve the fungal plasma membrane. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil constitutes a potential antifungal product, especially for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes é um fungo causador de dermatofitoses, afetando humanos em todo o mundo. Isto direciona a busca de produtos para o tratamento destas infecções. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon winterianus contra T. mentagrophytes. Os ensaios antifúngicos foram constituídos do screening antifúngico, da determinação CIM e CFM, da análise dos efeitos do óleo essencial no crescimento micelial, na germinação dos esporos, na viabilidade fúngica, na morfogênese, na parede celular (ensaio com sorbitol) e na membrana celular (ensaio de lise celular) de T. mentagrophytes. No screening, o óleo inibiu todas as cepas, com zonas de inibição de crescimento de 24-28 mm de diâmetro. A CIM foi de 312 μg/mL e a CFM foi de 2500 μg/mL para quase todas as cepas testadas. O óleo essencial inibiu o desenvolvimento micelial, a germinação dos esporos e a viabilidade fúngica. Houve alterações morfológicas no agrupamento dos conídios, na forma e pigmentação das hifas. A ação antifúngica do produto não envolve a parede celular e parece estar envolvida com a membrana celular fúngica. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de C. winterianus se apresenta como um potencial produto antifúngico, especialmente para o tratamento das dermatofitoses.

Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Trichophyton rubrum induced by essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor

Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common fungi causer of dermatophytosis, mycosis that affect humans and animals around the world. Researches aiming new products with antifungal activity become necessary to overcome difficulties on treatment of these infections. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of essential oil from Cymbopogon winterianus against the dermatophyte T. rubrum. The antifungal screening was performed by solid medium diffusion method with 16 T. rubrum strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. The effects on mycelial dry weight and morphology were also observed. Screening showed essential oil in natura inhibited all the tested strains, with inhibition zones between 24-28 mm diameter. MIC50 and MIC90 values of the essential oil were 312 µg/mL for nearly all the essayed strains (93.75 percent) while the MFC50 and MFC90 values were about eight times higher than MIC for all tested strains. All tested essential oil concentrations managed to inhibit strongly the mycelium development. Main morphological changes on the fungal strains observed under light microscopy, which were provided by the essential oil include loss of conidiation, alterations concerning form and pigmentation of hyphae. In the oil presence, colonies showed folds, cream color and slightly darker than the control, pigment production was absent on the reverse and with evident folds. It is concluded that C. winterianus essential oil showed activity against T. rubrum. Therefore, it could be known as potential antifungal compound especially for protection against dermatophytosis.

Abscesso cerebral desencadeado por infecção odontogênica? / Brain abscess due to odontogenic infection? Case report

O abscesso cerebral é uma infecção encapsulada que acomete o tecido cerebral promovendo um efeito de massa que desloca as demais estruturas cerebrais, causando diversos sintomas. Este é resultado de uma infecção ou foco próximo às meninges, onde as bactérias se disseminam, atingindo a área cerebral. Os sintomas mais frequentemente apresentados são cefaleia, rigidez do pescoço, vômito, estado febril e fraqueza. O objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar o relato de caso de uma paciente que, após tratamento periodontal, evoluiu para um quadro de meningite bacteriana e, posteriormente, abscesso cerebral. A paciente entrou em antibioticoterapia (oxacilina, metronidazol e ceftriaxona) durante cinco semanas. Foi realizada uma sequência de exames para obtenção do diagnóstico e realização do tratamento. Foram analisados exames como tomografia, hemograma, ressonância magnética, punção lombar da medula, radiografia do tórax e ecocardiograma. Depois de analisado todo o caso, a suspeita mais evidente para o desencadeamento do quadro infeccioso cerebral foi a intervenção periodontal.

The brain abscess is an infection that affects the encapsulated brain tissue, promoting a mass effect that moves the other brain structures, causing various symptoms. This is the result of an infection or outbreak near ace meninges, where the bacteria spread, reaching the brain area. Symptoms most often appear are headache, stiff neck, vomit, fever and weakness. This study presents a case report of a patient after periodontal treatment, evolved into a framework of bacterial meningitis and subsequent cerebral abscess. The patient went into antibiotics (oxacillin, metronidazole and ceftriaxone) for about 5 weeks. We performed a series of tests, for the diagnosis and continuing treatment. CT scans were analyzed as, CBC, MRI, spinal tap spinal, chest radiography and echocardiography. After examining all cases, the most evident suspected to trigger the brain infection was periodontal intervention.