RESUMO
Kidney disease is a critical and potentially life-threatening degenerative condition that poses a significant global public health challenge due to its elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. It manifests primarily in two distinct clinical forms: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The development of these conditions hinges on a multitude of factors, including the etiological agents and the presence of coexisting medical conditions. Despite disparities in their underlying pathogenic mechanisms, both AKI and CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This advanced stage is characterized by organ failure and its associated complications, greatly increasing the risk of mortality. There is an urgent need to delve into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases and to identify novel biomarkers that can facilitate earlier diagnosis. Such early detection is crucial for enhancing the efficacy of therapy and impeding disease progression. In this context, proteomic approaches have emerged as invaluable tools for uncovering potential new markers of different pathological conditions, including kidney diseases. In this chapter, we overview the recent discoveries achieved through diverse proteomic techniques aimed at identifying novel molecules that may play a pivotal role in kidney diseases such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD of unknown origin (CKDu), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), lupus nephritis (LN), hypertensive nephropathy (HN), and COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury (COVID-AKI).
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Falência Renal Crônica , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Proteômica/métodos , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Precoce , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
Alamandine is the newest identified peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and has protective effects in the cardiovascular system. Although the involvement of classical RAS components in the genesis and progression of cardiac remodeling is well known, less is known about the effects of alamandine. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effects of alamandine on cardiac remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. Male mice (C57BL/6), 10-12 wk of age, were divided into three groups: sham operated, TAC, and TAC + ALA (30 µg/kg/day alamandine for 14 days). The TAC surgery was performed under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia. At the end of treatment, the animals were submitted to echocardiographic examination and subsequently euthanized for tissue collection. TAC induced myocyte hypertrophy, collagen deposition, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß in the left ventricle. These markers of cardiac remodeling were reduced by oral treatment with alamandine. Western blotting analysis showed that alamandine prevents the increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reverts the decrease in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α phosphorylation induced by TAC. Although both TAC and TAC + ALA increased SERCA2 expression, the phosphorylation of phospholamban in the Thr17 residue was increased solely in the alamandine-treated group. The echocardiographic data showed that there are no functional or morphological alterations after 2 wk of TAC. Alamandine treatment prevents myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis induced by TAC. Our results reinforce the cardioprotective role of alamandine and highlight its therapeutic potential for treating heart diseases related to pressure overload conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alamandine is the newest identified component of the renin-angiotensin system protective arm. Considering the beneficial effects already described so far, alamandine is a promising target for cardiovascular disease treatment. We demonstrated for the first time that alamandine improves many aspects of cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload, including cell hypertrophy, fibrosis, and oxidative stress markers.
Assuntos
Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacologia , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/prevenção & controle , Oligopeptídeos/farmacologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda/efeitos dos fármacos , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animais , Aorta/fisiopatologia , Aorta/cirurgia , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Colágeno/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/metabolismo , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/fisiopatologia , Ligadura , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? How does swimming exercise training impact hydro-electrolytic balance, renal function, sympathetic contribution to resting blood pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na+ ] in rats fed a high-sodium diet from weaning? What is the main finding and its importance? An exercise-dependent reduction in blood pressure was associated with decreased CSF [Na+ ], sympathetically driven vasomotor tonus and renal fibrosis indicating that the anti-hypertensive effects of swimming training in rats fed a high-sodium diet might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by sodium levels in the CSF rather than changes in blood volume. ABSTRACT: High sodium intake is an important factor associated with hypertension. High-sodium intake with exercise training can modify homeostatic hydro-electrolytic balance, but the effects of this association are mostly unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of swimming training (ST) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration, sympathetic drive, blood pressure (BP) and renal function of rats fed a 0.9% Na+ (equivalent to 2% NaCl) diet with free access to water for 22 weeks after weaning. Male Wistar rats were assigned to two cohorts: (1) fed standard diet (SD) and (2) fed high-sodium (HS) diet. Each cohort was further divided into trained and sedentary groups. ST normalised BP levels of HS rats as well as the higher sympathetically related pressor activity assessed by pharmacological blockade of ganglionic transmission (hexamethonium). ST preserved the renal function and attenuated the glomerular shrinkage elicited by HS. No change in blood volume was found among the groups. CSF [Na+ ] levels were higher in sedentary HS rats but were reduced by ST. Our findings showed that ST effectively normalised BP of HS rats, independent of its effects on hydro-electrolytic balance, which might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by Na+ levels in the CSF as well as renal protection.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Sódio na Dieta , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/patologia , Dieta , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Hipertensão/patologia , Rim/patologia , Masculino , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Natação , Equilíbrio HidroeletrolíticoRESUMO
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) comprises a rapidly developed renal failure and is associated with high mortality rates. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a pivotal role in AKI, as the over-active RAS axis exerts major deleterious effects in disease progression. In this sense, the conversion of Angiotensin II (Ang II) into Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) by the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is of utmost importance to prevent worse clinical outcomes. Previous studies reported the beneficial effects of oral diminazene aceturate (DIZE) administration, an ACE2 activator, in renal diseases models. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of DIZE administration in experimental AKI induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. Our findings showed that treatment with DIZE improved renal function and tissue damage by increasing Ang-(1-7) and ACE2 activity, and reducing TNF-α. These results corroborate with a raising potential of ACE2 activation as a strategy for treating AKI.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Injúria Renal Aguda/enzimologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Ativadores de Enzimas/farmacologia , Gentamicinas/efeitos adversos , Rim/patologia , Substâncias Protetoras/uso terapêutico , Injúria Renal Aguda/fisiopatologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/urina , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diminazena/farmacologia , Diminazena/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/patologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Ratos Wistar , Sistema Renina-AngiotensinaRESUMO
Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation causes acute kidney injury (AKI), which can be responsible for its deadly actions. This study evaluates the possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. To characterize L. obliqua venom effects, we subcutaneously injected rats and examined renal functional, morphological and biochemical parameters at several time points. We also performed discovery-based proteomic analysis to measure protein expression to identify molecular pathways of renal disease. L. obliqua envenomation causes acute tubular necrosis, which is associated with renal inflammation; formation of hematic casts, resulting from intravascular hemolysis; increase in vascular permeability and fibrosis. The dilation of Bowman's space and glomerular tuft is related to fluid leakage and intra-glomerular fibrin deposition, respectively, since tissue factor procoagulant activity increases in the kidney. Systemic hypotension also contributes to these alterations and to the sudden loss of basic renal functions, including filtration and excretion capacities, urinary concentration and maintenance of fluid homeostasis. In addition, envenomed kidneys increase the expression of proteins involved in cell stress, inflammation, tissue injury, heme-induced oxidative stress, coagulation and complement system activation. Finally, the localization of the venom in renal tissue agrees with morphological and functional alterations, suggesting also a direct nephrotoxic activity. In conclusion, the mechanisms of L. obliqua-induced AKI are complex involving mainly glomerular and tubular functional impairment and vascular alterations. These results are important to understand the mechanisms of renal injury and may suggest more efficient ways to prevent or attenuate the pathology of Lonomia's envenomation.
Assuntos
Venenos de Artrópodes/toxicidade , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos , Necrose Tubular Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Mariposas , Animais , Venenos de Artrópodes/administração & dosagem , Venenos de Artrópodes/farmacocinética , Permeabilidade Capilar/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Injeções Subcutâneas , Mordeduras e Picadas de Insetos/patologia , Rim/irrigação sanguínea , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/patologia , Testes de Função Renal , Necrose Tubular Aguda/patologia , Masculino , Ratos Wistar , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Changes in renal hemodynamics impact renal function during physiological and pathological conditions. In this context, renal vascular resistance (RVR) is regulated by components of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and the Kallikrein-Kinin System (KKS). However, the interaction between these vasoactive peptides on RVR is still poorly understood. Here, we studied the crosstalk between angiotensin-(1-7) and kinins on RVR. The right kidneys of Wistar rats were isolated and perfused in a closed-circuit system. The perfusion pressure and renal perfusate flow were continuously monitored. Ang-(1-7) (1.0-25.0â¯nM) caused a sustained, dose-dependent reduction of relative RVR (rRVR). This phenomenon was sensitive to 10â¯nM A-779, a specific Mas receptor (MasR) antagonist. Bradykinin (BK) promoted a sustained and transient reduction in rRVR at 1.25â¯nM and 125â¯nM, respectively. The transient effect was abolished by 4⯵M des-Arg9-Leu8-bradykinin (DALBK), a specific kinin B1 receptor (B1R) antagonist. Accordingly, des-Arg9-bradykinin (DABK) 1⯵M (a B1R agonist) increased rRVR. Interestingly, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) changed the sustained reduction of rRVR triggered by 1.25â¯nM BK into a transient effect. On the other hand, pre-perfusion of Ang-(1-7) primed and potentiated the DABK response, this mechanism being sensitive to A-779 and DALBK. Binding studies performed with CHO cells stably transfected with MasR, B1R, and kinin B2 receptor (B2R) showed no direct interaction between Ang-(1-7) with B1R or B2R. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Ang-(1-7) differentially modulates kinin's effect on RVR in isolated rat kidneys. These results help to expand the current knowledge regarding the crosstalk between the RAS and KKS complex network in RVR.
Assuntos
Angiotensina I , Bradicinina , Fragmentos de Peptídeos , Receptor B1 da Bradicinina , Resistência Vascular , Animais , Cricetinae , Masculino , Ratos , Angiotensina I/farmacologia , Angiotensina I/metabolismo , Angiotensina II/análogos & derivados , Bradicinina/farmacologia , Bradicinina/análogos & derivados , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Sistema Calicreína-Cinina/fisiologia , Sistema Calicreína-Cinina/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Cininas/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Receptor B1 da Bradicinina/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Circulação Renal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/fisiologia , Resistência Vascular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Pressure overload can result in significant changes to the structure of blood vessels, a process known as vascular remodeling. High levels of tension can cause vascular inflammation, fibrosis, and structural alterations to the vascular wall. Prior research from our team has demonstrated that the oral administration of alamandine can promote vasculoprotective effects in mice aorta that have undergone transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Furthermore, changes in local hemodynamics can affect the right and left carotid arteries differently after TAC. Thus, in this study, we aimed to assess the effects of alamandine treatment on right carotid remodeling and the expression of oxidative stress-related substances induced by TAC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Male C57BL/6 mice were categorized into three groups: Sham, TAC, and TAC treated with alamandine (TAC+ALA). Alamandine treatment was administered orally by gavage (30 µg/kg/day), starting three days before the surgery, and continuing for a period of fourteen days. Morphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections revealed that TAC induced hypertrophic and positive remodeling in the right carotid artery. Picrosirius Red staining also demonstrated an increase in total collagen deposition in the right carotid artery due to TAC-induced vascular changes. Alamandine treatment effectively prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species production and depletion of nitric oxide levels, which were induced by TAC. Finally, alamandine treatment was also shown to prevent the increased expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and 3-nitrotyrosine that were induced by TAC. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that alamandine can effectively attenuate pathophysiological stress in the right carotid artery of animals subjected to TAC.
Assuntos
Artérias Carótidas , Estresse Oxidativo , Masculino , Camundongos , Animais , Constrição , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Artérias Carótidas/cirurgia , Remodelação Ventricular , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we showed that a saponin mixture isolated from the roots of Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke (SAPAaD) reduces urine excretion in rats that were given an oral loading of 0.9 % NaCl (4 ml/100 g body weight). In the present study, we investigated whether atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) and renal ATPases play a role in the SAPAaD- induced antidiuresis in rats. METHODS: To evaluate the effect of SAPAaD on furosemide-induced diuresis, Wistar rats (250-300 g) were given an oral loading of physiological solution (0.9 % NaCl, 4 ml/100 g body weight) to impose a uniform water and salt state. The solution containing furosemide (Furo, 13 mg/kg) was given 30 min after rats were orally treated with 50 mg/kg SAPAaD (SAPAaD + Furo) or 0.5 ml of 0.9 % NaCl (NaCl + Furo). In the SAPAaD + NaCl group, rats were pretreated with SAPAaD and 30 min later they received the oral loading of physiological solution. Animals were individually housed in metabolic cages, and urine volume was measured every 30 min throughout the experiment (3 h). To investigate the role of ANP and renal Na(+) pumps on antidiuretic effects promoted by SAPAaD, rats were given the physiological solution (as above) containing SAPAaD (50 mg/kg). After 90 min, samples of urine and blood from the last 30 min were collected. Kidneys and atria were also removed after previous anesthesia. ANP was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and renal cortical activities of Na(+)- and (Na(+),K(+))-ATPases were calculated from the difference between the [32P] Pi released in the absence and presence of 1 mM furosemide/2 mM ouabain and in the absence and presence of 1 mM ouabain, respectively. RESULTS: It was observed that SAPAaD inhibited furosemide-induced diuresis (at 90 min: from 10.0 ± 1.0 mL, NaCl + Furo group, n = 5, to 5.9 ± 1.0 mL, SAPAaD + Furo group n = 5, p < 0.05), increased both Na(+)-ATPase (from 25.0 ± 5.9 nmol Pi.mg(-1).min(-1), control, to 52.7 ± 8.9 nmol Pi.mg(-1).min(-1), p < 0.05) and (Na(+),K(+))-ATPase (from 47.8 ± 13.3 nmol Pi.mg(-1).min(-1), control, to 79.8 ± 6.9 nmol Pi .mg(-1).min(-1), p < 0.05) activities in the renal cortex. SAPAaD also lowered urine ANP (from 792 ± 132 pg/mL, control, to 299 ± 88 pg/mL, p < 0.01) and had no effect on plasma or atrial ANP. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the SAPAaD antidiuretic effect may be due to an increase in the renal activities of Na(+)- and (Na(+),K(+))-ATPases and/or a decrease in the renal ANP.
Assuntos
Fator Natriurético Atrial/urina , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rhamnaceae/química , Saponinas/farmacologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Micção/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenosina Trifosfatases/urina , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/urina , Diurese/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Furosemida , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Ouabaína , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Cloreto de Sódio/urinaRESUMO
Passiflora incarnata L. is a species of global pharmacological importance, has not been fully studied in the context of cultivation and management. It is known that silicon acts on abiotic stress and promotes phenols synthesis. The practice of mechanical damage is widely used in P. incarnata crops, and its interaction with silicon can have a significant influence on plant metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effects of silicon and mechanical damage on photosynthesis, polyphenols and vitexin of P. incarnata. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with SiO2 concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mM) and presence or absence of mechanical damage. It was found that mechanical damage improved photosynthetic performance at lower concentrations or absence of silicon. Moreover, this condition promoted an increasing in vitexin concentration when SiO2 was not provided. The application of 3 mM Si is recommended to increase polyphenols and vitexin, without harming dry mass of aerial part. The interaction between silicon and mechanical damage could be a tool to increase agronomic yield and commercial value of the P. incarnata crop.
Assuntos
Apigenina/metabolismo , Passiflora/metabolismo , Polifenóis/metabolismo , Dióxido de Silício/metabolismo , Apigenina/análise , Passiflora/química , Passiflora/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Polifenóis/análise , Silício/metabolismo , Estresse MecânicoRESUMO
AIMS: Exercise training increases circulating and tissue levels of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], which was shown to attenuate inflammation and fibrosis in different diseases. Here, we evaluated whether Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor is involved in the beneficial effects of aerobic training in a chronic model of asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were subjected to a protocol of asthma induced by ovalbumin sensitization (OVA; 4 i.p. injections) and OVA challenge (3 times/week for 4 weeks). Simultaneously to the challenge period, part of the animals was continuously treated with Mas receptor antagonist (A779, 1 µg/h; for 28 days) and trained in a treadmill (TRE; 60% of the maximal capacity, 1 h/day, 5 days/week during 4 weeks). PGC1-α mRNA expression (qRT-PCR), plasma IgE and lung cytokines (ELISA), inflammatory cells infiltration (enzymatic activity assay) and airway remodeling (by histology) were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: Blocking the Mas receptor with A779 increased IgE and IL-13 levels and prevented the reduction in extracellular matrix deposition in airways in OVA-TRE mice. Mas receptor blockade prevented the reduction of myeloperoxidase activity, as well as, prevented exercise-induced IL-10 increase. These data show that activation of Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway is involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of aerobic training in an experimental model of chronic asthma. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results support exercise training as a non-pharmacological tool to defeat lung remodeling induced by chronic pulmonary inflammation. Further, our result also supports development of new therapy based on Ang-(1-7) or Mas agonists as important tool for asthma treatment in those patients that cannot perform aerobic training.
Assuntos
Angiotensina I/metabolismo , Asma/terapia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Pneumonia/terapia , Angiotensina I/sangue , Animais , Asma/sangue , Asma/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Terapia por Exercício , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/sangue , Pneumonia/sangue , Pneumonia/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM: This study determined the optimum gamma irradiation dosage to sterilize sodium hyaluronate (HY), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and CNT functionalized with HY (HY-SWCNT and HY-MWCNT), evaluated the structural integrity of the materials and assessed whether sterilized materials kept biological properties without affecting renal function. MAIN METHODS: Materials were submitted to dosages of 100 gγ to 30 Kgγ and plated onto agar mediums for colony forming units (CFUs) counting. Sterilized samples were inoculated with 107Bacillus clausii, submitted again to gamma irradiation, and plated in agar mediums for CFUs counting. Scanning electron microscope was used for structural evaluation of sterilized materials. Tooth sockets of rats were treated with sterilized materials for bone formation assessment and renal function of the animals was analyzed. KEY FINDINGS: The optimum gamma dosage for sterilization was 250 gγ for HY and 2.5 Kgγ for the other materials without meaningful structural changes. Sterilized materials significantly increased bone formation (p < 0.05) and they did not compromise renal function and structure. SIGNIFICANCE: Gamma irradiation efficiently sterilized HY, SWCNT, MWCNT, HY-SWCNT and HY-MWCNT without affecting structural aspects while maintaining their desirable biological properties.
Assuntos
Materiais Dentários/efeitos da radiação , Raios gama , Ácido Hialurônico/efeitos da radiação , Nanotubos de Carbono/efeitos da radiação , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Alvéolo Dental/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Bacillus clausii/efeitos da radiação , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Materiais Dentários/química , Materiais Dentários/farmacologia , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Dente Molar/cirurgia , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Nanotubos de Carbono/ultraestrutura , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Esterilização/métodos , Extração Dentária/métodos , Alvéolo Dental/microbiologia , Alvéolo Dental/fisiologia , Alvéolo Dental/cirurgia , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The concentration of nitrogen can generate different strategies in plants in response to stress. In this study, we investigated how nitrogen concentration interferes with the defense system of Annona emarginata. Low concentrations of nitrogen increased the allocation of photosynthetic resources to carbon metabolism, resulting in an increase in the synthesis of volatile substances involved in signaling and defense that contributed to antioxidant enzymes in overcoming stress. The availability of nitrogen at 5.62 mM concentration might have helped to induce increased resistance in the plants because at this concentration, signaling substances and defense substances (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were observed. Plants cultivated with the highest nitrate concentration displaced energy for the reduction of this ion, likely forming nitric oxide, a signaling molecule. This condition, together with the decrease in carbon skeletons, may have contributed to the lower synthesis of volatile substances of the specialized metabolism that are also involved with signaling. Varying the nitrogen in Annona emarginata cultivation revealed that depending on the concentration, volatile substances show higher or lower synthesis and participation in the system of signaling and defense in the plant. These results may suggest that volatile substances participate in resistance to pests and diseases, which is a necessary condition for Annona emarginata to be preferentially used as rootstock for Annona x atemoya.
Assuntos
Annona/metabolismo , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Annona/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Carboidratos/análise , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Nitrato Redutase/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Estômatos de Plantas/fisiologia , Análise de Componente Principal , Açúcares/análise , VolatilizaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) 2 is an important modulator of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) and the RAS plays a central role in renovascular hypertension. Very few studies investigated the role of components of the counterregulatory RAS axis (ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor) in renovascular hypertension and the results are controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE) administration on renal function and renal inflammation parameters in 2K1C hypertensive rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups: sham-operated animals, 2K1C+saline and 2K1C+DIZE orally (1 mg/kg/day). At the end of the 30 days of treatment, renal function was analyzed and kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for measurement of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide levels. RESULTS: Oral DIZE administration for 4 weeks in hypertensive rats attenuated renal dysfunction and reduced the levels of MPO and NAG, cytokines and chemokines (IL1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) and increased urinary nitrate/nitrite levels in 2K1C hypertensive rats. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that ACE2 activation may effectively improve renal alterations and inflammation induced by renovascular hypertension.
Assuntos
Diminazena/análogos & derivados , Ativadores de Enzimas/farmacologia , Hipertensão Renovascular/tratamento farmacológico , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetilglucosaminidase/metabolismo , Angiotensina I/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diminazena/farmacologia , Diminazena/uso terapêutico , Ativadores de Enzimas/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão Renovascular/metabolismo , Hipertensão Renovascular/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/metabolismo , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lonomia obliqua venom is nephrotoxic and acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main cause of death among envenomed victims. Mechanism underlying L. obliqua-induced AKI involves renal hypoperfusion, inflammation, tubular necrosis and loss of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption capacities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of kallikrein to the hemodynamic instability, inflammation and consequent renal and vascular impairment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Addition of L. obliqua venom to purified prekallikrein and human plasma in vitro or to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in culture, was able to generate kallikrein in a dose-dependent manner. Injected in rats, the venom induced AKI and increased kallikrein levels in plasma and kidney. Kallikrein inhibition by aprotinin prevented glomerular injury and the decrease in glomerular filtration rate, restoring fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The mechanism underlying these effects was associated to lowering renal inflammation, with decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase expression, reduced tubular degeneration, and protection against oxidative stress. Supporting the key role of kallikrein, we demonstrated that aprotinin inhibited effects directly associated with vascular injury, such as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and migration of VSMC induced by L. obliqua venom or by diluted plasma obtained from envenomed rats. In addition, kallikrein inhibition also ameliorated venom-induced blood incoagulability and decreased kidney tissue factor expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These data indicated that kallikrein and consequently kinin release have a key role in kidney injury and vascular remodeling. Thus, blocking kallikrein may be a therapeutic alternative to control the progression of venom-induced AKI and vascular disturbances.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Venenos de Artrópodes/toxicidade , Calicreínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Mariposas/fisiologia , Injúria Renal Aguda/prevenção & controle , Animais , Aprotinina , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Larva/fisiologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
AIMS: To investigate the effects of moderate aerobic physical training on cardiac function and morphology as well as on the levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of animals infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. MAIN METHODS: Twenty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were distributed into 4 groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary infected (CHC) and trained infected (CHT). The infection was performed by intraperitoneal injection of trypomastigote forms and the animals were adapted to treadmill in the week before the beginning of the training protocol, initiated 45â¯days post infection. Maximal exercise test (TEM) was performed at the baseline as well as at the end of the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of training. At the end of the 12th week, all animals were evaluated for cardiac morphology and function by echocardiography. KEY FINDINGS: CHC group showed a larger area of right ventricle (RVA), increased end-systolic volume and reduction in ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and fractional area change (FAC). The training reduced the RVA and improved the FAC of chagasic animals. GDNF level was higher in TC and CHC groups compared to SC in heart and BDNF levels were higher in CHC compared to SC in heart and serum. SIGNIFICANCE: Physical training ameliorated the cardiac function of infected animals and promoted adjusts in BDNF and GDNF levels. These findings evidenced these neurotrophins as possible biomarkers of cardiac function responsive to exercise stimulus.
Assuntos
Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/métodos , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/análise , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/fisiologia , Débito Cardíaco , Doença de Chagas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ecocardiografia , Teste de Esforço , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/análise , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado de Linhagem de Célula Glial/fisiologia , Coração/fisiologia , Testes de Função Cardíaca , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fator de Crescimento Neural/análise , Fator de Crescimento Neural/fisiologia , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/fisiologia , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Previous studies have established a stimulatory effect of natriuretic peptides (NP) on testosterone production in mouse Leydig cells as intense as that of LH. Chronic administration of ANP in mice, on the other side, reduced testosterone levels. So, the understanding of the role of ANP on testicular steroidogenesis has been impaired by discrepant findings. The aim of the present study was to clarify the physiological role of ANP in the rat testis steroidogenesis using a model that preserves the interactions between testis cells and a medium devoid of any circulating factors that could interfere with testosterone production. First, ANP was immunolocalized in the interstitial compartment of the rat testis, mainly in Leydig cells. We also determined the presence of ANP and both GC-A (guanylyl cyclase A) and C receptors by real-time PCR in testis. Perfusion in vitro of testis with ANP (1 and 3x10(-7)M) stimulated testosterone production in a time- and dose-dependent manner. On the other side, testosterone secretion induced by LH was blunted by ANP. Similar effect was obtained using the specific C receptor ligand, cANF, indicating the involvement of C receptor in such response. In conclusion, ANP stimulated testosterone production in the rat testis perfused in vitro but decreased testosterone production LH-induced, effect that seems to involve C receptor. To this extent, our results suggest the existence of a local and complex peptidergic system in the rat testis, involving ANP and its receptors that could importantly modulate the androgen biosynthesis.
Assuntos
Fator Natriurético Atrial/farmacologia , Guanilato Ciclase/fisiologia , Receptores do Fator Natriurético Atrial/fisiologia , Receptores de Peptídeos/fisiologia , Testículo/metabolismo , Testosterona/biossíntese , Animais , Imuno-Histoquímica , Técnicas In Vitro , Hormônio Luteinizante/farmacologia , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Enterotoxina , Receptores Acoplados a Guanilato Ciclase , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In this study, we aimed to determine whether seasonality affects the content, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of three species of Nectandra (Nectandra megapotamica, Nectandra grandiflora, and Nectandra lanceolata) native to the Atlantic rainforest, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. In addition, we identified the compounds potentially related to the antimicrobial activity. Leaves were randomly collected in the middle of winter (August), spring (November), summer (February), and autumn (May). The influence of seasonality on the content and chemical composition of EOs from the Nectandra species was evident in this study. The EOs from N. lanceolata and N. grandiflora were characterized by similarities in the chemical composition and had a higher relative proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. N. megapotamica presented a different chemical profile, with plenty of monoterpenic and sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons. Changes in the EO chemical profile because of seasonality were shown by the similarities between the EOs obtained in spring and autumn and the differences between the EOs obtained in summer and winter. The EO from the leaves of N. megapotamica harvested in winter and spring showed the highest control of the growth of Escherichia coli, and this antimicrobial action can be related to the monoterpenes α-pinene and ß-pinene as well as myrcene and limonene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EO from the leaves of N. lanceolata harvested in summer and autumn was lower against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and can be related to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons isobicyclogermacrenal, epi-zizanone, and germacrene B.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/química , Lauraceae/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Aldeídos/química , Alcenos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Bicíclicos , Brasil , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Monoterpenos/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Estações do Ano , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The role of nitric oxide (NO), K(+) channels, and arachidonic acid metabolism, via cytochrome P450 and cyclooxygenase pathways, in the renal vasodilatory effect of bradykinin was examined in the isolated rat kidney perfused ex situ with a blood-free solution. Bradykinin (BK, 0.25-1.0 microM) induced a dose-dependent reduction of 10-35% in the relative renal vascular resistance (rRVR) of isolated kidneys preconstricted with phenylephrine (PHE, 0.17-0.35 microM). The vasodilating effect of 0.5 microM bradykinin was significantly inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (95% inhibition) and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (45-75% inhibition). Clotrimazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 pathway but not indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, reduced the renal vasodilator response to bradykinin by 84%. The nonspecific K(+) channel inhibitor, tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) and the selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, charybdotoxin (ChTX) greatly attenuated the vasodilator response to bradykinin by approximately 84% and 79%, respectively. These two K(+) channel inhibitors showed similar effects on vasodilatation induced by S-nitroso-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (1 microM), a nitric oxide donor. The results suggest that bradykinin releases nitric oxide which, by opening potassium channels specifically the Ca(+)-dependent type, mediates the renal vasodilator response to bradykinin in the isolated kidney perfused ex situ.
Assuntos
Bradicinina/farmacologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Penicilamina/análogos & derivados , Canais de Potássio/metabolismo , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Clotrimazol/farmacologia , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Indometacina/farmacologia , Canais Iônicos/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Penicilamina/farmacologia , Perfusão , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Potássio , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Resistência Vascular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Essential oil from Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilg. leaves (CR-EO) has been extracted by hydrodistillation; we analysed the CR-EO by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We also conducted histochemical analysis on cross-sections of the central vein of young and adult leaves. A total of 32 compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed, which represented 94.87% of the total CR-EO oil content. The CR-EO basically consisted of sesquiterpenes (96.87%); its main component was ß-copaen-4-α-ol (18.73%), followed by viridiflorol (12.67%). The histochemical analyses identified the main classes of compounds present in both young and adult leaves.
Assuntos
Bixaceae/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Folhas de Planta/química , Terpenos/análiseRESUMO
The clinical manifestations of Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenomation are systemic hemorrhage and acute kidney injury. In an effort to better understand the physiopathological mechanisms of envenomation, a rat model was established to study systemic tissue damage during L. obliqua envenomation. An array of acute venom effects was characterized, including biochemical, hematological, histopathological, myotoxic and genotoxic alterations. Rapid increases in serum alanine and aspartate transaminases, γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, bilirubin, creatinine, urea and uric acid were observed, indicating that intravascular hemolysis and liver and kidney damage had occurred. Treatment with a specific antivenom (antilonomic serum) for up to 2 h post-venom injection neutralized the biochemical alterations. However, treatment after 6 h post-venom injection failed to normalize all biochemical parameters, despite its efficacy in reversing coagulation dysfunction. The hematological findings were consistent with hemolytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis. The histopathological alterations were mainly related to hemorrhage and inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue, lung, heart and kidneys. Signs of congestion and hemosiderosis were evident in the spleen, and hemoglobin and/or myoglobin casts were also detected in the renal tubules. Increased levels of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB were correlated with the myocardial necrosis observed in vivo and confirmed the myotoxicity detected in vitro in isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles. Significant DNA damage was observed in the kidneys, heart, lung, liver and lymphocytes. The majority of the DNA lesions in the kidney were due to oxidative damage. The results presented here will aid in understanding the pathology underlying Lonomia's envenomation.